THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA

COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

PROPOSED CURRICULUM FOR

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PHYSICS

(M.Sc. in PHYSICS)

June 2016
List of Tables

Table 1: Various Universities Consulted and their Current World Rankings ........................... 5
Table 2: Details of the List of Research Areas .......................................................................... 7
Table 3: Computation of Credits for Dissertation Work ........................................................... 9
Table 4: Computation of Credits for Course Work ................................................................... 9
Table 5: Staff Profile in the Department of Physics ................................................................ 11
Table 6: Course Mapping for the M.Sc. Physics Programme.................................................. 12
Table 7: Distribution of the Credits over the Whole Master’s Programme ............................. 12
Table 8: Reflection of Courses to the Programme-Learning Outcomes .................................. 13

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Table of Contents

1. General Information ............................................................................................................... 4

2. Background/Introduction ....................................................................................................... 4
3. Rationale of the Programme .................................................................................................. 4
4. Stakeholder Participation ....................................................................................................... 5
5. Benchmarking ........................................................................................................................ 5
6. Objectives of the Programme................................................................................................. 6
7. Learning Outcomes of the Programme .................................................................................. 6
8. Duration of the Programme ................................................................................................... 7
9. Admission Criteria/Entry Qualifications ............................................................................... 7
10. Mode of Delivery ................................................................................................................. 8
11. Mode of Assessment ............................................................................................................ 8
11.1 Continuous Assessment ................................................................................................. 8
11.2 End of Semester University Examination ...................................................................... 8
11.3 Assessment of Courses for Seminar/Research Courses ................................................. 8
12. Examination Regulations ..................................................................................................... 8
13. Quality Assurance of the Programme .................................................................................. 8
14. Credits and Course Codes .................................................................................................... 9
15. Capacity of the Department ............................................................................................... 10
16. Programme Structure ......................................................................................................... 12
17. Programme Alignment ....................................................................................................... 13
18. Critical Cross-Field / Soft Skill Outcome .......................................................................... 14
19. Articulation Options........................................................................................................... 14
20. Course Outlines .................................................................................................................. 15

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1. General Information

Programme Title: Master of Science in Physics (M.Sc. in Physics)

Level and Discipline: UQF Level 9, Cluster 18
Credits: 190
Field/ Cluster: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Sub-Field/ Discipline: Physics
Final Award: Master of Science in Physics
Awarding Board: The University of Dodoma
Department: Physics
School: School of Physical Sciences
College: College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences
Approved Date:

2. Background/Introduction

Physics Department under the School of Physical Sciences is one of the six academic
departments in the College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences that was established in July
2011. This was the result of upgrading the former School of Natural Sciences and
Mathematics to College level that led into three schools namely School of Biological
Sciences, School of Mathematical Sciences and School of Physical Sciences. In line with the
overall mission of the University of Dodoma, the department is involved in teaching, research
and consultancy.

Physics, as one of the fundamental sciences, is concerned with the observation, understanding
and prediction of natural phenomena and the behaviour of man-made systems. It deals with
profound questions about the nature of the universe and with some of the most important
practical, environmental and technological issues of our time. The scope of Physics is broad
and encompasses mathematical and theoretical investigation, experimental observation,
computing technique, technological application, material manipulation, and information
processing. Physics seeks simple explanations of physical phenomena based on universal
principles stated in concise and powerful language of mathematics. The principles form a
coherent unity, applicable to objects as diverse as DNA molecules, neutron stars, super-fluids,
and liquid crystals. Findings in Physics have implications in all walks of life ranging from the
way we perceive reality to gadgets of everyday use.

Physicists constantly test the basic laws of nature by probing the unknown, the mysterious
and the complex. They also search for new laws at the frontiers of knowledge, systematically
seek novel properties of matter. They are alert to the possibility of applying physical idea and
processes to new situations, and often the realization of these possibilities has had
revolutionary consequences.

3. Rationale of the Programme

There is a high demand in the country for graduates with a good background in Physics.
Tanzania as one of the emerging countries in the Africa/world badly needs such physicists for
the advancement of physics and related science and engineering fields. Hence it is very
essential to establish and start the M.Sc. in Physics programme to meet the required demand
of the country at the University of Dodoma which is one of the largest public universities in
the country. A strong foundation in Physics is necessary for careers in research, industry,

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energy sector, medicine, climate prediction, environmental management, teaching, and the IT
sector. Thus, it is imperative that students be equipped with strong Physics knowledge and
skills which enable them to be productive. Also the establishment of the programme at this
time is highly important as it is in line with the Missions of the University of Dodoma, the
Tanzania Development Vision 2025, the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of
Poverty (NSGRP) and the Millennium Development Goals of Tanzania.

The University of Dar es Salaam and State University of Zanzibar offering this programme
have limited resources that can satisfy the current national demand. As such, commencement
of this programme will not only be limited to direct engagement in the creation, transmission
and evaluation of knowledge, creation of labour market with highly competent professionals,
but also becoming national and international centre of excellence and acting as a catalyst for
accelerated national economic, scientific and technological development.

The available human resources like local and expatriate staff, laboratory facilities, book
resources, infrastructure, maturity of department and the need to train our own local staff are
the key factors for establishment and commencement of the proposed programme in the
Physics Department.

Career opportunities for the trained personnel include: Academic research, based in
universities, research institutes, observatories and laboratory facilities; industrial research in a
wide range of fields including energy and the environmental sector, IT and semiconductors,
optics and lasers, materials science, telecommunications, engineering; banking and commerce
and higher education.

4. Stakeholder Participation

Curriculum development team has critically discussed the courses to be incorporated.

Thereafter, curriculum development team circulated a curriculum draft among the staff in the
department for their comments. Furthermore, the proposed curriculum was discussed in the
department, school and then college before submitting for approval. In addition, the MSc
Physics curriculum was shared with various stakeholders outside the University for their
comments. The consulted stakeholders suggested areas of training that needs to be covered in
the proposed Master’s programme curriculum.

5. Benchmarking

During the curriculum development process, several related master programmes from the
following universities have been consulted, and improvements have been made to this
proposed curriculum in comparison to the consulted degree programmes.
Table 1: Various Universities Consulted and their Current World Rankings

S/N Name of the University World Ranking

(Source: www.webometrics.info)
1 University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 2220
2 State University of Zanzibar 13072
3 Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia 1976
4 The University of Glasgow, United Kingdom 110
5 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India 641

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6. Objectives of the Programme

Master of Science in Physics will involve both coursework and dissertation. The purpose of
this programme is to prepare well trained scientific human resources. With this broad aim, the
programme intends to build capacity for prospective scientists who can be able to:
 Demonstrate subject matter mastery in theoretical and practical aspects of physics in
daily life.
 Pursue research and/or continue with Ph.D. degree programme.
 Equip with sufficient background knowledge and competency to understand and make
use of developments in basic science and technology throughout their professional
lives.
 Produce skilled manpower of well-trained physicists capable of taking positions in the
growing demand of the various sectors of the economy such as various industries,
learning institutions, research institutions, as well as various environmental
conservation endeavours of the country.
 Disseminate knowledge in physics and related areas through active participation in
related professional activities, such as physical societies, workshops, symposia, and
producing quality publications.
 Develop capabilities for the provision of consultancy and technical services as well as
short term specialized training to both public and private sectors.
 Create job opportunities by applying the acquired knowledge and skills.

7. Learning Outcomes of the Programme

After the successful completion of the programme, the prospective scientist will be able to:
i) Acquire the capability to work as professional physicists in teaching, research,
consultancy and physics related careers in industry, energy, public services and
related fields.
ii) Attain a solid knowledge and understanding of classical and modern physics; along
with the associated mathematics and experimental techniques to become instructors at
higher educational institutions.
iii) Equip with analytical, mathematical, and computational skills which are very much
required and valued to enter a wide range of professional careers.
iv) Use the knowledge of nuclear and particle theory to advance topics in fission, fusion,
radiation, medicine and decay of high energy elementary physics.
v) Apply the principles of electronics in designing electronic systems and
instrumentation.
vi) Relate the principles of astrophysics to space and cosmology.
vii) Transmit the knowledge on materials science and nanotechnology to make new
materials with exotic properties.
viii) Acquire and apply principles of spectroscopy for determination of molecular
structures.
ix) Attain the following experimental skills:
 Independent research and investigative skills.
 Design, carry out, analyse and evaluate experiments.
 Equipment safety and measurements with desired degree of accuracy.

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 x) Achieve the following transferable skills:
 Interpersonal skills, to communicate effectively with others, both in writing and
orally, and to work as part of a team.
 The ability to work independently and organize work to meet desired
requirements
 In developing and adapting technologies for local needs.
xi) Develop the following attitudinal skills:
 Value intellectual integrity, respect for truth and for the ethics of research, and
scholarly activity.
 Environmental conscious attitude.
 Conduct assigned and professional activities with integrity and professional
ethics.

8. Duration of the Programme

The duration of this programme shall be two (2) academic years with four semesters. In first
two semesters of the first academic year the students will be taking compulsory advanced
physics core courses along with one elective in each semester.
Elective courses proposed in the programme have designed in such a way that to form
different research areas. Students who wish to continue their research in one of the research
areas listed are advised to choose their elective courses accordingly.

Table 2: Details of the List of Research Areas

S/N Area of Research Courses Covered
1 Solid State Physics / Condensed Matter Physics PH631; PH644
2 Materials Science and Nanotechnology PH632; PH642
3 Modern/Theoretical Physics PH633; PH645
4 Nuclear, Particle and High Energy Physics PH634; PH643
5 Renewable Energy Resources/Nanotechnology PH635; PH641

Students are required to take a total of 160 credits and pass all the courses before starting
their research/dissertation.

9. Admission Criteria/Entry Qualifications

Apart from the admission regulations and requirements of the UDOM the applicant must
have:
i) Bachelor degree in Physics or Bachelor degree in Education where Physics as one of
the subjects with an overall grade of lower second GPA (i.e., GPA 2.7 and above).
ii) Holders of a pass degree who have at least three (3) years of working experience in
the field of physics after graduation.
iii) Holder of UQF level 7 (advanced/higher Diploma) in the relevant fields from a
recognised higher learning institution with a minimum of upper class plus a
postgraduate diploma (UQF level 9) and at least two (2) years of working experience.
iv) The Prior Learning (PL) knowledge is not recognized as admission criteria for this
programme.

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10. Mode of Delivery

The blended learning delivery mode will be used for students to gain knowledge. It will use a
combination of delivery methods and modes which provide flexible learning setting as both
face to face and self-paced learning will be applied. Some of the delivery methods will be
lectures, presentations, demonstrations, tutorials, assignments, and practicals. Delivery mode
for each course is presented in course description section.

11. Mode of Assessment

11.1 Continuous Assessment

The courses shall be delivered with a combination of lectures, tutorials, and seminars.
Continuous assessment will be evaluated through tests, assignments, and presentations. It
comprises of a 50% of the assessment.

11.2 End of Semester University Examination

The final University Examination will consist of one paper. The paper consists of two
sections; Section A and B. Section A consists of two compulsory questions (10 marks per
each question) while section B consists of four questions (with 10 marks each) and the
candidate is instructed to answer any three of them. The time allocated for each end semester
university examination will be three hours. The final university examination comprises of
50% of the assessment.

11.3 Assessment of Courses for Seminar/Research Courses

Seminar and practical courses shall be evaluated through student’s report, supervisor’s report
and presentation. There shall be no university examination. Distribution of marks will depend
on the nature of the course.

12. Examination Regulations

In addition to UDOM graduate examination regulations, the following examination

regulations will apply to M.Sc. Physics students:
(i) A student shall be allowed to do supplementary of failed courses if and only if the overall
GPA secured is not less than 2.8.
(ii) A student failing supplementary examinations shall be allowed to carryover those
courses into subsequent years if and only if the overall GPA secured is not less than 3.0.
(iii) In order to proceed with dissertation in the second year, a student must successfully
obtain an overall GPA of at least 2.8 from the first year.

