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Introduction
- The Philippines has also established it’s First

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Republic under the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo.
- But the first Philippine Republic was short-lived.
- Spain had lost a war with the United States, but it
was only a mock battle to show Filipinos that they
are enemies.
- The Philippines was illegally ceded to the United
States at the Treaty of Paris for US$20 million,
together with Cuba and Puerto Rico.
- A Filipino-American War broke out as the United
States attempted to establish control over the
islands.
- The war lasted for more than 10 years, resulting in
the death of more than 600,000 Filipinos.

Introduction
- The Philippines was then ruled by three military
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governors appointed by the president: Gen. Wesley
Merit; Gen Elwell Otis; and Gen. Arthur McArchur.
- The early years of American occupation was
beleaguered by a succession of epidemic diseases
attributed to unhygienic practices of the natives.
- This situation therefore has marked what Americans
should prioritize in plans of developing the
Philippines as its colony.
- To start with the solution, the use of the toilet was
introduced in 1902 among the dwellers of the Bahay
Kubo in Manila.

Introduction Introduction
- At the closing of the 19th century, the United States
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suddenly became a colonial power.

- Coming out victorious in the Spanish-American war,
they annexed the Philippines among its colonial
possessions.
- Guided by the rhetoric of manifest destiny, the
American Military Forces rebuilt the war torn
archipelago.
- They sought to reshape the city of Manila after an
imperial image of a well ordered and healthful
tropical city.
- They deployed all its possible resources to promote
and build public architecture and sanitary facilities Philippine Military governors, from left: Gen. Wesley Merit; Gen
that signifies the American’s civilizing mission. Elwell Otis; and Gen. Arthur McArchur.

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An excrement collection wagon in the ealry days of american
occupation of Manila.
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- A neighbourhood concept that was introduced in

1908, which permitted nipa houses to be built in
blocks of subdivided lots.
- This has a built-in system of surface drainage, public
latrine, public bathhouses, and laundry.
- This also includes public water hydrants to be
availed by the residents free of charge.
- Some of the imprints of these Sanitary Barrios can
still be seen in some districts of Manila such as
Sampaloc, San Lazaro, and Vito Cruz.
When the Americans first came to the Philippines, they were met with - Aside from the health and sanitation, the Americans
several problems most particularly with issues on housing and also sought to improve the Filipino house.
Sanitation.
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- It is through the pale conservancy system or the

kubeta, as a solution to the absence of a public
sewer system in the city.
- With this solution, each household was provided
with a wooden bucket that is collected daily by the
municipal waste collection wagons.
- Public toilets were built in congested nipa districts
and the authorities had banned the use of esteros
for bathing and washing.
- The establishment of new communal architecture
was started combining the functions of a kubeta,
baño, and laudry.

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Some of the plans of sanitary barrios and its facilities during the A typical tsalet during the American colonial period in Camp John Hay
reorganization of the city of Manila by the Americans. in Baguio City.
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- Aside from the Sanitary Barrios to cater with health

issues of the natives, the American had also made a
way to evolve the typical Filipino Colonial House.
- This has resulted to a new hybrid Sanitary House
known as the Tsalet.
- A single storey structure that is constructed by
either entirely of wood, or a combination of faro-
concrete and wood.
- Living areas are maintained at an elevation a meter
above ground which lower than the bahay kubo – to
discourage the placement of domestic animals
underneath the house. THE CONCEPCION chalet in Jaro district in Iloilo is an American-
influenced structure, restored by Antonio Concepcion Pastelero.
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- As an improvement, the house is approached by

either an L-shaped or T-shaped stairs.
- It has an extended veranda in front which is also a
landing porch before entering the house.
- The interior space was defined by wall partitions
which divided it to rooms.
- In 1912, the Bureau Health drew up the scheme of a
Sanitary Urban House, single detached, semi
detached, row house apartments, and one storey
concrete tsalets.
- Originally rooted from the Swiss “Chalet” which I a
The exterior view of the famous Laperal House (white House) along Leonard Wood
housing for the natives near the Alpine Regions. road of Baguio City, is just one of the many Maerican influenced houses of the city
still existing today.

