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Chemistry States of Matter

Lesson 1
MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES SOLID LIQUID
Particles are packed close together There are little spaces between the
giving the matter its fixed shape particles giving the matter ability to
MATTER and volume. follow the shape of its container.

VOLUME MASS

Matter – anything that occupies space (volume) and has mass.

Mass- amount of matter that an object has. Particles cannot move freely. Particles can move freely; can
Weight- the gravitational force acting on it. vibrate, move about, and slide past
each other.
Although the weight can vary, the mass of the body is a constant and They cannot be easily compressed. They can be compressed.
can be measured by its resistance to a change of position or motion.
They do not flow. They can easily flow.
Inertia- property of mass to resist change of position or motion.
GAS PLASMA
Density- relationship of mass to a unit volume

D= Particles are well separated with Ionized gas with charged particles
lots of free space between them that are far from one another.
thus, they able to assume the
shape and volume of their
container.

They can move freely at high They can move freely at high speeds.
speeds.
They can be easily compressed. They can be easily compressed.
They can easily flow. They can easily flow.

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In addition; Composition of Matter

Bose-Einstein condensate: a state of matter that occurs very close to

absolute zero. At this extremely low temperature, molecular motion almost MATTER
stops and atoms begin to clump together.

Fermionic condensate:: a state of matter that occurs similar to Bose

Bose-Einstein Pure Substance Mixtures
condensate but are made of fermions instead of bosons.

Element Compound Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Metal Acid Solution Colloid

Base
Semimetal
Suspension
Bosons are social; fermions are antisocial. /Metalloid
Salt
Bosons are sociable; they like to get together. As a rule of thumb, any atom
with an even number of electrons + protons + neutrons is a boson. So, e.g., Nonmetal Oxides
ordinary sodium atoms are bosons, and they can merge to become Bose Bose-
Einstein condensates.

Fermions, on the other hand, are antisocial. They are forbidden (by the "Pauli
Exclusion Principle" of quantum mechanics) to gather together in the same
quantum state. Any atom with an odd number of electrons + protons +
neutrons, like potassium-40, is a fermion.

Quark-gluon plasma: the state of

matter with the highest energy
level. It is basically the building
blocks of matter existing in a soup
resembling conditions just after
the Universe was created.

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Pure Substance- characterized with constant composition Mixture- combination of two or more substances, combine in varying
proportions- each retaining its own specific properties. The components of a
Element- a pure substance that cannot be separated into two or more mixture can be separated by physical means, i.e. without the making and
substances by ordinary chemical (or physical) means breaking of chemical bonds.

E.g. Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O2). o solvent – the substance that dissolves the solute
o solute – the substance being dissolved in the solution
Elements are composed of only one kind of atom. Chemists use symbols to
represent elements. A symbol is a letter or picture used to represent
something. Chemists use one or two letters to represent elements. There are Homogeneous mixtures have properties and composition that are uniform
already 118 known elements that exist. throughout the sample. Such mixtures are termed solutions.

o Metals – They are good conductors of heat and electricity. Heterogeneous mixtures have properties and composition that are not
They are lustrous, malleable, and ductile. Metals have high uniform throughout the sample.
densities, and high melting temperatures. They are often  Colloids – mixtures which have particles dispersed, and do not settle
solids. They react greatly to acidic solutions. at the bottom. The particles are large enough to be totally dissolved.
o Metalloids – They possess both the characteristics of metals Colloids can be tested by Tyndall Effect, they can scatter light. They
and non-metals. cannot be separated by filtration.
o Non-metals – They are the opposite of metals. They do not  Suspensions – mixtures which have large particles that are not
possess the characteristics that metals have. They are often evenly spread throughout. These particles are large enough to be
in gas or liquid state. seen by the naked eye.

Compound- a pure substance that contains two or more elements, in definite

proportion by weight. The term molecule is often used for the smallest unit
of a compound that retains all of the properties of the compound.