13. Quality Assurance of the Programme

In order to ensure the programme is of acceptable quality, teaching will be evaluated by

students through evaluation forms. To ensure that the examination questions are of acceptable
standard, examination will be moderated internally and externally by external examiners. In
addition, with moderating examination questions, external examiners will also engage in
evaluation of marking and distributions of marks as per UDOM quality assurance guidelines.

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14. Credits and Course Codes

14.1 Credit
A credit is a measurement unit for ‘notional’ or ‘average learning’ time which includes all the
activities which a learner is expected to undertake in order to achieve the learning outcomes
(TCU: April, 2012). Such activities mainly include but not limited to:
(i) Lectures
(ii) Seminars/Tutorials
(iii)Assignments
(iv) Independent/Self-studies
A credit is considered to be equal to 10 notional hours.

14.2 Computation of Credit

At UDOM each semester consists of 15 teaching weeks. Table 1 below shows how these
credits were computed. The first two rows show the activities associated to a credit and their
percentages. The third and fourth rows of the table show the number of hours per week and
per semester for each activity in a given course that would make the number of Credits for
one Semester indicated in the last column.

Table 3: Computation of Credits for Dissertation Work

Credits
Self-
Activity Lectures Consultations Assignments Practical (& Sem.
Study
Credits)
% of Activity For
Dissertation 10 15 15 30 30 100
Work

Hours/Week 2.0 3.0 3.0 6.0 6.0

30.0
Hours/Semester 30.0 45.0 45.0 90.0 90.0

Table 4: Computation of Credits for Course Work

Credits
Self-
Activity Lectures Tutorials Assignments Practical (& Sem.
Study
Credits)
% of Activity
For 20 10 20 40 10 100
Course Work

Hours/Week 2.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 1.0

15.0
Hours/Semester 30.0 15.0 30.0 60.0 15.0

Hours/Week 1.7 0.8 1.7 3.3 0.8

12.5
Hours/Semester 25.5 12.0 25.5 49.5 12.0

Hours/Week 1.3 0.7 1.3 2.7 0.7

10
Hours/Semester 19.5 10.5 19.5 40.5 10.5

Hours/Week 1.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 0.5

7.5
Hours/Semester 15.0 7.5 15.0 30.0 7.5

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14.3 Coding
The coding is represented by two letters (PH) followed by three number digits. The first two
letters of the coding PH stands for Physics and for the case of digits, the first digit indicates
year of study, second digit indicates the semester and the last (third) digit indicates the course
number in the respective semester. But in case of elective courses in semester I and II of the
first academic year, the second digit of the coding respectively represents the number digits
three (3) and four (4).

15. Capacity of the Department

15.1 Current Programmes

The Department of Physics is currently offering Bachelor Degree in Physics (B.Sc. in
Physics) and also the Department is offering some of its courses to the students of other
programmes such as B.Sc. Education, B.Ed. Science and Diploma in Science.

15.2 Human Resource

The Department as a part of the college is still in the tender stages of construction and
installation of physical infrastructures. However, the already existing infrastructure and
human capacity can support the initiation of the programme. At present, the department has
24 staff members, who can effectively involve in this programme. Among them, eight (8) are
senior staff, ten (10) are Assistant Lecturers, two (4) are Tutorial Assistants, and two (2) are
Laboratory Technicians. Table 4 below shows the profile of the academic and supporting
staff in the department.

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Table 5: Staff Profile in the Department of Physics
S/N Name Designation Status
1 Prof. Viswanatham Tanikella Associate Professor Available
2 Prof. P. V. Kanaka Rao Associate Professor Available
3 Dr. Frank Tilya Senior Lecturer Available
4 Dr. Laxmikanth Cherupally Senior Lecturer Available
5 Dr. Stanley Ferdinand Lecturer Available
6 Dr. Jerome Manyahi Lecturer Available
7 Dr. Anjaiah Juluru Lecturer Available
8 Dr. Vijay Singh Lecturer Available
9 Mr. Cephas Lyobha Assistant Lecturer Available
10 Mr. Allen Mhagama Assistant Lecturer Available
11 Mr. Benard Samwel Assistant Lecturer Available
12 Ms. Joyce Elisadiki Assistant Lecturer Available
13 Mr. Adriano Pamain Assistant Lecturer Available
14 Mr. Godbless Samwel Assistant Lecturer Available
15 Mr. Mngeleza Mzee Assistant Lecturer Available
16 Mr. Awadhi Shomali Assistant Lecturer Available
17 Mr. Benatus Mvile Assistant Lecturer Available
18 Mr. Boniphace Haule Assistant Lecturer Available
19 Mr. Nyanda Ntugwa Tutorial Assistant Available
20 Mr. Daudi Mazengo Tutorial Assistant Available
21 Mr. Yonas Samwel idala Tutorial Assistant Available
22 Ms. Mary Nyonyi Tutorial Assistant Available
23 Mr. Didat Kamaze Laboratory Technician Available
24 Mr. Arbogast Aristide Laboratory Technician Available

15.3 Physical Resources

The available buildings within UDOM can accommodate the students as well as present
library can be used for M.Sc. students. Within the college there is a well-established
computer laboratory to conduct some of the practical oriented courses.

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16. Programme Structure

Table 6: Course Mapping for the M.Sc. Physics Programme

YEAR I
SEMESTER I SEMESTER II
Code Course Title Credit Code Course Title Credit
PH611 Advanced Mathematics 12.5 PH621 Advanced Computational 10
for Physics Physics
PH612 Advanced Classical 7.5 PH622 Research Methodology 10
Mechanics
PH613 Advanced Electronics 10 PH623 Advanced Statistical 10
Mechanics
PH614 Condensed Matter 10 PH624 Advanced Electronic 10
Physics I Instrumentation
PH615 Advanced Quantum 10 PH625 Advanced 10
Mechanics Electrodynamics
PH616 Advanced Nuclear 10 PH626 Modern Optics & 10
Physics Spectroscopy
PH617 Lab I 10 PH627 Lab II 10
Elective I 10 Elective II 10
Total Credits of Semester I 80 Total Credits of Semester II 80
YEAR II
PH701 Dissertation 30
Total Credits of Year I & II 190
List of Elective Courses
PH631 Condensed Matter Physics II 10
PH632 Materials Science I 10
PH633 Laser Physics & Optoelectronics 10
PH634 High Energy Particle Physics 10
PH635 Renewable Energy Resources 10
PH641 Nanotechnology 10
PH642 Materials Science II 10
PH643 Physics at B Factory 10
PH644 Physics of Semiconductor Devices 10
PH645 Fibre Optics and Applications 10

Table 7: Distribution of the Credits over the Whole Master’s Programme

Year Teaching Semester
I II Total
I 80 80 160
II 30 30
Total 190

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17. Programme Alignment

In view of the programme objectives, the expected learning outcomes of the Master of
Science in Physics as stated in the table below are to enable graduates to:

Table 8: Reflection of Courses to the Programme-Learning Outcomes

S/N Learning Outcomes Course Codes
i) Acquire the capability to work as professional physicists All courses
in teaching, research, consultancy and physics related
careers in industry, energy, public services and related
fields
ii) Attain a solid knowledge and understanding of classical PH611, PH612, PH615
and modern physics; along with the associated
mathematics and experimental techniques to become
instructors at higher educational institutions
iii) Equip with analytical, mathematical, and computational PH611, PH621, PH624
skills which are much required and valued to enter a wide
range of professional careers
iv) Use the knowledge of nuclear and particle theory to PH616, PH634, PH636,
advance topics in fission, fusion, radiation, medicine and PH646
decay of high energy elementary physics
v) Apply the principles of electronics in designing PH613, PH624, PH644
electronic systems and instrumentation
vi) Apply the principles of astrophysics to space and PH643
cosmology
vii) Capable to apply materials science and nanotechnology PH632, PH641, PH642
to make new materials with exotic properties
viii) Acquire and apply principles of spectroscopy for PH626
structure determination of molecules
ix) Attain the following experimental skills: PH617, PH622, PH613,
 Independent research and investigative skills PH627
 Design, carry out, analyse and evaluate experiments
 Equipment safely and measurements with desired
degree of accuracy
x) Achieve the following transferable skills: PH622
 Interpersonal skills, to communicate effectively
with others, both in writing and orally, and to work
as part of a team
 The ability to work independently and organize
work to meet desired requirements
 In developing and adapting technologies for local
needs
xi) Develop the following attitudinal skills: PH622, PH635
 Value intellectual integrity, respect for truth and
for the ethics of research, and scholarly activity
 Environmental conscious attitude
 Conduct assigned and professional activities with
integrity and professional ethics

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18. Critical Cross-Field / Soft Skill Outcome

The need for Master of Science in Physics programme at the University of Dodoma is of
facet featured. It creates training opportunity to graduate and other qualified personnel who
shall work in Government and private institutions with the aim of using their scientific
knowledge and procedures in solving day to day problems, conducting research as well as
continuing with further studies.

19. Articulation Options

Along with having an educational foundation for continuing studies and research, graduates
from this programme may choose to pursue more advanced education in the form of a Doctor
of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Physics. Students may also continue to take additional courses
elsewhere to specialize in their particular area of interest in Physics.

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20. Course Outlines

PH611: Advanced Mathematics for Physics

12.5 Credits
Pre-requisite: PH121, PH212

Course Description
The purpose of this course is to introduce the important mathematical tools useful for solving
various physical processes and problems.

Course Objectives
The objective of this course is to introduce students to use two most popular programming
languages to analyze and solve various physical problems.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of this students should be able to:
 Acquire and master indispensable mathematical tools for solving partial differential
equation encountered in physical sciences;
 Acquire and master transform methods which are indispensable mathematical tools
for the design, analysis, monitoring of systems and solving partial and ordinary
differential equations;
 Possess important computational techniques for numeric modelling physical processes
and situations with further use in designing and projects optimisation;
 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of scientific programming in MATLAB
or Maple, structures of physical problems and their computational solutions;
 Demonstrate the ability to set up a physical problem in a form in order to solve it
numerically. Translate physical systems into computational models;
 Analyze physical problems and use the Maple or Matlab software to solve them
numerically;
 Conduct, by computer, the numerical simulation applied on physical problem;
 Apply MATLAB and modern Fortran (or similar programming language) to the
solution of physical problems.

Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies

Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (At least two tests, plus assignments/quizzes)
University examination shall comprise 50%

Course Content
Boundary value problems, initial value problems, boundary initial value problems in
cartesian and curvilinear (cylindric, spherical) coordinates.
Solutions to linear partial differential equations in curvilinear (cylindric, spherical)
coordinates: separation of variables; Fourier series; series solutions of classical differential
equations of Bessel, Hermite, Legendre, and Laguerre. Respective polynomials and their
properties. Normalization of orthogonal polynomial and functions.
Properties of solutions of classical differential equations (PDEs): generating functions,
recurrence relations, differentiation and integration.
Sturm-Liouville systems: orthogonal polynomial and functions; Fourier expansion.
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Fourier transforms: Fourier transforms pair, sine and cosine; theorems or properties (duality
and linearity, space and time shift, convolution, derivatives and integrals, convolution,
autocorrelation and power spectrum, modulation); discrete Fourier transforms; applications to
boundary value problems.
Laplace transforms and inverse: definition, properties (linearity, transform of derivative,
translation, multiplication by tn, gamma function); application to differential equations,
analysis of linear-time invariant systems like electric circuits, harmonic oscillators, optical
devices and mechanical systems.
Zeta-transforms and inverse: definition, sampling and discretization of continuous functions;
main properties (linearity, time shift, integration, multiplication by kn); inverse (complex
integration, synthetic division and partial fraction expansion); applications (transfer function
modelling, classical control design and stability analysis).
Basic classes of integral equations and ways of solving them (Cauchy method; series
solution; operational transformations).
Basic information about possibilities of computer modelling.
Numeric and analytical (symbolic) differentiation and integration in ‘MATLAB’ (or similar)
package, full/ordinary and partial).
Finite element method and its application in analysis of renewable and alternative power
sources.
Methods and examples of modelling and simulation multiphysical processes, including
Monte Carlo methods.
Using other computational engineering methods in research, design and development of
devices used in the field of renewable and alternative power sources.

