Textile Technology
Textile Technology directory of textile machinery makers. Includes
industry news as well as information about manufacturers of weaving,
knitting, spinning, and dyeing machines. Directory provides extensive
coverage of the scientific and technological aspects of textile
production and processing, textile manufacturing techniques, textile
end products, chemicals and dyes.
Textiles are typically comprised of fibers, either artificial or natural,
that are worked together to produce a thread. Threads are then joined
together using an array of processes, such as spinning, weaving or
knitting, to create the final textile, which is essentially a kind of fabric.
Any product that is primarily composed of linked fibers is typically
called a textile. However, types of fiber can vary, resulting in
numerous textile materials. There are four categories from which most
fiber materials are made: animal, plant, mineral and synthetic.
Textiles can be made from many materials. These materials come from
four main sources: animal (wool, silk), plant (cotton, flax, jute),
mineral (asbestos, glass fiber), and synthetic (nylon, polyester,
acrylic).
A range hood is a mechanical installation designed to filter air of
airborne particles related to cooking. These particles include airborne
grease, combustion products, smoke, odors, heat and steam. Range
Hoods also called extractor hoods or ventilation hoods, are used in
kitchens to provide cooks with clean air, while also preventing greasy
buildups from forming on walls and other surfaces.
1. Natural Fibre of Textile.
A) Vegetable Origin:
a) Bast Fibres like Jute, Flax, Hemp, Kenaf, Sunn, Urena, and Nettle.
b) Seed & Fruit fibres like Coir, Cotton.
c) Leaf Fibres like Sisal, Manila.
B) Animal Origin:
a) Wool and Hair Fibres,
b) Silk and other filaments.
C) Mineral Origin: Asbestos.
2. Man-made Fibre/ Chemical Fibre/ Artificial Fibre:
A) Natural Polymer Based.
a) Cellulose
b) Cellulose Ester
c) Protein
d) Miscellaneous.
The characteristics of textile fibres
Selecting suitable material for the production of the required product is very important. It is
critical to respect the amounts of production and mainly the required utility characteristics of the
end product. For the correct selection of raw materials for textile development, it is necessary to
know the expected features of final products, like running shoes.
Characteristics of textile are dependend on the characteristic of basic platform fibres and are
provided by their chemical composition, fibre structure, morphology, character of the surface,
length of the fibres and their fineness (thickness).
Basic textile fibres characteristics
Fibre strength Tensile strength is strength in newtons, which is necessary for
breakage of fibres or yarn.
Ductility Ductility is the ability of the fibres to elongate when stretched,
providing the value in particular of extension in percentage of the
original length at the moment of breakage.
Flexibility Fibre flexibility is its ability to return to its original shape after
stress. Flexibility has a critical impact on the pressing of the final
products.
Moisture Moisture absorption is the ability of the material to accept moisture
absorption from the surrounding environment. This characteristic belongs
among the most important hygienic characteristics and is required
mainly for materials that come into direct contact with the skin
(clothing, footwear linings, etc.)
Heat This characteristic depends on the amount of air maintained
retention (thermal between individual fibres after completion of the final product. The
-insulation greater the amount of air, the better the insulation. The termal
characteristics) insulation of textile products is expressed as W/m2*K and it is the
same unit as it is used at evaluation of thermal insulation for
household windows.
Yarn is a long continuous length of interlocked fibres, suitable for use in the production
of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving,embroidery and ropemaking. Thread is a type
of yarn intended for sewing by hand or machine. Modern manufactured sewing threads may be
finished with wax or other lubricants to withstand the stresses involved in sewing.[1] Embroidery
threads are yarns specifically designed for hand or machine embroidery.
Color
Yarn may be used undyed, or may be colored with natural or artificial dyes. Most yarns
have a single uniform hue, but there is also a wide selection of variegated yarns:
heathered or tweed: yarn with flecks of different colored fiber
ombre: variegated yarn with light and dark shades of a single hue
multi-colored: variegated yarn with two or more distinct hues (a "parrot colorway"
might have green, yellow and red)
self-striping: yarn dyed with lengths of color that will automatically create stripes
in a knitted or crocheted object
marled: yarn made from strands of different-colored yarn twisted together,
sometimes in closely-related hues
How is fabric constructed?
Fabrics can be made or constructed by using a number of techniques as given
below:
i) Weaving ii) Knitting
iii) Non-woven iv) Braided
v) Nets vi) Laces
Now, let us enumerate some of the important features of these techniques.
i) Weaving : Weaving is the most
commonly used method of fabric
construction. You must have seen a
chatai being made. Weaving is similar to it, where two sets of yarns are
interlaced with one another at right
angles. Weaving gives a firm fabric.
Have you heard of fabrics like poplin, denim and cambric? Yes, these
are available in all the cloth shops and
you must have used them to make
your garments.
ii) Knitting : When you knit a
sweater, there is normally one ball
of yarn which is interlooped to get
a fabric. This technique is called
knitting and it gives a lot of stretch
and easy-care properties to fabric. Knits are mainly used for hosiery. Knit fabrics are specially useful for
garments like underwear,
T-shirts, socks etc.
iii) Non-Woven: These fabrics are
made directly from fibers without
weaving or knitting. Fibers are held together by mechanical forces, gum or heat.
Namada is a traditional Kashmiri piece of a non-woven type of fabric.
iv) Braided Fabrics: Braided fabrics are created in a fashion similar to braiding
of hair. These fabrics are mainly used to make trimmings and shoe laces.
Fig. 24.1: Weaving
Fig. 24.2: Knitting
Fig. 24.3: Braided FabricHOME SCIENCE
MODULE - 5
Notes
Fabric Construction
Textiles and Clothing
164
v) Nets: They are open-mesh fabrics with geometrical shapes. These yarns
may be knotted at the point of intersection. You notice it being used very
commonly for mosquito nets.
Fig. 24.4: Net
vi) Laces:Yarns are criss-crossed to create intricate designs. Yarns may be
interlooped, interlaced or knotted to give open-mesh structure. Beautiful
decorative designs can be created through lace making. Laces are very
important trimmings that are used to decorate a garment.
WHAT IS WEAVING?
In weaving two sets of yarns are interlaced at right angle to one another in an
established sequence.
Have you ever seen a ‘charpai’ being made? On the frame, first one rope is taken
and interlooped on two parallel edges and after that a second rope is interlaced
perpendicular to it going once over the rope and once under it. This kind of an
interlacement gives an even check effect and the weave is quite firm.
The weaving of a fabric is also done in a similar way, except for the fact that yarns
are used for interlacing and a loom is used to hold the thread instead of a
frame. There are some terms which are frequently used, you see them on the lable
also.
Selvedge: When you examine a fabric, you see two long finished edges, one on
each side along the length of the fabric. These edges are called selvedge and give
strength to the edges which is important in further processing of the fabric