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A fishing village in north Tondo before the great fire of 1903 showing some of the
The 1925 De Leon House of Malolos, Bulacan. early models of the sanitary house.
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The Great Fire of Manila

- On the 23 May 1903, a great fire consumed the city
burning two thousand native houses.
- It has also resulted to eight thousand individuals
homeless.
- The total damage amounted to two million dollars
which also includes commercial and infrastructures.
- This event has also lead the American to develop a
new concept for an “Ideal Sanitary House”
- The concept was yielded in 1917 and introduced a
fire resistive structure.

A view of the improved typical Sanitary house imploring its new materials.
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- The experiment of materials and resulted to a new

concept of the Ideal Sanitary House of 1917.
- A refinement of the “tsalet,” the modular prototype
house introduced a fire resistive roofing materials
composed of diamond shaped roof shingles.
- Moulded from concrete mixed with rice husk and
reinforced by wood and bamboo.
- Its modular component cement floor and wall slabs
were implanted with sawali and woven bamboo.
- Aside from being fire resistive, the new model of the
Sanitary House has also improved further the health
condition of the native by promoting cleaner Escolta street in the 1920’s showing some houses with the model of the new Sanitary
hygienic practices. house which is now more resistive to fire and earthquake.

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- In the early years of the American Regime

construction projects were undertaken by the
engineers of the US Army.
- And while the Sanitary transformation is in high
gear, Architect Edgar K. Bourne of New York was
appointed as chief of the Bureau of Architecture and
Construction of Public Buildings.
- The office was under the Department of Public
Instruction.
- Architect Bourne designed buildings that mimic the
The Insular Ice Plant and Cold Storage of 1902 by the Philippine Commission. A
impression of Spanish Colonial buildings. massive brick building with high narrow blind arches on its façade that recalled
- The Spanish Mission Revival was then considered as neo-Romanesque style of American architecture. The building survived until the
1980’s. it was also the first large building to be erected by the Americans.
a transitional form of architecture in that period.
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- Bourne served until 1905 with Arcadio Arellano as

an architectural consultant appointed by the
Governor at that time.
- Arellano, a locally trained “maestro de obras”
(master builder), had served as an officer in the
Engineer Corps of the Revolutionary Army.
- In later years he would design a number of notable
houses and buildings in various revivalist styles,
including the neogothic, neorenaissance, and
neobaroque.

The Government Printing Office of the early 1900’s by Architect Edgar Bourne.

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Designed in 1901 by American architect Edgar Bourne, this Mission-style
Neoclassic building was touted as one of the best equipped laboratory
buildings in the world.
During the American Occupation, the building served as a laboratory where
minerals, agricultural products, and fauna of the Philippines would be stored The tents and dormitories of Teachers Camp in Baguio, 1909,
and studied. the summer retreat for American educators
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The first building of the Manila City Hall, was modelled from the Bahay na
Bato, with an all wood construction using Oregon Pine executed with Teachers Camp in Baguio, some of the cottages that are still
American plank-boarding technique. surviving at present.
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Many of the government buildings and cottages of the Hill Station in Baguio
was also designed by Bourne. Baguio was completed with government Casa Vallejo (built in 1909) is a familiar site when you visit Baguio
centers, hospitals, jails, schools, parks and lagoon, clubhouses, golf courses,
today. Considered as the oldest hotel in the summer capital of the
and even a summer residential mansion for the American Governor-General.
Philippines. And was influenced by the designs of Arch. Bourne.