References:
1. Weber H., Arfken G. Essential Mathematical Methods for Physicists.
2. Arfken G. Mathematical Methods in Physics. Academy Press. Any year of publication.
3. Ross S.L. Differential Equations. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Any year of publication.
4. Boyce E.B., Di Prima R.C. Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value
Problem. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Any year of publication.
5. Marion J.B., Thornton S.T. Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems.
6. Moore H. MATLAB for Engineers. Pearson International Edition (2007/2009). 2nd Edition.
624 p.

PH612: Advanced Classical Mechanics

7.5 Credits
Pre-requisite: PH311, PH211

Course Description
The purpose of this course is to introduce more powerful mathematical techniques for
analyzing and calculating the dynamics of classical systems.

Course Objective
The aim of this course is to introduce students to apply properly advanced mathematical
techniques in mechanics.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of this students should be able to:
 Acquire more advanced knowledge in Mechanics

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Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies

Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (At least two tests, plus assignments/quizzes)
University examination shall comprise 50%

Course Content
Review of Lagrangian & Hamiltonian Dynamics
Variational calculus, Euler-Lagrange equations, Hamilton’s principle of least action,
Hamilton’s equations of motion, solution of simple problems using Lagrangian and
Hamiltonian dynamics (simple pendulum, compound pendulum, motion of a particle in a
central force field, charge particle moving in an e. m. field). Lorentz transformations as
rotations in for dimensions, four vectors, relativistic notation, Lagrangian, Hamiltonian and
action for a free relativistic particle, equation of motion, relativistic kinematics for two
particle scattering and decay processes.
Hamiltonian Formulation
Poisson Brackets, their properties. Hamilton’s equations of motion in terms of Poisson
Brackets, applications. Point transformations, canonical transformations, general condition
for C. Ts, simple harmonic oscillator, infinitesimal contact transformations, constants of
motion and symmetry properties. Hamilton-Jacobi equation for Hamilton’s principal
function, Hamilton’s characteristic function, harmonic oscillator using H – J method, action –
angle variables, frequency of harmonic oscillator, non-relativistic Kepler problem.
Rigid Body Motion
Degrees of freedom, orthogonal transformations, Euler angles, Euler’s and Chasle’s theorems
(statements only), infinitesimal rotations, rotating coordinate systems, centrifugal and
Coriolis forces. Angular momentum and rotational kinetic energy of a rigid body, inertia
tensor, moment of inertia coefficients, principal axes transformations. Euler’s equation of
motion for a rigid body (symmetric top), precession of earth axis 0f rotation and of charged
particles in a magnetic field.
Small Oscillation and Mechanics of continuous media
General formalism, eigen value equation, simple applications, normal coordinates, normal
modes, free vibrations of coupled pendula and linear triatomic molecule (like CO2).
Lagrangian formulation of continuous systems, linear chain of interacting particles, equation
of motion of a continuous elastic rod, Lagrangian and angular momentum of a relativistic
string.

References
1. Goldstein, H., Poole, C. and Safko, J: Classical Mechanics, 3rd Edition (Pearson)
2. Biswas, S. N.: Classical Mechanics (Books and Allied)
3. Bhatia, V. B.: Classical Mechanics (Narosa)
4. Marion, J. B. & Thornton, S. T.: Classical Dynamics of Particles & Systems, 4th Edition
(Saunders)
5. Fowler G. R., Analytical mechanics, 5th Edition, Saunders College Publishing (1995).
6. Murray R Spiegel, Theoretical Mechanics, Schaum’s Outline series in Science, McGraw-
Hill Book Company (1967).

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PH613: Advanced Electronics
10 credits
Pre-requisite: PH112, PH122, PH214, PH221

Course Description
This course provides an excellent foundation electronics circuit design and testing. The
course covers each item in the preliminary system design and analysis, such as
microprocessor, microcontroller, data acquisition, data transmission, together with test and
measurement techniques. This course provides knowledge which will enable evaluation of
system upgrades with improved data transfer to overcome present day problems.

Course Objectives
The goal of this course is to provide basic knowledge in electronic design and its primary
application pertaining to various fields. This course also provides the advanced principles and
appliance of the data acquisition, data transmission and instrumentation design.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course the student will be:
 Familiar with microprocessor and microcontroller design and its usage as a circuit
element in an electronic circuit.
 Able to explain the operating principles, device characteristic and device
performances of data acquisition and data transmission systems.
 Able to apply the knowledge of circuit element design to simple electronic systems
and techniques in instrumentation.

Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies

Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (At least two tests, plus assignments)
University examination shall comprise 50%

Course Outline
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers:
Microprocessors (highlighting 8085): Introduction to Microprocessors, Organization of
Microprocessors, Signal Description of Microprocessors, Instruction Sets, Programming
Techniques with Additional Instructions, Counters and Time Delays, Stack and Sub-routines,
Physical Memory Organization, Bus Operation, I/O Addressing Capability, Application of
Microprocessors.
Microcontrollers (highlighting 8051): Introduction to Microcontrollers, Embedded versus
External Memory Devices, 8–bit and 16–bit Microcontrollers, CISC and RISC Processors,
Harvard and Von Neumann Architectures, Commercial Microcontroller Devices. MCS–51
Architecture, Registers in MCS, 8051 Pin Description, Connections, I/O Ports and Memory
Organization. Addressing Modes, Instructions and Simple programming, Stack Pointer,
Assembly Language Programming, Introduction to Atmel 89C51 & 89C2051
Microcontrollers, Applications of Microcontrollers
Data Acquisition Systems (Analog):
Power Supplies: Linear Power supply, Switch Mode Power supply, Uninterrupted Power
Supply, Step up and Step down Switching Voltage Regulators

18
Inverters: Principle of voltage driven inversion, Principle of current driven inversion, sine
wave inverter, Square wave inverter
Signal Conditioning: Operational Amplifier, Instrumentation Amplifier using IC, Precision
Rectifier, Voltage to Current Converter, Current to Voltage Converter, Op-Amp Based
Butterworth Higher Order Active Filters and Multiple Feedback Filters, Voltage Controlled
Oscillator, Analog Multiplexer, Sample and Hold circuits, Analog to Digital Converters,
Digital to Analog Converters
Data Transmission Systems:
Analog and Digital Transmissions, Pulse Amplitude Modulation, Pulse Width Modulation,
Time Division Multiplexing, Pulse Modulation, Digital Modulation, Pulse Code Format and
Modems Optical Fiber Communication system as a Transmission system
Instrumentations Circuits & Designs:
Microprocessors/ Microcontrollers based D C motor speed controller. Microprocessors
/Microcontrollers based temperature controller. Electronic weighing single pan balance using
strain gauge/ load cell, Optical analog communication system using fiber link, Electronic
intensity meter using optical sensor, IR remote controlled ON/OFF switch.

Reference Books:
1. Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications with the 8085 R.
S.Gaonkar, 4th Edition. Penram International.
2. The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, Rajiv Kapadia, Jaico Publishing
House.
3. Power Electronics and its applications, Alok Jain, 2nd Edition, Penram International
India.
4. Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits - R. A. Gayakwad , 3rd Edition Prentice Hall
India.
5. Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits, Robert F. Coughlin and Frederic
F.Driscoll, 6th Edition, Pearson Education Asia.
6. Optical Fiber Communications, Keiser, G. Mcgraw Hill, Int. Student Ed.
7. Electronic Communication Systems; 4th. Ed. Kennedy and Davis, (Tata-McGraw.
Hill,2004.
8. Electronic Instrumentation, H.S. Kalsi, Tata-McGraw. Hill, 1999

PH614: Condensed Matter Physics I

10 Credits
Pre-requisite: PH222, PH311

Course Description
This course mainly deals with the elastic, thermal, transport properties of solids. Also this
chapter pact with the energy band structures and dielectric properties of solids.

Course Objective
The aim of this course is to provide to students a deeper understanding of thermal, transport and
elastic properties of solids. Also the course is meant to offer profound knowledge in dielectric
properties and energy band structures.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
 Explain the elastic, thermal, and transport properties of solids
 Apply quantum theory to explain the energy band structures in solids.

19
  Explicate various dielectric properties of solids.

Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies

Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (At least two tests, plus assignments/quizzes)
University examination shall comprise 50%

Course Content
Elastic constants: Resume of binding in solids; Stress components, stiffness constant, elastic
constants, elastic waves in crystals.
Lattice Dynamics and Thermal Properties: Rigorous treatment of lattice vibrations, normal
modes; Density of states, thermodynamic properties of crystal, anharmonic effects, thermal
expansion.
Energy Band Theory: Review of electrons in a periodic potential; Nearly free electron model;
tight binding method; Impurity levels in doped semiconductors, Band theory of pure and
doped semiconductors.
Transport Theory: Electronic transport from classical kinetic theory; Introduction to
Boltzmann transport equation, calculation of relaxation time in metals; thermal conductivity
of metals and insulators; thermoelectric effects; Hall effect and magnetoresistance; Transport
in semiconductors.
Dielectric Properties of Materials: Polarization mechanisms, Dielectric function from
oscillator strength, Clausius-Mosotti relation; piezo, pyro- and ferro-electricity.

References
1. Kittel. C, Introduction to Solid State Physics (VII ed), (Wiley, New York).
2. Kittel. C, Quantum Theory of Solids: (Wiley, New York).
3. Ziman. J, Principles of the Theory of Solids, (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge).
4. Ibach. H and Luth. H, Solid State Physics: (Springer Berlin).
5. Walter A, Harrison, Solid State Theory (Tata McGrawHill, New Delhi).
6. Maradudin. A.A, Theory of Lattice Dynamics in the Harmonic Approx. (Academic
Press)

PH615: Advanced Quantum Mechanics

10 Credits
Pre-requisite: PH121, PH212, PH215, PH312

Course Description
This course covers the advanced and relativistic quantum mechanical concepts and
applications which cover topics like angular momentum, spin-spin interactions,
perturbation theory, scattering theory, approximation techniques and their applications.

Course Objective
The objective of this course is to provide a deeper understanding of advanced and relativistic
Quantum Mechanical phenomena including spin and angular momentum dynamics and
interactions, scattering theory, Klein-Gordon equation, and their applications using
approximation techniques.

20
Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
 Apply time-dependent approximation methods to solving atomic and molecular systems
 Explain the behaviour of charged particles in magnetic field and electric field
Apply and describe the principle of scattering and relativistic Quantum Mechanics.

Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies
Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (At least two tests, plus assignments/quizzes)
University examination shall comprise 50%

Course Content
Fundamental concepts
Review of postulates of quantum theory, operators, eigen values, eigen functions and
commutators. The analogy with vectors and vector spaces such as basis sets, orthonormality
and completeness. Matrix representation of operators. Physical observables as Hermitian
operators. The probability interpretation of measurement and conceptual issues associated
with that. Recap of orbital angular momentum operators in quantum mechanics and their
properties. Spin angular momentum and Pauli matrices, hydrogen atom, electron spin, spin and
statistics.
Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
Klein-Gordon equation, Feynman-Stückelberg interpretation of negative energy states and
concept of antiparticles; Dirac equation, covariant form, adjoint equation; Plane wave
solution and momentum space spinors; Spin and magnetic moment of the electron; Non-
relativistic reduction; Helicity and chirality; Properties of matrices; Charge conjugation;
Normalisation and completeness of spinors.
Approximation Methods for Stationary States
Introduction, Time-Independent Perturbation Theory (Non-degenerate Perturbation Theory,
Degenerate Perturbation Theory, Fine Structure and the Anomalous Zeeman Effect), An
harmonic oscillator, Helium atom, Stark effect in hydrogen atom, Variational methods:
Helium atom. The Variational Method, General Formalism, Bound States for Potential Wells
with No Rigid Walls, Bound States for Potential Wells with One Rigid Wall, Bound States
for Potential Wells with Two Rigid Walls, Tunneling through a Potential Barrier.

