4.3/4 = 1.075 m 4.3/2 = 2.
15 m
145 kN 145 kN
R = 290 kN
RA RB
3.8 m 3.8 m
Figure 9. 41. Placement of Axle Loads on Interior
Stringer for Maximum Moment.
290 × (3.8 − 1.075 )
RA = = 103.98 kN
7 .6
MA = 103.98 × (3.8 – 1.075) = 283.4 kN–m
For maximum shear force, place the loads as shown in Figure 9.42.
145 kN 4.3 m 145 kN
7.6 m
Figure 9.42. Placement of Axle Loads on Interior Stringer
for Maximum Shear.
7 .6 − 4 .3
VA = 145 + 145
7.6
= 208.0 kN ⇐ governs
ii) Standard tandem loads: The critical loading is shown in
Figure 9.43.
0.3m0.3m 1.2/2 = 0.6 m
110 kN 110 kN
R = 220 kN
RA RB
3.8 m 3.8 m
Figure 9.43 Placement of Tandem Loads on Interior Stringer
for Maximum Moment and Shear.
RA = 220 (3.8 − 0.3) = 101.32 kN
7.6
Mt = 101.32 × (3.8 – 0.3) = 354.6 kN-m ⇐ governs
7 .6 − 1 .2
Vt = 110 + ×110 = 202.7 kN
7 .6
Maximum Live-Plus-Impact Forces
MLL+1M = g [(larger of Ma and Mt) × (1 + IM/100) + Ml]
= 0.760 × [354.6 × 1.33 + 67.2]
= 409.5 kN-m
VLL+1M = g[(larger of Va and Vt) × (1 + IM/100) + Vl]
= 0.793 × [208.0 × 1.33 + 35.4]
= 247.5 kN-m
DESIGN
Load Combination:
Let η = 0.95
U = η [1.25 DC + 1.50 DW + 1.75 (LL + IM)]
Mu = 0.95 [1.25 × 81.6 + 1.50 × 27.5 + 1.75 × 409.5]
= 816.9 kN-m
Vu = 0.95 [1.25 × 43.0 + 1.50 × 14.5 + 1.75 × 247.5]
= 483.2 kN
φf Mn ≥ Mu where φf = 1.0
816.9 ×10 6
Zx,req = = 3,268 × 103 mm3
250
7,600
dmin = l/25 = = 304 mm including the deck
25
Selected Section: W610 × 113
Checks are satisfied as in the book.
Exterior Stringer Design
S = 2,300 mm ; L = 7,600 mm
Contribution Factor For Moment
de = distance between the center of
exterior beam and the interior edge
of curb or traffic barrier.
≈ 0 between −300 and 910mm
OK
e = 0.77 + de / 2800 ≥ 1.0
= 1.0
One design lane loaded:
Footpath P/2 P/2
600 1800
Assume pivot for
application of lever rule
900 R 2300
Figure 9.44. Loading to Obtain Contribution Factor
for Moment in Exterior Stringer.
P = wheel load = half of axle load
Mc = 0 ⇒ R × 2300 = P/2 × 1700
R = 0.370 P
g = multiple presence factor for one lane
× 0.370
= 1.2 × 0.370 = 0.444
Two or more design lanes loaded:
g = e × g interior
= 1.0 × 0.760 = 0.760
However, in this case, it appears that the effect
of loading of two or more design lanes will be
lesser on the exterior stringer because even
one wheel of single lane is moving inside the
first interior stringer. Further, sidewalk live
load is also acting on this stringer.
The final live load moment may be taken larger
of one lane contribution factor plus sidewalk load
and multiple lanes loaded.