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- The school, named Escuela de Ingenieria y
Arquitectura, which offered five-year courses in
Architecture and Civil Engineering.
- In 1911, the AIAAF was dissolved when the civil
engineers withdrew to form their own professional
organization, but not before it has struggled for the
passage of an Engineers and Architects Law.
- In 1921, the Philippine National Assembly Act No.
2985 passed, the first enabling law for the practice
of the professions of engineering and architecture,
defined the unique and separate identities of the
two professions.
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- During the Spanish era there were no schools of - Among the Filipino architects, maestro de
Architecture in the Philippines. obra Arcadio Arellano was the first to be engaged
- The first Filipino recorded architect was Felix Roxas y by the Americans, serving as consultant to
Arroyo, born circa 1820 in Manila, studied in Spain Governor-General William Howard Taft in 1901.
and stayed for many years in England and France. - More rendered public service through the Bureau of
- At that time, Filipino could aspire to erect an Public Works, most notably the pensionados who
architectural structure through the help of a received academic scholarships in the U.S.:
Maestro de Obras or master builder. • Carlos Barretto (from the first batch in 1903)
- The first formal school for master builders was • Antonio Toledo (1910), Tomas Mapua (1911)
opened only during the last decade of the 19th • Juan Arellano (1912)
century. - They became the most influential Filipino architect
of the time.

Maestro de Obra Arcadio Arellano

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- On 14 September 1902, many of the graduates of - Was born on 13 November 1872

in Tondo, Manila.
this school joined the civil engineers and surveyors - He was the third child in a brood
in the country and founded the first professional of fifteen children.
organization of architects and allied professionals: - He received his Bachelor of Arts
• the Academia de Arquitectura y Aguimensura degree from the Ateneo
Municipal de Manila in 1982.
de Filipinos (AAAF). - He took further courses in
- It maintained direct consultation with the American business and maestro de obras
Institute of Architects (AIA). (construction foreman) from the
- A year after, its name was changed to Academia de Escuela de Artes y Oficios where
he graduated in 1895.
Inginieria, Arquitectura y Agrimensura de Filipinas - Arellano served in the
(AIAAF). In 1904 it founded the first school of engineering corps and attained
Architecture in the Philippines. the rank of captain during the
second stage of the Revolution.

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- It took six weeks for Burnham to do his survey and
other works for the city.
- He then returned to the United States and
completed the Master Plan for the two cities.
- The Master Plans aimed to reconfigure Manila and
Baguio as a testimony to American Imperial
presence and technological modernity.

Frederick Law Olmsted

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- Among the Priorities of the American Colonial - An American landscape architect,

journalist, social critic, and public
Government is the establishment of Master Plans for administrator.
the city of Manila and the Hill Station of Baguio. - He is popularly considered to be the
- The aim is to install a sense cosmopolitan father of American landscape
arrangement to Manila’s chaotic patchwork of architecture.
- Olmsted had a significant career in
communities. journalism. In 1850 he travelled to
- The plans includes to create an upland health resort England to visit public gardens,
in Baguio. where he was greatly impressed
- The designer of choice was Frederick Law Olmsted, by Joseph Paxton's Birkenhead Park.
- He was one of the first who
but due to scheduling problems, he backed out and proposed the development of New
so the famous Architect Daniel H. Burnham was York's Central Park in his role as
chosen. publisher of ”The
Horticulturist magazine.”

Charles Follen McKim

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- Burnham was also known for his work in the 1893 - An American Beaux-
Arts architect of the late 19th
Colombian Expo and earned him the reputation as century.
the father of the “City Beautiful Movement.” - For ten years, the firm was
- He is widely known for his carefully designed vistas, primarily known for their open-
grand civic centers, axial and radial road plan informal summer houses.
- McKim was a member of the
movements, pacifists and formality with green open Congressional commission for the
spaces and parkways. improvement of the Washington
- He came to the Philippines with William Pierce park system, the New York Art
Anderson, a Chicago Architect, and they surveyed Commission, the Accademia di San
Luca (Rome, 1899), the American
Manila and Baguio. Academy in Rome and the
- Burnham admired the Bahay na Bato and the Architectural League.
colonial churches and recommended that they’ll be
the models of Manila’s future development.