References
1. Nouredine Zettili, Quantum Mechanics Concepts and Applications, Second Edition John
Wiley & Sons (2009).
2. Anderson EE; Modern Physics and Quantum Mechanics, WB Saunders Co (1971).
3. Eisberg R. and Resnick R., Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and
Particles, (1986).
4. Beiser A, Concepts of Modern Physics, 6th edition McGraw-Hill (1995).
5. Schiff L., Quantum Mechanics, McGraw Book Company.
6. Davidov A.S., Quantum Mechanics, Oxford, Pergamon Press.
7. Messiah A., Quantum Mechanics, vol. 1 & 2, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
8. Quantum Mechanics, G. Aruldhas, Prentice Hall of India, 2006.

21
PH616: Advanced Nuclear Physics
10 Credits
Pre-requisite: PH313, PH323

Course Description
This course covers the fundamental aspects of nuclear physics like nuclear forces, reactions
and cross-sections, decays, radioactivity, nuclear models

Course Objective
The aim of this course is to give the students an advanced knowledge of nuclear physics suitable
as an introduction to their research fields.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
 Explain the features of various nuclear models and nuclear reactions
 Explain the various detection techniques for nuclear radiation
 Explain application of nuclear physics in energy production or medicine

Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies

Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (At least two tests, plus assignments/quizzes)
University examination shall comprise 50%

Course Content
Basic Concepts
The origins of nuclear physics; Mass spectroscopy and binding energies, Nuclear shapes and
sizes, Charge distribution, Matter distribution, Nuclear instability, Radioactive decay, Semi-
empirical mass formula: the liquid drop model, decay phenomenology, Odd-mass nuclei,
Even-mass nuclei, Fission, -decays, Nuclear reactions
Experimental Methods
Accelerators and beams, DC accelerators, AC accelerators, Neutral and unstable particle
beams, Particle interactions with matter, Short-range interactions with nuclei, Ionization
energy losses, Radiation energy losses, Interactions of photons in matter, Particle detectors,
Gas detectors, Scintillation counters, Semiconductor detectors
Models and Theories of Nuclear Physics
The nucleon – nucleon potential, Fermi gas model, Shell model, Shell structure of atoms,
Nuclear magic numbers, Spins, parities, magnetic dipole moments, Excited states, Non-
spherical nuclei, Electric quadrupole moments, Collective model, Summary of nuclear
structure models -decay, Fermi theory, Electron momentum distribution, Kurie plots and the
neutrino mass, internal conversion, Selection rules, Transition rates
Applications of Nuclear Physics
Fission, Induced fission – fissile materials, Fission chain reactions, Nuclear power reactors,
Fusion, Coulomb barrier, Stellar fusion, Fusion reaction rates, Fusion reactors, Biomedical
applications, Biological effects of radiation: radiation therapy, Medical imaging using
radiation, Magnetic resonance imaging
Outstanding Questions and Future Prospects
Nuclear physics: Quark–gluon plasma, astrophysics and cosmology, Nuclear medicine,
Power production and nuclear waste

22
References
1. Brian R Martin, Nuclear and Particle Physics – An Introduction, John Wiley
2. Kenneth S Krane, Introductory Nuclear Physics, John Wiley
3. Robert, José M. Arias, An Advanced Course in Modern Nuclear Physics, Springer-Verlag
(2001).
4. Anwar Kamal, Nuclear Physics, Springer (2014).
5. E.Fermi, Nuclear Physics, University Chicago Press (1950).

PH617: Lab I
10 Credits
(Students have to perform a minimum of six (6) experiments)
1. Michelson Interferometer.
2. Resistivity of Ge at various temperature by Four Probe method and determination
of band gap.
3. Skin depth in Al using electromagnetic radiation.
4. Electron Spin Resonance. (ESR)
5. Electron Diffraction.
6. Thermionic Emission.
7. Franck – Hertz Experiment.
8. Zeeman Effect.
9. Stefan’s constant – Black body radiation.
10. Clausius-Mossotti equation using sugar solution (Determination of Polarisation.)
11. Study of voltage controlled oscillator using IC-566.
12. Frequency multiplier using PLL-565(for 2 & 3 operation using counter.)
13. Crystal oscillator- Millar type and Digital clock.
14. Diode pump using UJT.
15. Pulse train generator.
16. SMPS power supply.
17. CVCC power supply.

Reference Books:
1. Experimental Physics, Wersnop and Flint.
2. Molecular structure and Spectroscopy, G.Aruldas Prentice-hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
New Delhi.
3. Solid State Physics, S.P. Pillai (3rd Edition), New age International Publisher.
4. Practical Physics, D.R. Behekar, Dr.S. T. Seman, V.M.Gokhale,P.G.Kale ( Kitab
Mahal Publication)
5. Introduction to experimental Nuclear Physics, R.M. Singru, Wiley Eastern
6. Power supplies: B.S.Sonde.
7. Digital Principles: Malvino( 6th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publication Co. Ltd.
Delhi.)
8. Operational Amplifier: G.B.Clayton.
9. OP-AMPS and Linear integrated circuits: RamakantGaikwad.
10. Data Converters: B.S. Sonde, Tata Mc-Graw Hill Pub. Co. Ltd. (1974).
11. Pulse, Digital and Switching Circuits: Miliman&Taub.
12. Electronic Integrated Circuits and Systems: Franklin, C. Fitchen( Van No strand
Reinhold Company).
13. Digital Principles and applications: Leach and Malvino, Tata Mc-Graw Hill Pub.Co.
Ltd. N.Delhi(5th Edition,2002).

23
PH621: Advanced Computational Physics
10 Credits
Pre-requisite: MT120, PH224

Course Description
This course is intended to introduce the fundamentals of computer science, MatLab or Maple
and programming, practically implement numerical techniques using MatLab and
C++computer languagestogether with their applications to the problems typically arising in
physics.The course deals with the basic operators of the MatLab programming paсkage and
introduces the methods of programming in MatLab system together with the methods of
operatingthe MatLab system tothe students.

Course Objective
The aim of this course is to introduce the fundamentals of MatLab system and the use of one
of the programming languages for solving problems typically appearing in physics. The
objective of this course is the acquaintance to logical structures of the MatLab and C++
programming languages together with MatLab system of numeric and analytical computations.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course a student should be able to:
 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of scientific programming in MatLab (or
Maple) system, the structure of physical problems and be able to proceed with
interpretation of the obtained (computed) solutions;
 Demonstrate the ability to set up a physical problem in a form in order to solve it
numerically. Translate physical systems into computational models;
 Analyse, formalise physical problems and use the MatLab software to solve them
numerically and also sometimes (where applicable) analytically;
 Conduct, by computer, the numerical simulation of applied physical problems;
 Apply MatLab, C++ orsimilar programming language to the solution of physical
problems;
 Create algorithm to solve a given problem in physics;
 Design the program implementing the above mentioned algorithm;
 Create m-files;
 Find mistakes in the program;
 Edit the program;
 Run the program;
 Analyze the received result in view of computing errors.

Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies

Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (at least two tests, plus assignments/quizzes).
The university examination shall comprise 50%.

Course Content
Basic information about possibilities of computer modelling.
Instructions of Maple/MatLab programming language, typical structure of a one of the
programming languages.

24
Numeric and analytical (symbolic) differentiation (full/ordinary and partial) and integration
within MatLab (or similar) package.
Finite element method and its application in analysis of renewable and alternative power
sources.
Using of other computational engineering methods in research, design and development of
devices used in the field of renewable and alternative power sources.
Methods and examples of modelling and simulation multiphysical processes, including
Monte Carlo methods.
Windows systems, UNIX systems, command line help, DEMOs. MatLab as a calculator.
Numbers & formats. Variables, variable names. Suppressing output. Built-in functions:
trigonometric functions, other elementary functions. Vectors: column notation, extracting bits
of a vector, column vectors, transposing. Keeping a record. Plotting elementary functions:
Plotting|titles & labels, grids, line styles & colours, multi plots, hold, hard copy, subplot,
zooming, formatted text on plots, controlling the axes. Keyboard accelerators. Copying to and
from Word and other applications: Windows Systems, UNIX Systems. Script files. Products,
division & powers of vectors: scalar product (*), dot product (*), dot division of arrays (./),
dot power of arrays (.^), examples in plotting. Matrices-two-dimensional arrays: size of a
matrix, transpose of a matrix, special matrices, the identity matrix, diagonal matrices,
building matrices, tabulating functions, extracting bits of matrices, dot product of matrices
(*), matrix-vector products, matrix-matrix products, sparse matrices. Systems of linear
equations: overdetermined system of linear equations. Characters, strings and text. Relational
and logical operators, conditional statements, the switch-case statement, the if-end structure,
the if-else-end structure, the if-elseif-else-end structure, for-end loops, while-end loops,
nested and nested conditional statements, the break and continue commands, examples of
MatLab applications.

References
1. Bathe K. J, Numerical methods in finite element analysis, Prentice-Hall (1976)
2. Gould, Harvey, Tobochnik, Jan (1988). An Introduction to Computer Simulation
Methods, Part 2, Applications to Physical Systems. Reading: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-
201-16504-X.
3. John H. Mathews, Numerical Methods Using MATLAB. Third Edition. California State
4. Burden and Faires, Numerical Analysis, Pws-Kent Publishing Company. (1993)
5. Bajpai, Calus, and Fairley, Numerical Methods of Engineering and Scientists, John
Wiley & sons, Chichester. (1976)
6. Chapman, Stephen J. (2007). Fortran 95/2003 for Scientists and Engineers (3rd ed.).
McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-319157-7.
7. Chivers, Ian; Sleightholme, Jane (2012). Introduction to Programming with Fortran (2nd
ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-0-85729-232-2.
8. Reddy, J.N. (2005). An Introduction to the Finite Element Method (Third ed.). McGraw-
Hill. ISBN 9780071267618.
9. Allaire.G and Craig. A, Numerical Analysis and Optimization, An Introduction to
Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation.
10. Zienkiewicz, O.C.; Taylor, R.L.; Zhu, J.Z. (2005). The Finite Element Method: Its Basis
and Fundamentals (Sixth ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0750663200.
11. Caflisch, R. E. (1998). Monte Carlo and quasi-Monte Carlo methods. Acta Numerica 7.
Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–49.
12. Doucet, Arnaud; Freitas, Nando de; Gordon, Neil (2001). Sequential Monte Carlo
methods in practice. New York: Springer. ISBN 0-387-95146-6.

25
13. Fishman, G. S. (1995). Monte Carlo: Concepts, Algorithms, and Applications. New
York: Springer. ISBN 0-387-94527-X.
14. Hartmann, A.K. (2009). Practical Guide to Computer Simulations. World Scientific.
ISBN 978-981-283-415-7.
15. Kalos, Malvin H.; Whitlock, Paula A. (2008). Monte Carlo Methods. Wiley-VCH.
ISBN 978-3-527-40760-6.
16. David F. Griffits, An Introduction to Matlab. Version 2.2. Department of Mathematics,
The University Dundee DD1 4HN with additional material by Ulf Carlsson Department
of Vehicle Engineering KTH, Stockholm, Sweden.
17. Andrew Knight, Basics of MATLAB and beyond, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-
Publication Data.
18. Brian R. Hunt, Ronald L. Lipsman, Jonathan M. Rosenberg with Kevin R, A Guide to
MATLAB for Beginners and Experienced Users. Coombes, John E. Osborn, and Garrett
J. Stuck.
19. Fullerton Kurtis D. Fink, University, Northwest Missouri State University.
20. James P. LeSage, Applied Econometrics using MATLAB. Department of Economics,
University of Toledo.
21. Won Young et al, APPLIED NUMERICAL METHODS USING MATLAB. The
University of Auckland, New Zealand.