Contribution Factor For Shear
One design lane loaded:
As already determined for moment, g = 0.444
Two or more design lanes loaded:
de
e = 0.6 + where de ≈ 0
3,000
= 0.6
g = e g interior
= 0.6 × 0.793 = 0.476 ⇐ governs
Dead loads
i) DC
Deck slab (0.195)(1.15 + 0.9)(2400*9.81/1000) = 9.41 kN/m
Foot Path (0.200)(0.9)(2300*9.81/1000) = 4.06 kN/m
Weight of curb, railing etc. = 2.00 kN/m
Stringer (assumed equal to 10% of above load) = 1.55 kN/mm
wDC = 17.02 kN/m
MDC = 17.02 × (7.6)2/8 = 122.89 kN-m
VDC = 17.02 × 7.6/2 = 64.68 kN
ii) DW 75 mm asphalt paving
= 0.075 × 1.15 × 22.0
= 1.90 kN/m
MDW = 1.90 × (7.6)2/8 = 13.7 kN-m
VDW = 1.90 × 7.6/2 = 7.3 kN
Maximum forces due to one lane load
The values are same as for the interior stringer.
Ml = 67.2 kN-m
Vl = 35.4 kN as for interior stringer.
Maximum truck load forces
The maximum truckload forces per lane are
same as that for the interior stringer.
Ma = 283.4 kN-m
Va = 208.0 kN ⇐ governs
Mt = 354.6 kN-m ⇐ governs
Vt = 202.7 kN
Sidewalk live load forces (PL)
wPL = 3.6 × 0.9 = 3.24 kN/m
MPL = 3.24 × 7.62/8 = 23.4 kN-m
VPL = 3.24 × 7.6/2 = 12.3 kN
Maximum live-plus-impact forces
MLL+1M = g [(larger of Ma and Mt) × + Ml]
+ MPL
= 0.444 [354.6 × 1.33 + 67.2] +
23.4
= 239.3 kN-m
or
MLL+1M = 0.760 [354.6 × 1.33 + 67.2]
= 409.5 kN-m
⇑ governs
VLL+1M = g [(larger of Va and Vt) × + Vl]
+ VPL
= 0.476 [208.0 × 1.33 + 35.4] + 12.3
= 160.9 kN
Design
Load combination:
Let η = 0.95
U = η[1.25 DC + 1.50 DW + 1.75(U + PL
+ IM)]
Mu = 0.95[1.25 × 122.30 + 1.50 × 13.70
+ 1.75 × 409.5]
= 845.6 kN-m
Vu = 0.95[1.25 × 64.4 + 1.50 × 7.3 + 1.75
× 160.9]
= 354.4 kN
This moment is slightly bigger than for the
interior stringer.
845.6 ×10 6
Zx, req = = 3,383 × 103mm3
250
Section Selected: W610 × 125
Perform all checks, as given in the book.
Floor Beam Design
• Only interior floor beam is designed and the
same section is provided for the exterior floor
beams.
• All loads will be assumed to be concentrated at
the locations of stringers.
• The simply supported reactions from the
stringer (by taking their actual self-weight) are
applied as concentrated loads to the floor
beams (acting as dead load).
• Suitable value for the self-weight of the floor
beam is assumed.
• Dead load moment and shear are calculated.
• Longitudinal distribution of wheel loads is
considered first to calculate an equivalent load
applied on the floor beam.
• The loads are placed along the length of the
bridge (same direction as that of the stringers)
to get maximum simply supported reaction at
the floor beam level, as shown in Figure 9.32.
Deck Slab and
Stringers
Floor Beam Under
Consideration
Figure 9.32. Longitudinal Distribution of Wheel Loads
for the Floor Beams.
• The procedure is adopted for both axle and
tandem loads and the greater value is used as
an equivalent wheel load applied on the floor
beam.
• For the transverse distribution of loads, the
equivalent loads, calculated by the longitudinal
distribution, are placed transversely along the
length of the floor beam with proper
clearances and conditions to obtain maximum
bending moment, as illustrated in Figure 9.33.
0.6m 0.6m
Roadway Between 5.4 m and Less Than 14.4m.
Figure 9.33. Example of Transverse Distribution of Wheel Loads
to Obtain Maximum Floor Beam Bending Moment.
• The actual arrangement may be different
depending on the span of the floor beam
(number of lanes).
• Trucks equal to number of design lanes must
be placed on the span of floor beam at the
locations, which produce maximum bending
moment and shear.
• Figure 9.33 shows arrangement of the trucks
for two design lanes and Figure 9.34 shows the
arrangement for three design lanes. For design
lanes, more than three, a similar procedure may
be adopted.
