COMPUTATIONAL AERODYNAMICS

NAME:AKHIL RAJ.AWALE
ROLL NO:17951A2105

1.Derive energy equation in conservation form using infinitesimal small fluid elements
fixed in space for compressible inviscid flow.
need to convert it to conservative form. PTO
2.Describe and Differentiate shock fitting and shock capturing methods.
ANS:
3.Discuss the physical behaviour of flows governed by parabolic equations with an
example of steady boundary layer flows. Explain the NS model for high speed flows and
explain its merits.
4.Classify the following partial differential equations according to their nature as elliptic,
parabolic, hyperbolic
(a)Unsteady Thermal Conduction Equation
(b)Laplace's Equation (c)Second-order wave equation (d)First-order wave equation
(a)Unsteady Thermal Conduction Equation -----a)Parabolic
(b)Laplace's Equation ------ans)Elliptical
(c)Second-order wave equation -------ans)Hyperbolic
(d)First-order wave equation --------ans)Hyperbolic
5.Write down the formulation of the central difference scheme for u velocity in the X
direction. What is the truncation error in terms of ∆x and state the order of this
discretization scheme?
Truncation error is defined as the difference between the true (analytical) derivative of a
function and its derivative obtained by numerical approximation.
The discretization error for the finite-difference equation is simply the truncation error for the
finite difference equation plus any errors introduced by the numerical treatment of
the boundary conditions.
The truncation error can be reduced by retaining more terms in the Taylor series expansion of
the corresponding derivative and reducing the magnitude of ∆x.
6.a) What are the errors that occur in computational aero-dynamics?
6.b) Compare and contrast explicit and implicit formation methods.
Ans)Explicit:
• Advantage:
The solution algorithm is simple to set up.
• Disadvantage:
For a given ∆x, ∆t must be less than a specific limit imposed by stability constraints. This
requires many time steps to carry out the calculations over a given interval of t.
Implicit:
• Advantage:
Stability can be maintained over much larger values of ∆t. Fewer time steps are needed to carry
out the calculations over a given interval.
• Disadvantages:
- More involved procedure is needed for setting up the solution algorithm than that for explicit
method.
- Since matrix manipulations are usually required at each time step, the computer time per time
step is larger than that of the explicit approach.
- Since larger ∆t can be taken, the truncation error is often large, and the exact transients (time
variations of the dependent variable for unsteady flow simulation) may not be captured
accurately by the implicit scheme as compared to an explicit scheme.
7.Explain explicit Lax-Wendroff technique for an unsteady, two-dimensional, Inviscid
flow.
Ans)The Lax-Wendroff technique is an explicit, finite-difference method particularly suited to
marching solutions.
Marching solutions are associated with the solution of hyperbolic and parabolic partial
differential equation.
The Lax-Wendroff method is predicated on a Taylor series expansion in time.
The Lax-Wendroff mehod has second order accuracy in both space and time.
The idea is straightforward.
The algebra is lengthy which can be solved using the MacCormack’s technique.
The Lax–Wendroff method, named after Peter Lax and Burton
Wendroff, is a numerical method for the solution of hyperbolic
partial differential equations, based on finite differences.
It is second-order accurate in both space and time. This method is
an example of explicit time integration where the function that
defines governing equation is evaluated at the current time.
Suppose one has an equation of the following form:
Where x and t are independent variables, and the initial state,
u(x, 0) is given.
The first step in the Lax–Wendroff method calculates values for
u(x, t) at half time steps, tn + 1/2 and half grid points, xi + 1/2. In the
second step values at tn + 1 are calculated using the data
for tn and tn + 1/2.

8.Describe a relaxation method for solving the elliptic partial differential equations.
The relaxation technique is a finite-difference method particularly suited for the solution of
elliptic partial differential equations.
Relaxation techniques can be either explicit or implicit.
The relaxation technique is frequently applied low-speed, subsonic inviscid flow as it is
governed by elliptic partial differential equations.

The relaxation technique is an iterative method wherein values of four of the quantities are
assumed to be known at iteration step n and only one of the quantities is treated as an unknown
at iteration step n+1.
9.Discuss the general formulation of a numerical scheme based on finite Volume method.
Ans)A general and important interpretation of any numerical, conservative scheme is obtained
directly from the integral conservation laws.
The formulation that follows is valid for all possible cases, with structured grids or unstructured
grids, either cell-centered or cell vertices.
The FVM requires setting up the following steps:
Subdivide the mesh, obtained from the space discretization, into finite (small) volumes, one
Control volume being associated to each mesh point.
Apply the integral conservation law to each of these finite volumes.
10.Explain the two-dimensional finite volume method and describe evaluation of fluxes
through cell surfaces using central discretization schemes.
Ans)The integral conservation law is applied to each control volume ΩJ associated to mesh
point J defining hereby the discretized equation for the unknowns UJ attached to that same
vertex or cell. The advantage of this method, especially in absence of sources terms, is that the
fluxes are calculated only on two-dimensional surfaces instead of in the three-dimensional
space.  Equation is replaced by its discrete form, where the volume integrals are expressed as
the averaged values over the cell and where the surface integral is replaced by a sum over all the
bounding faces of the considered volume ΩJ.
Extending the subdivisions of equation to an arbitrary number
of cells, J =1–N, and summing over all the cells it is seen, after
cancellation of the contributions from all the internal cell
faces, that the sum will contain only contributions from the
fluxes along the parts of the cells belonging to the
boundaries of the domain and from the sources.
Therefore, the conservative condition can be expressed as a
requirement on the transient time evolution of the scheme.
Note that for stationary sources and boundary fluxes, the
right-hand side of this equation vanishes at convergence.
Defining ∆UJ/∆t as the average value of ∂U/∂t over the cell ΩJ,
conservation of the scheme requires that, at each time step,
the following condition is to be satisfied.