PH622: Research Methodology

10 Credits
Pre-requisite: BI222

Course Description
This course provides a comprehension of the scientific method and research process, and
introduces the language of research, ethical principles and challenges, and the elements of the
research process within quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches. Students
will gain an understanding of the components of a research paper including hypotheses,
different research designs and measurement instruments. They will learn how information is
gathered, analyzed and presented. Students will develop assessment skills for critiquing the
scientific literature.

Course Objective
The course aims to develop students’ scientific research skills. Its goal is to help postgraduate
students to understand research practice, research cycle in general through critical
examination of methods associated with decision-making, critical thinking, and ethical
judgment.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
 understand the scientific method;
 explain the relationship between theory and research;
 define research, explain and apply research terms;
 identify appropriate research topics;
 select and define appropriate research problem and its parameters;
 prepare and defend a research proposal;
 organize and conduct a scientific research in a more appropriate manner;
 write and defend a research thesis;

26
  be able to assess and critique a published journal article that uses one of the primary
research methods in the field.

Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies

Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (At least two tests, plus assignments/quizzes)
University examination shall comprise 50%

Course Content
Scientific method
What is the scientific method; steps of scientific method; testing hypotheses; common
mistakes in applying the scientific method; scientific method and research methodology.
The research process
Formulating a research problem; conceptualizing a research design; constructing an
instrument for data collection; collecting data; processing and analysis of data; testing of
hypotheses; interpretation and report writing.
Analytical methods in research
Fundamentals of sampling in scientific research; Statistical techniques: summary, modelling,
computing.
Writing research document
Types of research documents; introduction; literature review; materials and methods; work-
plan and budget; results and discussions; conclusions and recommendations.
Class presentation of research
Presentation of research area: research topic; introduction: background, problem statement,
objectives, hypothesis/research questions, scope of work; (2) Presentation of research
proposal; (3) Draft Thesis proposal.

References
1. Kothari, C.R. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Age International
Publishers. New Delhi. 2006.
2. Kumar, R. Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. Sage
Publications Ltd. 2005
3. Gray, D.E. Doing Research in the Real World. Third Edition. Sage Publications Ltd.
2013
4. Kathleen M. and Jonathan W. How to Write Dissertations and Project Reports. Harlow
UK: Pearson Education Ltd. 2011.
5. Creswell, J. W. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods
approaches. 4th Ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 2014.

PH623: Advanced Statistical Mechanics

10 Credits
Pre-requisite: PH316

Course Description
This course provides broad perspective of the concepts and techniques of thermodynamics,
kinetic theory, and statistical physics required to describe a wide variety of physical,
astronomical and chemical phenomena.

27
Course Objective
The objectives of this course are to establish and develop interrelation between theory of
individual molecules and their interactions and theory of macroscopic phenomena; to develop
an understanding of the statistical nature of the laws of thermodynamics, to examine the basic
theory of statistical mechanics and to apply this theory to a wide variety of scientific
problems.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
 Explain the basic concepts of statistical mechanics
 Use the ensemble theory and the partition function concept to describe a behavior of
many-particle systems
 Calculate thermodynamics parameters using Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein and Fermi-
Dirac distributions
 Apply thermodynamics and statistical methods to describe a wide variety of physical,
astronomical and chemical phenomena

Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies

Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (At least two tests, plus assignments/quizzes)
University examination shall comprise 50%
Course Content
Basic concepts of statistical physics
Equilibrium and state quantities; phase space; microscopic description of classical and
quantum systems; calculation of the number of microstate for classical and quantum systems;
partition function; ensemble theory; microcanonical and canonical ensembles.
The laws of statistical thermodynamics and thermodynamic potentials
Laws of thermodynamics; the principle of maximum entropy; the thermodynamic potentials,
the Maxwell relations; calculation of thermodynamics parameters as ensemble averages.
Quantum statistics of the ideal gas
The grand canonical partition function; Bose-Eistein and Fermi-Dirac distribution functions;
Chemical potential and Fermi energy.
Applications of statistical physics
White dwarf stars; quark-gluon plasma in the Big Bang and in heavy-ion collisions.

References
1. Greiner, Walter, Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics / Walter Greiner, Ludwig
Neise, Horst Stocker. Springer (1995).
2. Huang K., Statistical Mechanics, Second Edition, Wiley (1987).
3. Kubo R., Statistical Mechanics, Sixth Edition, North-Holland Publishing Company
(1981).
4. Burshstein A. I., Introduction to Thermodynamics and Kinetic Theory of Matter, Second
Edition, Wiley (2005).
5. Reif F., Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics, McGraw-Hill, (1965).
6. Landau L.D. and Lifshitz E.M., Statistical Physics, Third Edition, Part 1. Pergamon
(1980).
7. Duric, Neb, Advanced Astrophysics, Cambridge University Press (2003).

28
PH624: Advanced Electronic Instrumentation
10 credits
Pre-requisite: PH112, PH122

Course Description
This course mainly deals with the measuring instruments and their measurement techniques.
With the tremendous progress in technology instruments from simple to more sophisticated
measurements are the need of the hour.

Course Objective
The objective of this course is to introduce students instruments used in electronics,
communication and transmission and their applications.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
 The students learn both theoretical aspects and practical aspects of electronic devices
that have wide range of applications.
 The course gives training to students in areas that are in demand in electronics industry.
 The projects in the second year are aimed at academic and industrial collaboration.

Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies

Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (At least two tests, plus assignments/quizzes)
University examination shall comprise 50%
Course Content
Basic characteristics and errors associated with an instrument - Introduction; Performance
characteristics, Static characteristics, sources of error, error measurement, electrical
standards, statistical analysis and graphical representation of measurements as a distribution.
Analog and Digital meters Ammeter - DC ammeter, multirange ammeters, RF ammeter,
Measurement of very large currents, the Aryton Shunt; Voltmeter - Introduction, DC
voltmeter, multirange voltmeter, differential voltmeter, AC voltmeter - using rectifiers (half
wave and full wave), RMS and peak responding voltmeters; Ohmeter - Shunt type,
calibration of DC instrument, calibration of ohmmeter; Multimeters and operating
instructions; For DC and RF frequency measurements Oscilloscopes - Analog and Digital -
Principle, CRT features and applications of oscilloscope for measurements Sensors and
Transducers - Introduction; Types of transducers; Temperature transducers; Strain gauges;
Capactive and Inductive transducers; Linear Variable Differential Transducer (LVDT); Piezo
electric transducer; Photo electric transducer; Frequency generating transducer; Flow
measurement transducers and signal conditioning. Filters - Background and Introduction;
Fundamental theorem of filters; Types of filters - Passive and active; Butterworth and band
pass filters; Discrete functions and sampling theorems; Applications of filters

References
1. P Horowitz and W Hill - The art of electronics, Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition
(1994).
2. H S Kalsi- Electronic Instrumentation, McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition (2004).
3. Experiments with operational amplifiers.
4. Design and construction of filters.
5. P P L Regtien, Electronic Instrumentation, VSSD (2006)
29
PH625: Advanced Electrodynamics
10 Credits
Pre-requisite: PH112, PH122, PH322

Course Description
This course provides with deep skill involving wave equations for the electric and magnetic
components of RF waves in open unlimited (unrestricted) space and in dielectric or hollow
metallic waveguides together with broad technical applications.

Course Objectives
The course supplies an overview of multiple solutions of the wave equations for electric and
magnetic components of RF field useful for a variety of modern technical applications.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of this students should be able to:
 be mastered with important knowledge to compute antenna parameters for optimal
receiving RF signals in given conditions;
 demonstrate knowledge sufficient to choose suitable RF antenna type for a specific
application;
 be able to distinguish between the RF wave types in different conditions of
propagation;
 choose suitable methods and devices for proper coupling and matching various
elements of RF/microwave technique;
 apply the knowledge and skills to compute the optimal parameters for the setups as
per mentioned above.

Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies

Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (At least two tests, plus assignments/quizzes)
University examination shall comprise 50%

Course Content
Fundamental Solutions of the Wave Equations in Dielectrical Unrestricted Free Space
Obtaining wave equations for electric and magnetic components of electromagnetic field.
Fundamental solutions of the wave equation in unrestricred free space. Plane and spherical
waves.
Dielectrical Media with Losses
Basic electrodynamics problems in using microwave RF range and ways to overcome and
solve them. Physical reasons of losses of energy occuring at higher frequencies and technical
solutions (i.e. the ways to overcome the challenges). Attenuation due to scattering and
absorption in a media.Skin effect in conducting media and its practical applications.
Fundamental Wave Modes in Various Types of Waveguides
Fundamental wave modes in waveguides: sandwich multi-layer structures, metallic hollow
(rectangular and round cylindrical), dielectrical. Basics of (glass) fiber optics: complete
internal reflection and doping profile. Applications in telecommunications including cellular
telecommunications.

30
Matching and Coupling Components at Microwave RF Range
Travelling (TWR) and standing (SWR) wave ratios. Ways to improve TWR (matching
methods and devices). Directed coupling, circular splitters. Cavity resonators, microwave
detectors, attenuators.
Sending and Receiving Antennae
Different approaches to classification of aerials (antennae): by function (sending, receiving,
combined), by directivity, by design, by range. Directivity pattern and integral directivity.
Areas of application of each type. Satellite setups for TV, radio and other data
broadcast/transmission.
Radar and Other Technical Applications of Microwaves
Basics of domestic and industrial microwave ovens. Ways to avoid or reduce harmful effects
of microwaves on organisms with domestic, navigation and military applications.

References
1. Connor, F. R., Wave Transmission, Edward Arnold Ltd., 1972 ISBN 0-7131-3278-7.
2. Bagad, V. S., Microwave Engineering, Technical Publications Pune, 2009 ISBN 81-8431-
360-8.
3. Belov, Leonid A.; Smolskiy, Sergey M.; Kochemasov, Victor N., Handbook of RF,
Microwave, and Millimeter-wave Components, Artech House, 2012 ISBN 1-60807-209-6.
4. Elmore, William Cronk; Heald, Mark Aiken, Physics of Waves, Courier Dover
Publications, 1969 ISBN 0-486-14065-2.
5. Mahmoud, S. F., Electromagnetic waveguides: Theory and Applications, IEE, 1991 ISBN
0-86341-232-7.
6. Das, Annapurna; Das, Sisir K, Microwave Engineering, Tata McGraw-Hill Education,
2009 ISBN 0-07-066738-1.
7. Ke, Wu; Lei, Zhu; Vahldieck, Ruediger, "Microwave passive components", in Chen, Wai-
Kei (ed.), The Electrical Engineering Handbook, Academic Press, 2004 ISBN 0-08-
047748-8.

PH626: Modern Optics & Spectroscopy

10 Credits
Pre-requisite: PH124, PH223

Course Description
This course provides broad perspective of the concepts and techniques of modern optics
required to discuss a wide variety of spectroscopic techniques.

Objectives
The course supplies an overview of a large variety of optical phenomenon and principles. It
also provides the quantum mechanical principles and theoretical foundations of important
current spectroscopic techniques and examines the applications of these methods. We will
focus on microwave, vibration and electronic spectroscopy with a brief coverage of NMR
(and other types of spin resonance) spectroscopy.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course a student should be:
 Familiar with issues related to the propagation of light through matter and the schematic of
optics.
 Able to apply the knowledge of the modern optics to the spectroscopic techniques.