3×0.6 = 1.8 m 3×0.6 = 1.8 m
Weq Weq Weq Weq Weq Weq
1.8 m 0.9m 0.9m 1.8 m
Design lane = 3.6 m
CL
Roadway between 10.8 m and less than 14.4 m
Figure 9.34. Transverse Distribution of Truck Loads for Moment
in Floor Beam in Case of Three Design Lanes.
• Multiple lanes reduction factor is to be used.
• Trucks moving in the oppose directions will
have nearly the same equivalent loads.
• Maximum live load moment and shear for the
trucks load are calculated.
• Sidewalk load moment and shear are also
calculated.
• Calculations are also made for the lane load
moments.
• Calculate maximum live load moment due to
lane load.
• Factored ultimate moment and shear are
calculated using the following expression:
U = η[1.25 DL + 1.50 DW + 1.75(LL +
PL+ IM)]
• Design the floor beam considering a compact
and braced section.
• Apply all the checks as in the stringer design.
DESIGN OF FLOOR BEAM
FOR THIS EXAMPLE
Dead loads
Dead load reaction from interior stringers
from both transverse sides of the floor beam
= (10.27+125×9.81/1000+3.80)×7.6
= 87.4 + 28.9 = 116.3 kN
where the first quantity is DC, second is the
actual self-weight of the interior stringer
and third is DW.
Dead load reaction from exterior stringers
from both transverse sides of the floor beam
= (15.39+125×9.81/1000+1.90)×7.6
= 126.3 + 14.5 = 140.8 kN
Total span of the floor beam
= deck width + 2 × clearance up to the
center of the trusses
= 4 × 2.3 + 2 × 0.9 + 2 × 0.25
= 11.5 m
Total dead load on the floor beam
= 116.3 × 3 + 140.8 × 2
= 630.5 kN
630.5
Assumed self-weight (10% of dead load UDL) = 0.1 ×
11.5
= 5.5 kN/m
Dead Load Forces
DC: The DC – component of the dead loads calculated above are placed on
the floor beam in Figure 9.45 to calculate MDC and VDC.
126.3 kN 87.4 kN 87.4 kN 87.4 kN 126.3 kN
1150 2300 2300 2300 2300 1150
11.5 m
Figure 9.45. Dead Load (DC) Reactions of
Stringers on the Floor Beam.
Reaction on both sides = 126.3 + 1.5 × 87.4
= 257.4 kN
Central moment, adding self-weight moment, is:
MDC = 257.4 × 11.5/2 – 126.3 × 4.6 – 87.4 ×
2.3 + 5.5 × 11.52/8
= 789.0 kN-m
VDC = 257.4 + 5.5 × 11.5/2
= 289.0 kN
DW: Figure 9.46 shows the DW loads placed on the floor beam and
MDW and VDW are calculated below:
14.5 kN 28.9 kN 28.9 kN 28.9 kN 14.5 kN
1150 2300 2300 2300 2300 1150
11.5 m
Figure 9.46. Dead Load (DW) Reactions of Stringers on the Floor Beam.
Reaction on both sides = 14.5 + 28.9 × 1.5
= 57.85 kN
Central Moment, MDW = 57.85 × 11.5/2
– 14.5 × 4.6 – 28.9 × 2.3
= 199.5 kN-m
VDW = 57.85 kN
Truck Loading Forces
Longitudinal distribution
Axle load forces: The wheel loads placed
longitudinally over the bridge to produce
maximum force effects are shown in Figure 9.47.
The equivalent wheel load including the effect of
this longitudinal distribution may be calculated as
under:
Wheels loads = Axle loads/2
72.5 kN 72.5 kN 17.5 kN
4.3 m 4.3 m
Deck Slab
A Weq
Stringers
7.6 m 7.6 m Floor Beam to be
Designed
Figure 9.47. Longitudinal View of Bridge of Example 9.3.
Showing Wheel Loads on the Floor Beam.