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Daniel H. Burnham
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- An American architect and urban
designer. He was the Director of
Works for the World's Columbian
Exposition in Chicago.
- Took a leading role in the creation of
master plans for a number of cities,
including Chicago, Manila and
downtown Washington, D.C.
- After failing admissions tests for
both Harvard and Yale, and an
unsuccessful stint at politics, He
apprenticed as a draftsman under
William LeBaron Jenney.
- Burnham and his co-author Edward
H. Bennett prepared "The Plan of
Chicago." Burnham’s Master Plan of Manila submitted to the secretary of war in 1905.
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- It took six weeks for Burnham to do his survey and

other works for the city.
- He then returned to the United States and
completed the Master Plan for the two cities.
- The Master Plans aimed to reconfigure Manila and
Baguio as a testimony to American Imperial
presence and technological modernity.
- Burnham detailed the procedures for an imperial
place making, the location of water fronts and parks,
playing fields and parkways.
- He also established the street system that would
Detail from Daniel Burnham's 1912 plans for Manila showing the makeover of Luneta
collect every part of the city. into a park surrounded by government buildings (Civic Center, Capitol and Luneta
- Established the zoning of building sites. Extension). To the left we can see the walled city of Intramuros.
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- He also included the development of waterways and

esteros as part of transport systems.
- Provisions of summer resorts within accessible
distance from the city.
- Placed central civic core, radials emanating from this
core were laid over with gridiron pattern and are
interconnected by parks and parkways.
- Burnham envisioned Manila having a National
Capital Complex with interrelated buildings arranged
around a rectangular plaza.
- Radiating from the capitol are series of boulevards
that divided the city into 5 sections. The City of Chicago, was among Burnham’s early works and where his plans of Manila
are in close character..

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The Search for a Health Resort
- The city was first occupied by the revolutionary
government during the first Philippine Republic as
they seek refuge from the Americans.
- The idea of a hill station was already part of western
colonial heritage, and so when the Americans heard
of the news of Benguet.
- The Schurman Commission was then tasked to
investigate the conditions of Northern Luzon.
- This confirmed of the rumours circulating in Manila,
of a hill station circulating in Benguet.
- Prof. Dean C. Worcester, spearheaded the team to
An aerial perspective on Burnham’s vision for Manila in 1905.
study the proposed health resort.
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The Construction of Kennon Road

- Today, the city of Baguio is accessed by three roads,
the Naguilian Road, the Marcos Highway, and
Kennon Road.
- Kennon Road is the most historical road constructed
and completed in January 9, 1905.
- It was originally built for railway to the city, and
became the most preferred choice for travellers
because of its scenic beauty.
- It was accomplished by Col. Lyman Kennon,
completed four years after it was first started in
An aerial perspective on Burnham’s vision for Manila in 1905, a view of the original
proposal of the National Government Center.
1901, alongside of Bued River.
- It took two failed attempts to complete the project.
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- On May 27, 1904, Daniel Burnham was given the

formal offer of developing a Master Plan of Manila
and Baguio.
- And so in October 13, 1904, he left San Francisco
and sailed to the Philippines to start his work.
- For six weeks of work in the Philippines, Burnham
has given only nine days of field work in Benguet.
- At nearly sixty years of age, he managed to hike and
rode horses to survey the site of the proposed Hill
Station.
- When he first arrived in Baguio, Burnham was
Burnham’s Proposed National Capitol at Luneta. impressed of the beautiful topographical layout of
the place.

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A typical Ibaloi house in Benguet in the 1900. At the right were Americans and
members of the Taft Commission who explore the premises of the future City of
Baguio. From L-R, Lt. Thompkins (Military guide), Commissioner Gen. Luke E. Wright,
and Otto Scheerer (lone German resident of Baguio). The house in this photo is Some of the initial plan sketches made by Daniel Burnham in a ship on his way back to the
located somwhere in Sablan, Benguet where Americans rest while travelling to Baguio. U.S. The details were later detailed by Architect William Parsons.
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Among the early general areas of Baguio before