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Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies

Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (At least two tests, plus assignments)
University examination shall comprise 50%

Course Content
Modern Optics
Models of light propagation: Early models, Fermat’s principle, Huygens principle, laws of
reflections and refraction.
Geometrical Optics: Reflection and refraction at various surfaces, lenses and mirrors, Prism,
aberration, matrix methods, Optical ray tracing, optical systems.
Wave Optics: Mathematics of wave motion, superposition of waves, Fourier analysis.
Electromagnetic Optics: - Reflection, transmission, guided waves, resonators; Laser,
integrated optics, photonic crystals, Bragg mirrors; Intensity, direction, coherence, phase,
polarization.
Microwave Spectroscopy
Rotation of molecules – Rotational spectroscopy – Rigid and non – rigid diatomic rotator –
Intensity of spectra lines – Isotopic substitution – Polyatomic molecules (Linear and
symmetric top) – Hyperfine structure and quadrupole effects – Inversion spectrum of
ammonia – Chemical analysis by microwave spectroscopy – Techniques and instrumentation
– microwave oven.
Vibrational Spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopy – Vibration of molecules – Diatomic vibrating rotator – Vibrational
rotational spectrum – Interactions of rotations and vibrations – Influence of rotation on the
vibrational spectrum of linear and symmetric top and polyatomic molecules – Analysis by
infrared techniques – Instrumentation – FTIR spectroscopy.
Electronic Spectroscopy
Electronic spectra – Frank – Condon principle – Dissociation energy and dissociation
products – Fortrat diagram – predissociation – shapes of some molecular orbits – Chemical
analysis by electronic spectroscopy – Techniques and instrumentation – Mass spectroscopy –
ESR spectroscopy – Introduction – techniques and instrumentation – Electronic and angular
momentum in diatomic molecules.
Raman Spectroscopy
Classical and quantum mechanical description of the Raman effects, polarization, diatomics,
vibrational – rotational Raman Spectrum.

References
1. Aruldhas. G, Molecular and Structure and Spectroscopy; PHI Learning Private
Limited 2nd edition, 2007.
2. Collin Banwell and Mc Cash, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy; TMH
Publishers – 5th edition, 2004.
3. Berman Paul R., Malinovski Vladimir S. Principles of Laser Spectroscopy and
Quantum Optics; Princeton University Press, 2011.
4. Jeanne L. McHale, Molecular Spectroscopy, Pearson, 1st edition, 2009.
5. Grant R. Fowles, Introduction to Modern Optics, Dover Books 2nd edition, 1989
6. Eugene Hecht, Optics, Addison Wesley Longman Inc. 4th edition.

32
PH627: Lab II
10 Credits
(Students have to perform a minimum of six (6) experiments)
1. Active filter- Low pass, High pass, Band pass, and Notch Filter using OP-AMP.
2. Function generator using OP-AMP/IC –8038.
3. Constant current source using OP-AMP.
4. Class-B push pull amplifier using Dual power supply and OP-AMP.
5. Design, built and test oscillator – Wien Bridge oscillator / phase shift oscillator using
OP-AMP.
6. Inductive simulation using OP-AMP.
7. Study of multiplexer and Demultiplexer.
8. Voltage to Frequency / Frequency to voltage converter using OP-AMP.
9. Phase equilibrium diagram for binary Sn-Pb alloy.
10. Thermolumuniscence of alkali halides.
11. Stress measurements of the transparent conduction of oxides (Newton’s rings
method).
12. Study of the particles (e.g. CdS, ZnS, Au,Ag etc.) using UV/VIS spectroscopy for the
13. Particle size, colour, (Luminiscence/Fluroscence) & and gap energy.
14. Determination of crystal structure of given material by X-ray Diffractometer.
15. Study of Hystersis of hard and soft ferrites
16. Determination of resonance frequency of piezoelectric element.
17. Differential Thermo-Analysis.
18. Determine the spot size and divergence of the He-Ne Laser.
19. Diameter of a given wire by diffraction.
20. Determination of Brewter’s angle.
21. Determination of Hall coefficient
22. Characteristics of Solar Cell
23. Measurement of band gap semiconductor diode
24. Determination of Wavelength and Divergence of beam using diode laser.

Reference books:
1. Experiments in Materials Science – Prof. E.C. Subbarao. et.al.
2. Experiments in Materials Science – V. Raghvan
3. Experiments with He-Ne laser –R.S. Sirohi, IIT Madras
4. Power supplies: B.S.Sonde.
5. Digital Principles: Malvino (6th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publication Co. Ltd.
Delhi.)
6. Operational Amplifier: G.B.Clayton.
7. OP-AMPS and Linear integrated circuits: RamakantGaikwad.
8. Data Converters: B.S. Sonde, Tata Mc-Graw Hill Pub. Co. Ltd. (1974).
9. Pulse, Digital and Switching Circuits: Miliman&Taub.
10. Electronic Integrated Circuits and Systems: Franklin, C. Fitchen (Van No strand
Reinhold Company).
11. Digital Principles and applications: Leach and Malvino, Tata Mc-Graw Hill
Pub.Co.Ltd, New Delhi (5th Edition, 2002).

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PH631: Condensed Matter Physics II
10 Credits
Pre-requisite: PH222, PH311, PH614

Course Description
This course mainly deals with the magnetic, optical, and superconducting aspects of solids.
Also this course pact the deep understanding of various disorders present in solids and
detailed understanding of amorphous solids

Course Objective
The aim of this course is to provide to the students to deeper understanding of magnetic, optical,
superconducting properties of solids and to offer various defects in solids and to know in
detail about amorphous solids.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
 Understand the magnetic and optical properties of different kinds of solids
 Explain the theory of superconductivity of materials.
 Explicate the variety of disorders present in crystals
 Discuss the various properties of amorphous solids.
Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies

Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (At least two tests, plus assignments/quizzes)
University examination shall comprise 50%

Course Content
Optical Properties: Resume of macroscopic theory -- generalized susceptibility, Kramers-
Kronig relations, Brillouin scattering, Raman effect; interband transitions.
Magnetism: Dia- and para-magnetism in materials, Pauli paramagnetism, Exchange
interaction. Heisenberg Hamiltonian and resume of the results; Ferro-, ferri- and antiferro-
magnetism; spin waves; specific heat - Bloch law.
Magnetic Resonance Techniques: Principles of ESR and NMR.
Superconductivity: Experimental Survey, Basic phenomenology, Type I and Type II
superconductors; BCS pairing mechanism, High Tc superconductors.
Disordered Solids: Resume of point defects and dislocations;
Noncrystalline solids: diffraction pattern, glasses, amorphous semiconductors and
ferromagnets, heat capacity and thermal conductivity of amorphous solids, Brief introduction
to nanostructures

References
1. Kittel. C, Introduction to Solid State Physics (VII ed), (Wiley, New York).
2. Kittel. C, Quantum Theory of Solids: (Wiley, New York).
3. Ziman. J, Principles of the Theory of Solids, (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge).
4. Ibach. H and Luth. H, Solid State Physics (Springer Berlin).
5. Taylor. P.L, A Quantum Approach to Solids (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs).
6. Animalu. A.O.E, Intermediate Quantum Theory of Solids (East-West Press, New Delhi).
7. Ashcroft and Mermin, Solid State Physics (Reinhert & Winston, Berlin).

34
PH632: Materials Science I
10 Credits
Pre-requisite: PH222, PH311, PH321

Course Description
This course introduces some of the important aspects of materials science viz., different
physical properties of materials, phase diagrams, corrosion mechanisms, and superconducting
materials.

Course Objective
The aim of this course is to introduce to the students understanding of the various physical
properties of materials, applications of phase diagrams, and superconducting features of some
materials.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
 Describe various mechanical properties of materials.
 Explain phase diagrams and how the phase transformation occurs.
 Explain the theories supporting superconductivity of various superconducting
materials.

Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies

Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (At least two tests, plus assignments/quizzes)
University examination shall comprise 50%

Course Content
Mechanical properties of materials, Stress and strain behaviour, Elastic properties of
materials, Plastic deformation, tensile properties, compressive and shear deformation,
hardness, creep, fracture, fatigue.
Phase diagrams, Solubility limit, phase equilibrium, binary eutectic systems, ceramic phase
diagram, Phase rule, microstructures, Iron-Carbon system, influence of alloying, Isothermal
Transformation Diagrams, Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams, Austenite,
Pearlite, Bainite and Martensite phases of Iron-Carbon alloys.
Corrosion mechanism, electrochemical considerations, corrosion rates, passivity,
environmental effects, corrosion resistant materials, corrosion environments and prevention
Materials superconducting at liquid Helium temperatures, High- Tc metal oxides, Organic
materials, Fullerenes, Borocarbides and Diborides, Preparation and characterization of
superconducting materials, Crystal Structure, Phase Diagrams and Application of Low and
High- Tc superconductors.
References
1. Callister. W. D, Jr., Materials Science and Engineering, Wiley Eastern Limited, 1984.
2. Ramakrishnan. T.V, and C. N. R. Rao, Superconductivity Today, Wiley Eastern Limited,
1992.
3. Pillai. S. O, Solid State Physics, 4th Edition, New Age International.
4. J. K. Tien, E. P. Barth, A. M. Gyurko (auth.), J. L. Morán-López, J. M. Sanchez (eds),
Advanced Topics in Materials Science and Engineering, Springer US (1993).
5. Donald R. Askeland, The Science and Engineering of Materials, Cengage Learning (6Ed,
2011).

35
PH633: Laser Physics and Optoelectronics
10 Credits
Pre-requisite: PH112, PH122, PH324

Course Description
This course contains the theory, working of different types of lasers and applications, nonlinear
optics and concepts of optoelectronics.

Course Objective
The objective of this course is to teach the students the basic theory of lasers, importance of
optical resonators, different methods of laser beam control, working of different type of lasers,
basic optoelectronics concepts and phenomena.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
 Understand the principle of operation of different types of lasers
 Explain the importance of optical resonators.
 Explain concepts of optoelectronics and resulting phenomena

Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies
Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (At least two tests, plus assignments/quizzes)
University examination shall comprise 50%

Course Content
Stimulated emission, Population inversion, Laser amplification, Oscillation condition,
Characteristic of laser light, Line broadening mechanism, Spectral narrowing in a laser,
Gain clamping spatial and spectral hole burning and their consequences, Power in Laser
Oscillator, Optimum coupling.
Theory of optical resonators: Concept of cavity models, Stability criterion, Gaussian beams
and their propagation. Quality factor, Geometry of resonators, Resonant frequency of
resonators, unstable resonators, Time dependence of laser emission, Rate equations for three
and four level systems. Normal mode oscillations, Q-switching and mode locking techniques
of laser pulse generation.
Some specific laser systems. Ion lasers (Ar), Atomic and molecular gas lasers (He-Ne, Co2),
Solid State (Ruby, Nd:YAG & Nd:Gas). Semiconductor lasers (Ga-As). Chemical lasers (HF)
Dye lasers (one example), Eximer laser (KrF).
Introduction to Non Linear optics: Basic Difference in Linear and Nonlinear optics, Wave
propagation in nonlinear media, Phase matched second harmonic generation, Optical
parametric oscillator, Frequency mixing in gases and vapors, Self-focusing, Optical
bistability and optical phase conjugation. Laser Applications: Holography, Optical
communication, Laser isotope separation, Laser range finder, Laser in pollution detection.
Periodic media, reflection and transmission in the presence of absorbing media. Double
refraction, plane waves in anisotropic media, wave refractive index, ray refractive index,
index ellipsoid, Acousto-optic effect, Acousto-optic modulation, Raman-Nath and Bragg
regime and their modulators.

References
1. Maitland & Dunn, J. Laser Physics: Wiley & Sons, 1969 - Technology & Engineering.

