Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis

Circuits and Systems 1 - Week 7

Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Chap 4

Chapter 4 - Methods of Analysis of Resistive Circuits

Till now, we are familiar with 3 methods used in circuit analysis.

Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Chap 4

Chapter 4 - Methods of Analysis of Resistive Circuits

Till now, we are familiar with 3 methods used in circuit analysis.

Ohm Law: V = IR
Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Chap 4

Chapter 4 - Methods of Analysis of Resistive Circuits

Till now, we are familiar with 3 methods used in circuit analysis.

Ohm Law: V = IR

KCL: Sum of current entering a node = sum of current leaving that node.
Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Chap 4

Chapter 4 - Methods of Analysis of Resistive Circuits

Till now, we are familiar with 3 methods used in circuit analysis.

Ohm Law: V = IR

KCL: Sum of current entering a node = sum of current leaving that node.

KVL: Algebraic sum of voltages in a loop is zero.

Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Chap 4

Chapter 4 - Methods of Analysis of Resistive Circuits

Till now, we are familiar with 3 methods used in circuit analysis.

Ohm Law: V = IR

KCL: Sum of current entering a node = sum of current leaving that node.

KVL: Algebraic sum of voltages in a loop is zero.

In this week inshaAllah, we will study two more techniques for circuit
analysis.
Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Chap 4

Chapter 4 - Methods of Analysis of Resistive Circuits

Till now, we are familiar with 3 methods used in circuit analysis.

Ohm Law: V = IR

KCL: Sum of current entering a node = sum of current leaving that node.

KVL: Algebraic sum of voltages in a loop is zero.

In this week inshaAllah, we will study two more techniques for circuit
analysis. WHY?
Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Chap 4

Chapter 4 - Methods of Analysis of Resistive Circuits

In simple maths, you need n equations for n unknowns. If the circuit

elements increase, then the number of equations also increase.

Obtain the equations for current at node a in this circuit below.

Figure: Example for motivation

Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Chap 4

Chapter 4 - Methods of Analysis of Resistive Circuits

When the number of circuit elements increases (or nodes or loops), the
analysis using KCL and KVL become complex.

Two more/extra techniques which are used in combination with KCL and
KVL.

1 Node voltage method or Nodal method

2 Mesh current method or Mesh method
Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis Eg 1 Nodal Eg 2 Nodal More Terms

Nodal Analysis

If there are n nodes in a circuit, so we label one node as reference node

and write equations for the remaining n − 1 nodes.
Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis Eg 1 Nodal Eg 2 Nodal More Terms

Nodal Analysis

If there are n nodes in a circuit, so we label one node as reference node

and write equations for the remaining n − 1 nodes.

Once again to recall: what happens at node? Is sum of current equals zero
or sum of voltage?
Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis Eg 1 Nodal Eg 2 Nodal More Terms

Nodal Analysis

If there are n nodes in a circuit, so we label one node as reference node

and write equations for the remaining n − 1 nodes.

Once again to recall: what happens at node? Is sum of current equals zero
or sum of voltage?

So writing equations means applying KCL and writing equations for cur-
rent.
Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis Eg 1 Nodal Eg 2 Nodal More Terms

Nodal Analysis Example 1

Figure: Example 1 using Nodal Analysis

At node 1:
10 − v1 v1 − v2 v1
= + (1)
1 2 5
At node 2:
v1 − v2 v2
+2= (2)
2 10
Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis Eg 1 Nodal Eg 2 Nodal More Terms

Nodal Analysis Example 2

Figure: Example 2 using Nodal Analysis

Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis Eg 1 Nodal Eg 2 Nodal More Terms

Nodal Analysis Example 2

Figure: Example 2 using Nodal Analysis

v1 − 20 v1 v1 − v2
+ + =0
2 20 5
v1 − v2 v2 v2 − 8iφ
= +
5 10 2
v1 − v2
iφ =
5
Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis Eg 1 Nodal Eg 2 Nodal More Terms

Nodal Analysis Tips

If we have n nodes, so we can write equations for n − 1 nodes.

Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis Eg 1 Nodal Eg 2 Nodal More Terms

Nodal Analysis Tips

If we have n nodes, so we can write equations for n − 1 nodes.

One node is called reference node or ground node (not actual ground but
hypothetical ground).
Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis Eg 1 Nodal Eg 2 Nodal More Terms

Nodal Analysis Tips

If we have n nodes, so we can write equations for n − 1 nodes.

One node is called reference node or ground node (not actual ground but
hypothetical ground).

Usually, we choose the bottom node as ground node.

Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis Eg 1 Nodal Eg 2 Nodal More Terms

Nodal Analysis Tips

If we have n nodes, so we can write equations for n − 1 nodes.

One node is called reference node or ground node (not actual ground but
hypothetical ground).

Usually, we choose the bottom node as ground node.

Sometimes, we abuse notation by writing vab to actually denote va − vb .

Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis Eg 1 Nodal Eg 2 Nodal More Terms

Nodal Analysis Tips

If we have n nodes, so we can write equations for n − 1 nodes.

One node is called reference node or ground node (not actual ground but
hypothetical ground).

Usually, we choose the bottom node as ground node.

Sometimes, we abuse notation by writing vab to actually denote va − vb .

Now lets proceed to the definition of super node.

Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis Eg 1 Nodal Eg 2 Nodal More Terms

Super Node

Figure: Example 3 - supernode concept

Obtain equations for node 2 and node 3

Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis Eg 1 Nodal Eg 2 Nodal More Terms

Super Node

Figure: Example 3 - supernode concept

Obtain equations for node 2 and node 3

v2 − v1 v2
+ +i=0
5 50
v3
i+4=
100
v2 − v1
iφ =
5
v1 = v1−vref = 50
v2 − v3 = 10iφ
Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis Eg 1 Nodal Eg 2 Nodal More Terms

Super Node
Now v1 = 50 is known and i can be eliminated
v2 − v1 v2
+ +i=0
5 50
v3
i+4=
100
We can write the following:
v2 − v1 v2 v3
+ + −4=0 (3)
5 50 100
Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis Eg 1 Nodal Eg 2 Nodal More Terms

Super Node
Now v1 = 50 is known and i can be eliminated
v2 − v1 v2
+ +i=0
5 50
v3
i+4=
100
We can write the following:
v2 − v1 v2 v3
+ + −4=0 (3)
5 50 100
Further we have the following 3 equations:
v2 − 50 v2 v3
+ + −4=0 (4)
5 50 100
v2 − 50
iφ = (5)
5
v2 − v3 = 10iφ (6)
Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis Eg 1 Nodal Eg 2 Nodal More Terms

Super Node Example 4.3.2 page 120

Determine va and vb in this circuit shown below

Figure: Example 4.3.2 on page 120 and 121

Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis Eg 1 Nodal Eg 2 Nodal More Terms

Super Node Example 4.3.2 page 120

KCL at node a: va
1.5 + i =
6
KCL at node b: vb
i + 3.5 + =0
3
Super node:
vb − va = 12 =⇒ vb = va + 12
Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis Eg 1 Nodal Eg 2 Nodal More Terms

Super Node Example 4.3.2 page 120

KCL at node a: va
1.5 + i =
6
KCL at node b: vb
i + 3.5 + =0
3
Super node:
vb − va = 12 =⇒ vb = va + 12
Eliminating i from first two equations, we obtain the following:
vb va
1.5 + (−3.5 − )=
3 6
Or simply
va vb
−2 = +
6 3
vb − va = 12
Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis Eg 1 Nodal Eg 2 Nodal More Terms

Super Node Example 4.3.2 page 120

KCL at node a: va
1.5 + i =
6
KCL at node b: vb
i + 3.5 + =0
3
Super node:
vb − va = 12 =⇒ vb = va + 12
Eliminating i from first two equations, we obtain the following:
vb va
1.5 + (−3.5 − )=
3 6
Or simply
va vb
−2 = +
6 3
vb − va = 12
Finally, we obtain va = −12 and vb = 0V . Remember: Obtaining 0V
is not an issue. If you can obtain negative voltages, then you can obtain
0V also - its zero voltage with reference to reference node.
Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Mesh Analysis

Mesh Analysis Introduction

Mesh and loop are same terminologies.

Mesh Current Analysis involves obtaining equations in loops.

The important thing to consider is the direction of current flowing (and

the direction of current opposing it).
Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Mesh Analysis

Mesh Analysis Introduction

Mesh and loop are same terminologies.

Mesh Current Analysis involves obtaining equations in loops.

The important thing to consider is the direction of current flowing (and

the direction of current opposing it).

Which circuit laws we apply in loops or meshes? KCL or KVL?

Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Mesh Analysis

Mesh Analysis Introduction

Problem 4.5.1 on page 155

Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Mesh Analysis

Mesh Analysis Introduction

Mesh 1 Equation:

4i1 + 18(i1 − i3 ) + 6(i1 − i2 ) = 0

Mesh 2 Equation:

6(i2 − i1 ) + 12(i2 − i3 ) + 30 = 0

Mesh 3 Equation:

18(i3 − i1 ) + 12(i3 − i2 ) − 42 = 0
Chapter 4 Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
Mesh Analysis

Mesh Analysis Introduction

Mesh 1 Equation:

4i1 + 18(i1 − i3 ) + 6(i1 − i2 ) = 0

Mesh 2 Equation:

6(i2 − i1 ) + 12(i2 − i3 ) + 30 = 0

Mesh 3 Equation:

18(i3 − i1 ) + 12(i3 − i2 ) − 42 = 0

Now we have 3 equations and 3 unknowns. Further simplification gives us

the following:
28i1 − 6i2 − 18i3 = 0
−6i1 + 18i2 − 12i3 = −30 (7)
−18i1 − 12i2 + 30i3 = 42