Burnham’s Master Plan are:
- PIDAOAN (Country Club)
- ORENGAO (Teacher’s Camp)
- KAFAGWAY (City Hall)
- IMADAVONG (Brent School)
- APNI (Cariño Subdivision)
- MINAC (Burnham Park)
- CAVALUERZA (Constabulary Hill/Camp H. Allen)
- CAMPEO (Session Road)
- OLIGUEG (Quarry)
On January 16, 1905, Burnham left the Philippines to The Master Plan for the City of Baguio originally from a sketch made by Daniel Burnham in a
work on the Plans. ship on his way back to the U.S. The details were then made by Architect William Parsons.
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- The Master Plan then of Baguio was finished nine

months after Burnham left the Philippines.
- On October 5, 1905, Burnham formally submitted
“the Plan of Baguio” to the Secretary of War William
H. Taft.
- The plans include Baguio as a Summer Capital of the
Philippines, with a large Market Center, Major
Health Resort, and a Recreational Hub.
- Among the challenges Burnham took was the
limited availability of level land within the urban
reservation.
- The slopes were proposed to be preserved and
should not be touched as part of the city’s beauty. A market day in Baguio In the early 1920’s.

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The Manila Hotel in the 1930’s, among the prominent structures in the
American Army Corps Buildings along Burnham Park.
skylines of Manila.
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- An American architect and city planner known for

his works in the Philippines during the early period
of American colonization in the country.
- Was chosen by Burnham for the implementation of
his directives in the Master Plans of Baguio and
Manila.
- At the time of his selection he was practicing
architecture in New York City, having recently
graduated from École des Beaux-Arts, Paris.
- He was given general architectural supervision over
the design of all public buildings and parks
throughout the islands, including provincial and The Manila Hotel, among the prominent structures in the skylines of
municipal work as well as insular. Manila.
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- One of the features of local

architecture which Parsons
adopted generally on his design,
even at the high-end Manila
Hotel, was the use of Capiz
shells for window sash in place
of glass.
- The Capiz shell is a flat sea shell
about 4 inches (100 mm) in
diameter.
- It is trimmed down to squares,
which are set in thin strips of
wood. They give a soft pearly
light, where clear glass would
be intolerable on account of the The Manila Hotel’s tallest building, as viewed from the walls of
glare. Intramuros.

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- The design of these prototypes considered
materials, forms, windows, doors, an even black
boards were standardized to maximise cost of
construction efficiency.
- Most of the school houses are one storey high and is
elevated one meter above ground by square
reinforced concrete piers.
- Capiz Windows were reinvented and they rotate
along a horizontal axis.
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- Under the guidance of Burnham’s Master Plans,

Neoclassical Architecture slowly rose into the
landscape.
- The plan also adopted the stimulation of Beaux Arts
which has become the official character of the
colony for the next three decades.
- Neoclassical Capital Buildings, the embodiment of
the American Republican Ideals rose in every urban
and provincial government center.
- Parsons, followed Burnham’s to allow both cultures
to co-exist in their forms of architecture.
- Most of the new buildings adopted large but shaded Gabaldon School House of 1907 by William Parsons.
windows to protect the interiors from the harsh sun.
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- The plans also called for the provision of large open

courts that permitted maximum cross ventilation.
- One obvious result of the fusion of vernacular
architecture and neoclassic rendering was the use of
vernacular materials such as Capiz Shells in their
windows.
- Among other buildings of Parsons are the model
School Houses which became his legacy in his
contribution of architecture in the Philippines.
- He was able to develop 15 prototypes of schools
that were adopted from different conditions in the
country using faro-concrete as main material.
Trade School in early days of TUP.

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The YMCA in Manila, was a social club for the cream of Philippine society
Along with the Elks Club and the Army and Navy Club, the YMCA (Young
Men's Club of America) was established for the health and entertainment of
The Philippine General Hospital the socially prominent and Americans living in the Philippines.
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The Army Navy Club of Manila at the coast of Manila Bay. University of the Philippines Manila.
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The ElksClub of Manila on a Postcard ca. 1910.

Laguna Provincial Capitol.

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Overview
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- The so called first generation of Filipino

Architects who studied architecture and
engineering in the United States who were
sponsored by the colonial masters.