36
2. Svelto, Principles of Lasers, Plenum Press, 1976.
3. Yariv A., J. Introduction to Quantum Electronics: Wiley & Sons, 1967.
4. Baldwin, An Introduction to Nonlinear Optics: Plenum Pub. Corp., 1974.
5. Zernike F. and Midwinter, J Applied nonlinear Optics: Wiley & Sons, 1973.
6. P.W. Miloni & J.H. Eberly, Lasers: Wiley NewYork 1988.
7. Ghatak & Thyagrajan, Lasers: Theory and Applications Plenum Press, New York and
London, 1981.
8. Bahaa E.A.Saleh and Malvin Carl Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics, J. Wiley & Sons
2007.
9. Ajoy Ghatak and K.Thyagarajan, Optical Electronics Cambridge University Press,1991.

PH634: High Energy Particle Physics

10 Credits
Pre-requisite: PH313, PH323, PH616

Course Description
This course covers the fundamental aspects of particle phenomenology, leptons, quarks,
hadrons, particle detectors, quark dynamics and qcd, electro-weak interactions, standard
model of electroweak and strong interactions and finally grand unification of all forces.

Course Objective
The aim of this course is to give the students an advanced knowledge of particle physics suitable
as an introduction to their research fields.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
 Explain how quarks make up hadrons (mesons and baryons)
 Explain how quarks and leptons decay via a weak process
 Explain how elementary particles are detected in experiments
 Explain the theory of electromagnetic, weak and strong forces
 Explain how the standard model unites all forces with introduction of gauge bosons

Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies

Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (At least two tests, plus assignments/quizzes)
University examination shall comprise 50%

Course Content
Particle Phenomenology
Leptons: Lepton multiplets and lepton numbers, Neutrinos, Neutrino mixing and oscillations,
Neutrino masses, Universal lepton interactions – the number of neutrinos, Quarks, Evidence
for quarks, Quark generations and quark numbers, Hadrons, Flavour independence and
charge multiplets, Quark model spectroscopy, Hadron masses and magnetic moments
Experimental Methods
Overview, Accelerators and beams, DC accelerators, AC accelerators, Neutral and unstable
particle beams, Particle interactions with matter, Short-range interactions with nuclei,
Ionization energy losses, Radiation energy losses, Interactions of photons in matter, Particle

37
detectors, Gas detectors, Scintillation counters, Semiconductor detectors, Particle
identification, Calorimeters, Layered detectors
Quark Dynamics: The Strong Interaction
Colour, Quantum chromodynamics (QCD), Heavy quark bound states, the strong coupling
constant and asymptotic freedom, Jets and gluons, Colour counting, Deep inelastic scattering
and nucleon structure
Electroweak Interactions
Charged and neutral currents, Symmetries of the weak interaction, Spin structure of the weak
interactions, Neutrinos, Particles with mass: chirality, ± and bosons, Weak interactions
of hadrons, Semileptonic decays, Neutrino scattering, Neutral meson decays, CP violation,
Flavour oscillations, Neutral currents and the unified theory
Outstanding Questions and Future Prospects
Particle physics, The Higgs boson, Grand unification, Supersymmetry, Particle astrophysics,
Particle physics, The structure of hadrons and nuclei, Quark–gluon plasma, astrophysics and
cosmology, Symmetries and the standard model

References
1. Brian R Martin, Nuclear and Particle Physics – An Introduction, John Wiley
2. Donald H Perkins, Introduction to High Energy Physics, Cambridge University
3. E H S Burhop, High Energy Physics, Academic Press (1972)
4. Fayyazuddin, Riazuddin, A Modern Introduction to Particle Physics (High Energy
Physics), World Scientific (2000)
5. M Barone, Advanced Technology and Particle Physics, World Scientific (2003)

PH635: Renewable Energy Resources

10 Credits
Pre-requisite:

Course Description
This course provides the principles of renewable technologies for sustainable future. It also
provides the details of renewable resources, energy conversion techniques and applications of
solar, wind, geothermal, hydro-electric, wave and tidal energy technologies. More emphasis
is given to solar energy system through solar energy conversion into electric energy by
devices such as Solar photovoltaic (Solar cells).

Course Objective
The objective of this course is to introduce students the different forms of renewable energies
and their environmental issues.

Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, the students should be able to
 Recognize the need of renewable energy technologies and their role in Tanzania and
world energy demand.
 distinguish between the sustainable energy sources and fossil energy sources
 describe the principles of renewable energy production from various renewable
sources
 apply the knowledge of thermodynamic and heat transfer principles to evaluate the
performance of energy conversion systems for maximum efficiency
 compare the pros and cons of various renewable energy technologies and propose the
best possible energy conversion system for a particular location

38
Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies
Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (At least two tests, plus assignments/quizzes)
University examination shall comprise 50%

Content Outline
Introduction: Tanzania & World energy consumption & Demand, Renewable vs fossil
energy sources, Future outlook
Overview of renewable energy technologies: Renewable energy sources, Advantages and
benefits, Available technologies and challenges
Solar energy: Solar radiation, Solar thermal energy, Solar photovoltaic (Solar cells)
Wind energy: Wind resources, Wind turbines and power generating systems, Current status
and R& D needs
Geothermal energy: Geothermal resources, Principles, operation and recovery of energy,
Current status and R & D needs
Hydro power energy: Stored hydro energy, Principles of hydro power technology, Wave &
tidal energy, Energy from tides and waves, Technological and economic prospects
Energy, economics and environmental assessments: Technical and economical assessment
of renewable technology, Environmental impact assessments and sustainability issues,
Renewable energy technologies software use – RET Screen International

References
1. Duffie, J. A. & W. A. Beckman. 2006. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, 3rd ed.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2. Boyle, G. 2004. Renewable energy: Power for a sustainable future. Oxford University
press, Oxford, UK.
3. Tushar K, Mark A, Energy Resources and Systems: Vol.2: Renewable Resources,
Springer (2011)
4. John Twidell, Tony Weir, Renewable Energy Resources, Taylor & Francis (2005)
5. Paolo Fornasiero, Renewable Resources and Renewable Energy: A Global Challenge,
CRC Press (2006)

PH641: Nanotechnology
10 Credits
Pre-requisite: PH222, PH311, PH321, PH631

Course Description
This course covers the properties of nanomaterials which cover topics like classification,
characterization and synthesis of nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes and applications of
nanomaterials.

Course Objective
The objective of this course is to provide some knowledge on introduction to nanomaterials and
a deeper understanding of advanced nanomaterials and their applications.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:

39
  Know the classification, characterization and synthesis of nanomaterials
 Explain the structure and applications of carbon nanotubes
 Apply and describe the principle and applications of nanomaterials.

Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies

Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (At least two tests, plus assignments/quizzes)
University examination shall comprise 50%

Course Content
Nanoscale Systems
What is nanotechnology? - Classification of nanostructures -Introduction to Nanoscale –
Size-Dependent properties - Size effect - surface tension, specific surface area and surface
area to volume ratio – Reason for change in optical properties, electrical properties and
mechanical properties – Principles of Top-Down and Bottom-Up approaches.
Characterization and Synthesis of Nanostructure Materials
Gas phase condensation – Vacuum deposition -Physical vapor deposition (PVD) - chemical
vapor deposition (CVD) - Sol-Gel- Ball milling –spray pyrolysis – plasma based synthesis
process (PSP) - hydrothermal synthesis - Nano SEM - Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)
– Principle of Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) – applications to nanostructures.
Carbon Nanostructures
Introduction; carbon molecules – nature of the carbon bond – new carbon structures; carbon
clusters – small carbon clusters discovery of C60 – structure of C60 and its crystal – alkali
doped C60 – large and small fullerenes – other buckyballs; carbon nanotubes – fabrication –
structure – electrical properties – mechanical properties; applications of carbon nanotubes.
Applications of Nanotechnology
Quantum dots: quantum confinement - difference between nanoparticles and quantum dots -
tunnelling measurements - absorption and emission spectra of quantum dots.
nanobiology: bio-inspired nanomaterials - interaction between biomolecules and nanoparticle
surfaces - applications of nano in biology.
nanosensors: order from chaos - characterization - nanosensors based on quantum size effects
- electrochemical sensors - sensors based on physical properties - nanobiosensors -
nanotechnology in diagnostic applications.

References
1. Shanmugam S., Nanotechnology, TBH Edition.
2. Praddetp T., Nano- the essential, Mc graw hill education, Chennai.
3. Kenneth J. Klabunde, Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry, 2001 Wiley & Sons,
Publications.
4. Sulabha K.Kulkarni, Nanotechnology: Principles and Practices, Capital Publishing
company.
5. Gregory Timp, editor, Nanotechnology, AIP Press, Springer-Verlag, 1999, New York,
(ISBN 0-387-98334-1),
6. Hand Book of Nanosciene, Engineering and Technology – The Electrical Engineering
handbook series.
7. Charles P. Poole, Jr. and Frank J. Owens, Introduction to Nanotechnology, Wiley
publications.

40
8. Jan G. Korvink and Andreas Greiner, Semiconductors for Micro and Nanotechnology—
An Introduction for Engineers WILEY-VCH Verlag, (2002).
9. Robert W. Kelsall, Ian W. Hamley and Mark Geoghegan, Nanoscale Science and
Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., UK, 2005.
10. Yong Zhou, Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Nova Publishers.

PH642: Materials Science II

10 Credits
Pre-requisite: PH321, PH632

Course Description
This course introduces the study of glass materials related to their preparation and
applications and as well the study on dielectric and ferroelectric materials.

Course Objective
The aim of this course is to introduce to the students understanding of glass materials, their
applications and also electric and magnetic properties of the materials.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of this course the student should be able to:
 Explain the theories of glass transition and glass forming systems
 Discuss the applications of glasses
 Explain the various polarization mechanisms of dielectrics
 Discuss the ferroelectricity and dipole theory of some magnetic materials

Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies

Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (At least two tests, plus assignments/quizzes)
University examination shall comprise 50%

Course Content
Glasses: Glasses, the glass transition theories for the glass transition, Factors that
determine the glass-transition temperature. Glass forming systems, ease of glass
formation, preparation of glass materials.
Applications of Glasses: Introduction: Electronic applications, Electrochemical
applications, optical applications, Magnetic applications.
Dielectrics: Macroscopic description of the static dielectric constant, The static
electronic and ionic polarizabilities of molecules, Orientational Polarization, The
static dielectric constant of gases, The internal field according to lorentz, The static
dielectric constant of solids, The complex dielectric constant and dielectric losses,
Dielectric losses and relaxation time, Cole-Cole diagrams. The classical theory of
electronic polarization and optical absorption.
Ferroelectrics: General properties of ferroelectric materials, classification and properties of
representative ferroelectrics, the dipole theory of ferroelectricity, objections against the dipole
theory, Ionic displacements and the behaviour of BaTiO3 above the curie temperature, the
theory of spontaneous polarization of BaTiO3, thermodynamics of ferroelectric transitions,
ferroelectric domains.

41
References
1. James F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials science for Engineers,
(Macmillan)
2. Elliot S.R., Physics of Amorphous Materials, (Longman Scientific)
3. Dekker A.J., Solid State Physics, (Macmillan)
4. K. J. Rao, Structural Chemistry of Glasses, Elsevier Sci & Tech Books (2002)
5. Robert H. Doremus, Glass Science, Wiley-Interscience Publication (1994)

PH643: Physics at the B Factories

10 credits
Pre-requisite: PH616

Course Description
This course covers the production facilities of heavy quarkonium, detectors that study heavy
quarkonium, analysing data to get information about quark decays through weak interactions,
determination of CKM matrix elements useful to substantiate the standard model.

Course Objective
To enable understanding of heavy quark physics as an introduction to research in this field.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of this course the student should be able to:
 Explain how B mesons are produced in electron-positron annihilation
 Explain how to build a detector to track fragments of collisions in a collider
experiment
 Explain how electrons, muons, photons and other hadrons are tracked and detected
by a detector
 Explain how raw data obtained from a detector is converted to physics parameters
useful to reconstruct heavier particles
 Explain how detector simulation is done to get its efficiency for event reconstruction
 Explain how information from decay models can be converted to physical parameters
of interest to the theoretical models.

Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies

Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (At least two tests, plus assignments/quizzes)
University examination shall comprise 50%

Course Content
The B-Factories, The detectors, Introduction: general layout of the detectors, The BaBar
detector, The Belle detector, Monte Carlo production summary, MC generation
Tools and methods: Vertexing: The role of vertexing at B-factories, Vertex fitting, ∆z and ∆t
reconstruction, Vertexing systematics: misalignment effects, length scale, Vertex resolution
monitoring, control samples, Multivariate discriminants, Analysis optimization, Particle
identification, Flavor tagging, Background discrimination, B-meson reconstruction,
Introduction, Methodology and motivation, Techniques, Mixing and time dependent
analyses: Neutral meson mixing, Time dependent evolution, Use of flavor tagging,
Resolution on ∆t, Parameter extraction from data Maximum likelihood fitting

42
Angular analysis: Helicity formalism, Experimental effects, Angular fits
Dalitz analysis: Three body decay phase-space, Boundaries, kinematic constraints
Systematic error estimation: Detector, reconstruction, Tracking efficiency, PID efficiency,
Tagging, Reconstruction of neutrals, Physics models (extraction of Vub, …)
Results and their interpretation: The CKM matrix and the Kobayashi-Maskawa
mechanism, B-physics, Vub and Vcb, Vtd and Vts, Hadronic B to charm decays, Charmless B
decays, B lifetimes, BBar mixing, and EPR correlations, φ1, or β, φ2, or α, φ3, or γ, B
lifetimes, B - B bar Mixing and CPT violation, Radiative and electroweak penguin decays,
0 0

Leptonic decays, and B → D * τ ν, Rare, exotic, and forbidden decays, Baryonic B decays,
( )

Quarkonium physics: Conventional charmonium, Exotic charmonium-like states,

Bottomonium, Charm physics, Charmed meson decays, D-mixing and CP violation, Charm
meson spectroscopy, Charm baryon spectroscopy and decays, Tau physics, QED and initial
state radiation studies, Two-photon physics, (5S) physics, QCD-related physics
Global Interpretation: Global CKM fits, Benchmark “new physics” models.

References
1. Babar Physics book, SLAC Library R-504(2000).
2. Lee Caminada, Heavy Flavor Physics, Springer (2012).
3. Matthias Neubert, Introduction to B Physics, CLNS 00/1660 (2000).
4. Aneesh V Manohar and Mark B Wise, Heavy Quark Physics, Cambridge Monographs
(2012).
5. Thomas Ferbel, Experimental Techniques in High Energy Nuclear and Particle Physics,
World Scientific Publ. Co (1991).

PH644: Physics of Semiconductor Devices

10 Credits
Pre-requisite: PH311, PH614

Course Description
This course mainly deals with the physical principles of operation of semiconductor devices
(solar cells) and semi-classical and quantum theory of charge carriers and heat flows in metals
and semiconductors.

Course Objective
The aim of this course is to provide a deeper understanding the principles of operation of
semiconductor devices and to create skills for implementation scientific research in
semiconductors (solar cells) and direct generation of the electricity from heat in a broad range
of temperatures.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course the student should be able to:
 Explain the physical principles of operation of semiconductor devices (solar cells),
 Apply semi-classical and quantum theory of charge carriers and heat flows in metals
and semiconductors for computation properties of semiconductor devices,
 Use the semiconductor devices in scientific research.

Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies

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Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (At least two tests, plus assignments/quizzes)
University examination shall comprise 50%

Course Content
Semiconductors
Intrinsic conductance of semiconductors, impurity conductance of semiconductors,
semiconductor diodes and triodes, band schemes, the barrier-layer photoelectric effect, the Hall
effect, the magnetic field detector.
Physics of optical semiconductor devices
Semiconductor p-i-n diodes, semiconductor detectors, photodiodes, photoconductive devices,
photovoltaic devices, electroluminescence, general principles of electroluminescence devices,
impurity absorption, light emitting diodes, diode lasers.
Contact and thermoelectric phenomena
Work function, termionic emission, electronic tubes, photo-electronic multipliers, contact
potential difference, thermoelectric effects, the Seebek effect, differential thermal electromotive
force, thermocouple, the Peltier effect, the Thomson effect, semiconductor refrigerator.
The semi-classical model of electron dynamics
Wave packets of Bloch electrons, description of the semi-classical model, a many-carrier theory,
limits of validity, conditions for the absence of interband transitions in uniform electric and
magnetic field, equation of motion, Hamiltonian formulation of the semi-classical equations of
motion, Liouville’s theorem, general features of the semi-classical model, static electric fields,
semi-classical motion in an applied DC electric field, the general theory of holes, uniform static
magnetic fields, semi-classical motion in a uniform magnetic field, semi-classical motion in
perpendicular uniform electric and magnetic fields, Hall effect and magnetoresistance.
The semi-classical theory of conduction in metals
The relaxation-time approximation, calculation the general form of the nonequilibrium
distribution function, simplification of the nonequilibrium distribution function in special cases,
DC electrical conductivity, AC electrical conductivity, the velocity and effective mass of Bloch
electrons, thermal conductivity, thermoelectric effects, conductivity in a magnetic field.
The Photoconductivity effect
Kinetics of photoconduction, practical applications of photoconductivity, the photovoltaic
(Dember) effect, the photomagnetoelectric effect, metal–semiconductor contacts, metal work
function and Schottky effect, thermionic emission theory, ideal Schottky contact, current flow in
a Schottky diode, the thermionic emission model, image-lowering effect, the diffusion model,
current–voltage characteristics of a silicon and a GaAs Schottky diode, determination of
Schottky barrier height, enhancement of effective barrier height, applications of Schottky diodes.
Solar cells and photodetectors
Photovoltaic devices (solar cells), device physics and general characteristics of a p-n junction
solar cell, design consideration, Schottky barrier and MIS solar cell.

References
1. Ashcroft N. W., Mermin N. D., Solid State Physics, Harcourt Asia (2003).
2. Blackmore J. S., Solid State Physics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
3. A. M. Fox, Optical properties of solids, Oxford University Press, 2001.
4. László Mihály and Michael C. Martin, Solid State Physics, John Wiley and Sons (1996).
5. Solid State Physics Part II Optical Properties of Solids M. S. Dresselhaus,
6. K. Seeger Semiconductor physics,
7. Electrons at the Fermi surface Edited by M. Springford,
8. Introduction to the electron theory of metals Uichiro Mizutani.

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9. Sheng S. Li Semiconductor Physical Electronics
10. Wiley, Electronic materials the open university England,
11. B.G. Streetman and S. Banerjee Solid state electronic devices,
12. R.K. Puri Solid State Physics and electronics,
13. Surface and thin film analysis by H. Bubert,
14. Solid State Physics Problems and Solutions Laszlo Mihaly Michael C. Martin,
15. Solid State Physics Chetan Nayak
16. I.V. Savelyev Physics a general course III vol.

PH645: Fibre Optics and Applications

10 credits
Pre-requisite: PH626, PH633

Course Description
This course provides an excellent foundation in fiber optics and the use of fiber optic. The
course covers each item in the fiber optic system, such as types of fiber, light source,
transmitters, receivers, and repeaters, amplifiers, together with test and measurement
techniques. This course provides knowledge which will enable evaluation of system upgrades
with improved data transfer to overcome present day problems. Fiber optic sensors and other
applications, both science and industry, are discussed.

Objectives
The goal of this course is to provide an introduction to the principles of Fibre Optics, the
propagation of light through various types of fibre cables and the applications of fibre optics
in different fields. This course provides the basic principles an understanding of the theory of
fibre optics and its application in the transmission of information along cable.

Learning Outcomes
By the end of the course a student should be:
 Familiar with issues related to the propagation of light through Fibre. Fibre Optic
sources and detectors and measurement techniques.
 Able to explain the operating principles, features and advantages of Fibre optic
sensors.
 Able to apply the knowledge of sensing and detection techniques using Optical fibre.
Mode of Delivery
45 Lecture hours and 15 hours for Tutorials/Assignments/Self-studies

Mode of Assessment
Course work assessment shall comprise 50% (At least two tests, plus assignments)
University examination shall comprise 50%

Course Content
Introduction: Brief historical background of development of optical fibre, structure of
optical fibre, numerical aperture, step index and graded index fibre, single mode and multi-
mode fibres.
Fabrication of optical fibres: silica and polymer fibres, measurement of optical fibre
parameters like refractive index profile, losses, dispersion effect in optical fibre.
Sources and detectors: Laser diodes and LEDs, photodetectors: photodiodes, LDR, photo
transistor, APD and PiN diodes, OTDR, Splicers, connectors, FBG.

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Optical fibre for communication: Modulation, EDFA, optical repeaters, fibre optic
network,
Fibre optic sensors: extrinsic and intrinsic sensors, Intensity modulated sensors,
interferometric
sensors, evanescent field sensors, chemical sensors, temperature, pressure, displacement
sensors.
System Applications: Medical Applications, Fiber Optics in Automobiles, Airport
Operations, Fiber Optic Lighting, Defense Industries, High Temperature Photonic Sensors,
Fiber Optics in Space.

References
1. Introduction to fiber optics — Ajoy Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan
2. Optical Fiber communication — John M Senior
3. Fundamentals of Opto electronics — Clifford R. Pollock
4. Fiber optic communication — J. Palais.
5. Fundamentals of fibre optics in communication — B.P.Pal
6. Fiber Optic Sensors: Fundamentals and Applications, Fourth Edition - David A. Krohn,
Trevor W. MacDougall, and Alexis Mendez.
7. Fiber Optic Sensors - Francis T. S. Yu, Shizhuo Yin.
8. Optical fiber sensors: principles and components Vol1 - J. Dakin , B. Culshaw,.
9. Fiber Optic Sensors: An Introduction for Engineers and Scientists- E. Udd
10. Optical Fiber Sensors: Systems and Applications - B. Culshaw and J. Dakin,
11. Fiber Optic Sensors: An Introduction for Engineers and Scientists, - G. L. Mitchell, in E.
Udd

PH701: Dissertation
30 Credits
Pre-requisite

Course Description
To complete the M.Sc. degree a student must undertake the dissertation which will integrate
subject knowledge and skills that the student acquires during the M.Sc. programme. The
dissertation provides students with an opportunity to carry out an extended, in-depth research
project embedded within one of the research areas designed in the programme or in any other
field the student wishes to continue research.

Objectives
 To provide advanced training and experience in the principles and practice of
experimental, computational and/or theoretical physics, using advanced
instrumentation, methodology and software as appropriate, and in the critical analysis
of experimental data.
 To develop problem solving abilities, critical assessment and communication skills, to
a level appropriate for a career of leadership in academia or industry.
 To employ these skills in preparing and writing a dissertation on an extended and
demanding project.

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Learning Outcomes
 Recover, evaluate and summarise the professional literature and material from other
sources concerned with a chosen area in physics.
 Prepare a written analysis of the current position in the chosen area, which should
include a critical comparison of material from the sources he/she has identified and a
summary of likely future developments.
 Define, by taking into account the time available, a suitable area of work for a project
and hence make a preliminary definition of goals to be achieved during the project.
 Make an appropriate safety assessment for the work proposed and analyse what
experimental/theoretical/computational methods might be necessary to achieve the
goals of the project and hence decide how the project tasks should be organised.
 Perform the practical part of the investigation, taking due account of experimental
errors of measurement and possible assumptions and approximations in analytical and
computational work as appropriate.
 Revise the goals and strategies for completion of the project in the light of results
achieved and difficulties encountered.

Mode of Assessment
Assessment of the dissertation is based on internal and external examiner’s evaluation.

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