A PROJECT REPORT ON – “ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE”

SUTLEJ PUBLIC SCHOOL

UNDER SUPERVISION OF:- SUBMITTED BY:-

Mr. TANJOT KARANVIR
LAB INCHARGE ROLL NO: 18
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Karanvir student of 10 th class, Sutlej Public School, Banga has
completed the project work entitled “Artificial Intelligence”, under my supervision and guidance.
It is further certify that the candidate has made sincere efforts for the completion of the project
work.

SUPERVISOR NAME

(Mr. Tanjot)
Lab Incharge
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express deep sense of gratitude and indebtness to our teacher Mr. Tanjot under whose guidance
valuable suggestions, constant encouragement and kind supervision the present project was
carried out. I am also grateful to school and faculty for their feedback and for keeping us on
schedule.
I also wish my sincere thanks to my friends who helped directly or indirectly by giving their
valuable suggestions.

Karanvir
Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................5

Applications.....................................................................................................................................6

Game playing...................................................................................................................................7

Speech recognition...........................................................................................................................7

Understanding natural language......................................................................................................7

Computer vision...............................................................................................................................7

Expert systems.................................................................................................................................7

Advantages......................................................................................................................................8

Limitations.......................................................................................................................................9

Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................10

Bibliography..................................................................................................................................11
Introduction
The term artificial intelligence was first coined in 1956, at the Dartmouth conference, and since
then Artificial Intelligence has expanded because of the theories and principles developed by its
dedicated researchers. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the area of computer science focusing on
creating machines that can engage on behaviors that humans consider intelligent. In 1957, the
first version of a new program The General Problem Solver (GPS) was tested. The program
developed by the same pair which developed the Logic Theorist. The GPS was an extension of
Wiener's feedback principle, and was capable of solving a greater extent of common sense
problems. The ability to create intelligent machines has intrigued humans since ancient times and
today with the advent of the computer and 50 years of research into AI programming techniques,
the dream of smart machines is becoming a reality. Researchers are creating systems which can
mimic human thought, understand speech, beat the best human chess player, and countless other
feats never before possible. Find out how the military is applying AI logic to its hi-tech systems,
and how in the near future Artificial Intelligence may impact our lives. AI is a combination of
computer science, physiology, and philosophy. AI is a broad topic, consisting of different fields,
from machine vision to expert systems. The element that the fields of AI have in common is the
creation of machines that can "think". In order to classify machines as "thinking", it is necessary
to define intelligence. To what degree does intelligence consist of, for example, solving complex
problems, or making generalizations and relationships? And what about perception and
comprehension? Research into the areas of learning, of language, and of sensory perception have
aided scientists in building intelligent machines. One of the most challenging approaches facing
experts is building systems that mimic the behavior of the human brain, made up of billions of
neurons, and arguably the most complex matter in the universe. Perhaps the best way to gauge
the intelligence of a machine is British computer scientist Alan Turing's test. He stated that a
computer would deserves to be called intelligent if it could deceive a human into believing that it
was human. During the 1970's Many new methods in the development of AI were tested, notably
Minsky's frames theory. Also David Marr proposed new theories about machine vision, for
example, how it would be possible to distinguish an image based on the shading of an image,
basic information on shapes, color, edges, and texture. With analysis of this information, frames
of what an image might be could then be referenced. another development during this time was
the PROLOGUE language. The language was proposed for In 1972. During the 1980's AI was
moving at a faster pace, and further into the corporate sector. In 1986, US sales of AI related
hardware and software surged to $425 million. Expert systems in particular demand because of
their efficiency. Companies such as Digital Electronics were using XCON, an expert system
designed to program the large VAX computers. DuPont, General Motors, and Boeing relied
heavily on expert systems Indeed to keep up with the demand for the computer experts,
companies such as Teknowledge and Intellicorp specializing in creating software to aid in
producing expert systems formed. Other expert systems were designed to find and correct flaws
in existing expert systems.
Artificial Intelligence is concerned with the study and creation of computer systems that exhibit
some form of intelligence and attempts to apply such knowledge to the design of computer based
systems that can understand a natural language or understanding of natural intelligence. In the
following we will see the different approaches and techniques in the software engineering.