- Together with the maestros de obras Arcadio

Arellano and Tomas Arguelles, they combined
Beaux Arts elements – aesthetic proportions,
optical corrections – with the influences of
The Executive House was built under the administration of Governor-General
Francis Burton Harrison (1913-1921) to accommodate the offices of the modernism and the concepts of utility and honesty
American insular government in the Philippines. It is located at the eastern of architecture.
portion of the Spanish-era Malacanang Palace by the banks of Pasig
River. The Executive House Designed by consulting architect Ralph Harrington
Doane and supervised by Tomas Mapua in 1921.

AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

Overview
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The island fortress of Corregidor was seen by the American as an important

military installation for the defense of their power within the archipelago, as
well as in Far East Asia. Prided by the Americans as the "Gibraltar of the El Hogar Filipino is a beaux-arts building, designed by architect Senior
East," among the structures built were Fort Mills, Infantry Barracks, Battery Ramon and buikt by the Pasig River on Muelle dela Industria street in
Ream and the Malinta Tunnel. Binondo.
AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

Overview

The Natividad Building along Escolta street in Binondo, Manila. Among

surviving neo-classical art deco buildings of Manila. (photo 12 April, 2016)

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AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

Tomas Mapua y Bautista Tomas Mapua y Bautista
- Has the distinction of the first
registered Filipino architect.
- In 1903, he was sent to the United
States to complete his high school
education and college education as
one of the pensionado students.
- The 1903 Pensionado Law awarded
university scholarships to the US for
Filipino exemplary Filipino students.
- Returning from the US, he joined the
Bureau of Public Works initially
worked as a draftsman, was later
promoted as supervising architect.
- Founder and first president of
the Mapúa Institute of Technology Librada Avelino Hall, the administration building of Centro Escolar
in 1925. University, Mendiola, Manila.
AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

Tomas Mapua y Bautista Tomas Arguelles
- Started his career in Engineering during
the last years of the Spanish Period.
- Was an inspector of roads for the
Street Car company from 1884-1892
and Manila Road Company.
- Became a commander of the main
body of Filipino Engineers in the
Revolutionary Army.
- Became a councilor of Manila after the
revolution.
- Due to the Engineers and Architect’s
Law of 1921, he was allowed to
practice architecture because of his
experience as maestro de Obra.
- Obtained the title of Perito Agrimensor
The facade of St. La Salle Hall designed by Mapua in 1920. at Colegio de San Juan de Letran.
AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

Tomas Mapua y Bautista Tomas Arguelles

The Manila Central Post Office viewed from Jones Bridge, designed by
Architect Tomas Mapua and Architect Juan Arellano in 1926 (photo 12 April,
2016).

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Antonio Mañalac Toledo Antonio Mañalac Toledo
- Stood out as the youngest Pensionado
when he was sent to the United States
to study architecture at the age of 16.
- Graduated a degree of Architecture at
Ohio State in 1911.
- His education in the East Coast
influenced him greatly to adopt the Art
Deco and Beaux-Art style in his designs.
- Like other pensionados, he also started
his career at the Bureau of Public works
and became a consulting architec in
1938.
- He was one of the pioneer professors
of Mapua Institute of Technology.
- Was again sent to the US as consulting
architect for the plan of the new capital The National Museum Building along Padre Jose Burgos road, Rizal Park,
Manila, it was also the old legislative building.
city.
AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

Antonio Mañalac Toledo Antonio Mañalac Toledo

The famous Manila City Hall, became a landmark no only for the city of The Leyte Provincial Capitol. Construction started in 1917, completed and
Manila but the entire capital region. Was finished somewhere in the 1930’s. inaugurated in 1924.
AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

Antonio Mañalac Toledo Juan Marcos Arellano y De Guzman

- He attended the Ateneo Municipal de
Manila and graduated in 1908.
- His first passion was painting and he
trained under Lorenzo Guerrero, Toribio
Antillon, and Fabian de la Rosa.
- Pursued architecture and was sent to
the United States as one of the
first pensionados in architecture.
- Arellano went to the Pennsylvania
Academy of the Fine Arts in 1911 and
subsequently transferred to Drexel to
finish his bachelor's degree in
Architecture.
- He was trained in the Beaux Arts and
The Department of Tourism building, now the National Library and a part of subsequently went to work for George B.
the National Museum at Luneta Park, designed with a touch of neoclassical Post & Sons in New York City, where he
style and art deco. worked for Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.