Weq = simply supported reaction of
wheel loads on the floor beam
= 72.5 + 72.3 x 3.3/ 7.6
+ 17.5 x 3.3 / 7.6
= 111.6 kN
Tandem load forces: Figure 9.48 shows the
tandem wheel loads placed longitudinally over
the bridge to produce maximum force effects.
The calculation of equivalent wheel load for
this longitudinal distribution of loads is
presented in the next slide:
55 kN 110/2 = 55 kN
1.2 m
Weq
7.6 m 7.6 m
Figure 9.48. Floor Beam with Tandem Wheel Loads.
Weq = 55 + 55 × 6.4 / 7.6 = 101.4 kN
< 111.6 kN
∴ Tandem load is not critical for the floor beam.
Transverse Distribution
Figure 9.49 shows the transverse distribution
of the equivalent wheel loads on the floor
beam to obtain maximum bending moment.
Reduction factor for multiple presence of 2
lanes is 1.0.
0.6 m 0.6 m
111.6 kN 111.6 kN 111.6 kN 111.6 kN
1.8 m 1.8 m
CL
11.5 m
Figure 9.49 Transverse Distribution of Truck Loads
for Moment in Floor Beam.
Side reaction = 111.6 × 2 = 223.2 kN
Ma = [223.2 × 5.75 – 111.6 × 2.4 – 111.6 ×
0.6] × 1.0
= 948.6 kN-m
The transverse distribution of the equivalent
wheel loads on the floor beam to get maximum
shear force is shown in Figure 9.50.
0.25+0.9+0.3
=1.45m 111.6 kN 111.6 kN 111.6 kN 111.6 kN
1.8 m 1.8 m 1.8 m
Va
11.5 m
Figure 9.50. Transverse Distribution of Truck Loads
for Shear in Floor Beam.
111.6 × (10.05 + 8.25 + 6.45 + 4.65)
Va = = 285.3 kN
11.5
Lane Load Forces
Longitudinal Distribution: The longitudinal distribution of lane
load produces the following equivalent loads:
Weq = 9.3 × 7.6 = 70.68 kN
Transverse Distribution: The transverse distribution of the
above equivalent lane loads to produce maximum bending
moment in the floor beam is shown in Figure 9.51.
70.68 kN 70.68 kN
3.0+2×0.6
= 4.2 m
CL
70.68 kN 11.5 m
Figure 9.51. Transverse Distribution of Lane Loads
for Moment in Floor Beams.
MLL = 70.68 × 5.75 – 70.68 × 2.1
= 258.0 kN-m
The transverse distribution of the equivalent lane loads to produce
maximum shear in the floor beam is shown in Figure 9.52.
This maximum shear force is evaluated to be the following:
70.68 kN 70.68 kN
0.9 m
0.25 m 1.5 m 1.5+0.6+1.5=3.6m
Vl
11.5 m
Figure 9.52. Transverse Distribution of Lane Loads
for Shear in Floor Beams.
70.68(5.25 + 8.85)
VL = = 86.7 kN
11.5
Sidewalk Load Forces
Figure 9.53 illustrates the magnitude and location of resultant
sidewalk live loads. The resulting shear force at the end and central
bending moment are as under:
0.9 × 3.6 × 7.6
24.624 kN = 24.624 kN
0.7 m
Vl
11.5 m
Figure 9.53. Floor Beam with Sidewalk Loads.
VPL = 24.7 kN
MPL = 24.624 × 0.7 = 17.3 kN-m
Design Forces
U = 0.95 [1.25 DC + 1.50 DW + 1.75(LL + PL +
IM)]
Mu = 0.95 [1.25 × 789.0 + 1.50 × 199.5 +
1.75×1.33×948.6 + 1.75(258.0 + 17.3)]
= 3777 kN-m
Vu = 0.95 [1.25 × 289.0 + 1.50 × 57.85 +
1.75×1.33×285.3 + 1.75(86.7 + 24.7)]
= 1242 kN
Selection of Section
3777 ×106
Zx, req = = 15,108 × 103 mm3
250
dmin = l / 25 = 11,500 / 25
= 460 mm including the deck
Selected section: W1000×321
PERFORM ALL CHECKS
END OF FILE