Applications
There are many applications of artificial intelligence at present. Some of them have been listed
here.
 Banks and other financial institutions rely on intelligent software, which provide accurate
analysis of the data and helps make predictions based upon that data.
 Stocks and commodities are being traded without any human interference - all thanks to the
intelligent systems.
 Artificial intelligence is used for weather forecasting.
 It is used by airlines to keep a check on its system.
 Robotics is the greatest success story, in the field of artificial intelligence. Spacecrafts are send
by NASA and other space organizations into space, which are completely manned by robots.
Even some manufacturing processes are now being completely undertaken by robots. Robots are
being used in industrial processes, that are dangerous to human beings, such as in nuclear power
plants.  Usage of artificial intelligence is quite evident in various speech recognition systems,
such as IBM ViaVoice software and Windows Vista.
Game playing
You can buy machines that can play master level chess for a few hundred dollars. There is some
AI in them, but they play well against people mainly through brute force computation--looking at
hundreds of thousands of positions. To beat a world champion by brute force and known reliable
heuristics requires being able to look at 200 million positions per second.

Speech recognition
In the 1990s, computer speech recognition reached a practical level for limited purposes. Thus
United Airlines has replaced its keyboard tree for flight information by a system using speech
recognition of flight numbers and city names. It is quite convenient. On the the other hand, while
it is possible to instruct some computers using speech, most users have gone back to the
keyboard and the mouse as still more convenient.

Understanding natural language

Just getting a sequence of words into a computer is not enough. Parsing sentences is not enough
either. The computer has to be provided with an understanding of the domain the text is about,
and this is presently possible only for very limited domains.

Computer vision
The world is composed of three-dimensional objects, but the inputs to the human eye and
computers' TV cameras are two dimensional. Some useful programs can work solely in two
dimensions, but full computer vision requires partial three-dimensional information that is not
just a set of two dimensional views. At present there are only limited ways of representing three-
dimensional information directly, and they are not as good as what humans evidently use.

Expert systems
A ``knowledge engineer'' interviews experts in a certain domain and tries to embody their
knowledge in a computer program for carrying out some task. How well this works depends on
whether the intellectual mechanisms required for the task are within the present state of AI.
When this turned out not to be so, there were many disappointing results. One of the first expert
systems was MYCIN in 1974, which diagnosed bacterial infections of the blood and suggested
treatments. It did better than medical students or practicing doctors, provided its limitations were
observed. Namely, its ontology included bacteria, symptoms, and treatments and did not include
patients, doctors, hospitals, death, recovery, and events occurring in time. Its interactions
depended on a single patient being considered. Since the experts consulted by the knowledge
engineers knew about patients, doctors, death, recovery, etc., it is clear that the knowledge
engineers forced what the experts told them into a predetermined framework. In the present state
of AI, this has to be true. The usefulness of current expert systems depends on their users having
common sense. Heuristic classification
One of the most feasible kinds of expert system given the present knowledge of AI is to put some
information in one of a fixed set of categories using several sources of information. An example
is advising whether to accept a proposed credit card purchase. Information is available about the
owner of the credit card, his record of payment and also about the item 8 | Page he is buying and
about the establishment from which he is buying it (e.g., about whether there have been previous
credit card frauds at this establishment).