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AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

Juan Marcos Arellano y De Guzman

The Manila Metropolitan Theater is a Philippine Art Deco building found at

the Mehan Garden located on Padre Burgos Avenue corner Arroceros
Street, near the Manila Central Post Office.
AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

Juan Marcos Arellano y De Guzman Andres Luna de San Pedro
- Born on September 9, 1887 in the
French capital Paris.
- he was brought home to the
Philippines by his uncle Antonio
Luna and arrived in Manila on May
24, 1894.
- After returning to the Philippines
from 1920 to 1924, he was chief
architect of the city of Manila.
- The designs of Luna de San Pedro
were either modernist or revivalist
of style.
- Many of his modernist buildings are
The Negros Occidental Provincial Capitol Building followed Daniel Burnham's lost in the Second World War.
Beaux Art style. Using the neo-classical architectural design of Burnham for
the capitol, Juan Arellano executed the project.
AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

Juan Marcos Arellano y De Guzman Andres Luna de San Pedro

The Cebu Provincial Capitol. The building's architectural style is neoclassical

in spirit, but in its severe simplification foreshadows the changing The Crystal Arcade, among the early works of Andres Luna de San
architectural language of Arellano towards the art deco style. Pedro.

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AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

Andres Luna de San Pedro Pablo Sebero Antonio
- Born in Binondo, Manila in 1901 and
was orphaned by the age of 12, and had to
work in the daytime in order to finish his
high school education at night.
- He took architecture at the Mapua Institute
of Technology but dropped out of school.
- Ramon Arevalo, the engineer in charge of
the Legislative Building project, funded
Antonio's education at the University of
London.
- A pioneer of modern Philippine
architecture.
- He was recognized in some quarters as the
The Regina Building are among the foremost Filipino modernist architect of his
surviving Art Deco buildings along time.
Escolta Street, Binondo, Manila. - He was conferred the rank and title of
(photo 12 April, 2016) National Artist of the Philippines by
President Ferdinand Marcos in 1976.
AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

Andres Luna de San Pedro Pablo Sebero Antonio

The Perez-Samiliano Building, is just another of those surviving Art The facade of the main building of the Far Eastern University,
Deco buildings along Escolta Street, Binondo, Manila. designed by Pablo Antonio in the late 1930s
AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

Andres Luna de San Pedro Pablo Sebero Antonio

The Galaxy Theatre, is just one of

The Lizares Mansion, Jaro, Iloilo. Among the highlights of residential the many theatres designed by
buildings designed by Andres Luna. Pablo Antonio in the 1930’s.

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AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

Pablo Sebero Antonio Juan Nakpil

The Life Theatre, along España Avenue in the 1930’s. Quiapo church Nakpil’s landmark, the Quezon Hall (administration building) of UP
at the background. Diliman.
AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

Pablo Sebero Antonio Juan Nakpil

Magsaysay Building, among the

The Manila Polo Club. Among the highlights of residential buildings famous highlights of Juan Nakpil’s
designed by Andres Luna. career.
AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

Juan Nakpil Juan Nakpil

- He was one of eight children of the
Philippine Revolution veterans Julio
Nakpil and Gregoria de Jesús (Bonifacio’s
widow).
- He took up Engineering at the University of
the Philippines and later, at the University
of Kansas—where he received his
bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering.
- He then studied Architecture at the
Fontainebleau School of Fine Arts, in
France.
- Worked in Andres Luna de San Pedro's
architectural firm (1928), and Don Gonzalo
Puyat & Sons; eventually opening his own
architectural firm in 1930.
- Was named one of the National Artists for
architecture, and tapped as the Dean of
Filipino Architects.
The Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office, Quezon City.

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