Advantages
While we already deal with some virtual AI -- notably in action games against computer-
controlled "bots" or challenging a computer opponent to chess -- the work of Novamente,
Electric Sheep Company and other firms has the potential to initiate a new age of virtual AI, one
where, for better or worse, humans and artificial intelligences could potentially be
indistinguishable. If you think about it, we take in numerous pieces of information just walking
down the street, much of it unconsciously. You might be thinking about the weather, the pace of
your steps, where to step next, the movement of other people, smells, sounds, the distance to the
destination, the effect of the environment around you and so forth. An artificial intelligence in a
virtual world has fewer of these variables to deal with because as of yet, no virtual world
approaches the complexity of the real world. It may be that by simplifying the world in which the
artificial intelligence operates (and by working in a self-contained world), some breakthroughs
can be achieved. Such a process would allow for a more linear development of artificial
intelligence rather than an attempt to immediately jump to lifelike robots capable of learning,
reason and self-analysis.
Limitations
If robots start replacing human resources in every field, we will have to deal with serious issues
like unemployment in turn leading to mental depression, poverty and crime in the society.
Human beings deprived of their work life may not find any means to channelize their energies
and harness their expertise. Human beings will be left with empty time. Secondly, replacing
human beings with robots in every field may not be a right decision to make. There are many
jobs that require the human touch. Intelligent machines will surely not be able to substitute for
the caring behavior of hospital nurses or the promising voice of a doctor. Intelligent machines
may not be the right choice for customer service. One of the major disadvantages of intelligent
machines is that they cannot be ‘human’. We might be able to make them think. But will we be
able to make them feel? Intelligent machines will definitely be able to work for long hours. But
will they do it with dedication? Will they work with devotion? How will intelligent machines
work wholeheartedly when they don’t have a heart? Apart from these concerns, there are chances
that intelligent machines overpower human beings. Machines may enslave human beings and
start ruling the world. Imagine artificial intelligence taking over human intellect! The picture is
definitely not rosy. Some thinkers consider it ethically wrong to create artificial intelligent
machines. According to them, intelligence is God’s gift to mankind. It is not correct to even try
to recreate intelligence. It is against ethics to create replicas of human beings. Don’t you also
think so. The ultimate goal of research in AI and Robotics is to produce an android which can
interact meaningfully with human beings. A huge amount of research effort is being exerted in
order to achieve this aim and a lot of progress has already been made. Researchers have
manufactured androids that can walk on two legs, that can climb stairs, that can grasp objects
without breaking or dropping them, that can recognise faces and a variety of physical objects,
that can imitate what they see human beings doing and so on. It is hard to make robots that can
do these things and I have no desire to belittle the scientific achievements that have already been
made, but even if a robot succeeds in doing all these things as well as a human being it will still
lack at least one essential human ability, namely that of learning from other people by accepting
what they say and by believing what they have written. The ultimate goal of AI cannot be
achieved until we have implemented in a computer system the ability to acquire information
from testimony. A number of people, who should know better , make predictions about when AI
will achieve its ultimate goal. There is no possibility of AI succeeding in the foreseeable future.
Conclusion
Technology is neither good nor bad. It never has been. What man does with it is another story
entirely. Technological changes are certainly coming. They are already taking place. They are
constant and ubiquitous. Many believe that they are accelerating. They are probably also 9 | Page
unstoppable. Just as with the scientific knowledge that went into making the atomic bomb, once
it is possible to do something, someone will eventually do it. Artificial intelligence has
successfully been used in a wide range of fields including medical diagnosis, stock trading, robot
control, law, scientific discovery and toys. Frequently, when a technique reaches mainstream use
it is no longer considered artificial intelligence. These rivaling theories have lead researchers in
one of two basic approaches; bottom-up and top-down. Bottom-up theorists believe the best way
to achieve artificial intelligence is to build electronic replicas of the human brain's complex
network of problems, or making generalizations and relationships. One of the most challenging
approaches facing experts is building systems that mimic the behavior of the human brain, made
up of billions of neurons. Artificial intelligence has successfully been used in a wide range of
fields including medical diagnosis, stock trading, robot control, law, scientific discovery and
toys. Frequently, when a technique reaches mainstream use it is no longer considered artificial
intelligence. In the quest to create intelligent machines, the field of Artificial Intelligence has
split into several different approaches based on the opinions about the most promising methods
and theories neurons, while the top-down approach attempts to mimic the brain's behavior with
computer programs. The more use we get out of the machines the less work is required by us. In
turn less injuries and stress to human beings. Human beings are a species that learn by trying,
and we must be prepared to give AI a chance seeing AI as a blessing, not an inhibition. In
conclusion, in some fields such as forecasting weather or finding bugs in computer software,
expert systems are sometimes more accurate than humans. But for other fields, such as medicine,
computers aiding doctors will be beneficial, but the human doctor should not be replaced. Expert
systems have the power and range to aid to benefit, and in some cases replace humans, and
computer experts, if used with discretion, will benefit human kind.
Bibliography
1. Luger, George & Stubblefield, William (2004), Artificial Intelligence: Structures and
Strategies for Complex Problem Solving (5th ed.), The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing
Company, Inc., pp. 720.
2. http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/artificialintelligence-second-life1.htm
3. http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/artificialintelligence-second-life1.htm
4. Artificial Intelligence in Perspective By Daniel Gureasko Bobrow - Science – 1994.
5. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach: By Stuart Jonathan Russell, Peter Norvig -
Computers - 2003 - 1132 pages.