E.g. Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11),

and water (H2O).

o Acids – are compounds that react with metals to

dissolve and produce hydrogen gas. They are sour in
taste. They turn indicator dye litmus paper from blue to
red.
o Bases – are compounds that turn red litmus paper into
blue. They taste bitter and they have slippery feel.
o Salts - formed when acids and bases react
o Oxides – oxygen and another element
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Methods of Separating Mixture Properties of Matter

 Centrifugation – method usually used to separate immiscible liquids A physical property can be measured and observed without changing the
or solid-liquid mixture through the motor-driven apparatus called the composition or identity of a substance.
centrifuge. The centrifugal force speeds up the supernatant liquid,
called centrifugate, to settle at the bottom. Extensive properties are dependent on the amount of substance
 Distillation – method used to separate a mixture of two liquids. The  Mass – amount of the object
concept is similar to evaporation, but the vapor is collected and  Volume – space occupied by matter
condensed to become liquid again. The condensed liquid is called the  Temperature – the hotness or coldness of an object
distillate.
 Filtration – common technique used to separate insoluble solid from Intensive properties are independent of the amount of substance
liquid with the use of filter paper. The solid particles that are retained  Boiling Point – temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to
in the filter paper are called the filtrate, and the liquid which passes the atmospheric pressure
through the filter paper is called the residue.  Brittleness – the ability of matter to be broken into pieces
 Flotation or Decantation – method in which the denser substance  Density – can be computed by dividing the mass of an object by its
settles at the bottom and the less dense substance is poured off. This volume.
is usually used to separate solid-liquid mixture, and immiscible  Ductility – the ability of matter to be drawn into wires
liquids.
 Elasticity – the ability of matter to be stretched and return to its
 Evaporation – separation technique used to separate liquids and original size or shape
soluble solids. The mixture is heated until the solvent evaporates and
 Electrical Conductivity – ability of the material to carry and transfer
all that is left is the solid residue.
electric charges
 Magnetism – ideal method to separate mixture of solids with  Flexibility – the ability of matter to be bent without breaking
one part having magnetic properties such as metals. Magnetic  Malleability – the ability of matter to be hammered into sheets
materials are attracted to magnet making it easy to separate.  Melting point – temperature at which solid begins to melt or change
 Mechanical Separation – when solid mixtures are large enough phase to liquid
to be picked by the naked hand, the use of forceps, sieve or  Physical State – the condition of being solid, liquid, gas, or plasma
other similar tools.  Solubility – ability of a substance to be dissolved in another
 Paper Chromatography – used to separate solid from the liquid substance at a given temperature to form a solution
particles by using the difference in degree to which substances  Specific Gravity – ratio of the sample substance to that of the
are based are absorbed on the surface of an inert substance. standard substance (for solids and liquids, the standard substance is
water; for gases, the standard substance is hydrogen)

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Chemical properties are those that can be observed in regard to whether or

not a substance reacts with other substances. For example, iron rusts in moist Laws Governing Changes in Matter
air, nitrogen does not burn, gold does not rust, sodium reacts with water,
silver does not react with water, and water can be decomposed by an electric Conservation of Mass
current. Usually attributed to Lavoisier (in 1789). "Matter (mass) is neither created
nor destroyed". In other words, in a closed system (nothing escapes), any
Chemical and Physical Changes process will not change the total "matter content" (i.e. mass) of the system.

Physical change- alters physical properties but composition remains constant.

- Most common altered properties are form and state
masses of substances masses of substances
- In some cases, the process that caused the change can be =
easily reversed and the substance regains its original before chemical reaction after chemical reaction
form

Chemical change- changes in the composition and structure of a substance. Law of Definite Proportion or Constant Composition
- Always accompanied by energy changes Usually attributed to Dalton and/or Proust (circa 1808). "Regardless of the
method of separation, a pure compound will always contain the same
When physical or chemical changes occur, energy is involved.
elements, in the same proportion by mass." Dalton's specific contribution to
this law is with regard to the inclusion of the consequences of the atomic
Exothermic reaction- when the heat content/energy in product is
hypothesis (Democritus, circa 400 B.C.). Dalton reasoned that since these
greater than the heat content/ energy of reactants; heat, light or both
elements were indivisible atoms," each pure compound should contain the
are released.
same proportion of these atoms, regardless of the method of preparation.
Examples: Combustion, Freezing, Condensation,
Law of Multiple Proportions
This law states that when two elements combine to form two or more
Endothermic reaction- when the heat content/ energy in product is different compounds, if the amount of one element is constant, the masses of
less than the heat content/energy of reactants, heat is absorbed. the other element in the different compounds are in ratios of small whole
numbers. This is seen in the case of the two different compounds H2O
Examples: Photosynthesis, Melting, Sublimation, Evaporation (water) and H2O2 ( agua oxigenada ). The ratio of O is 1:2.

Heat Content- sometimes referred to as the enthalpy

H = Hproducts – Hreactants

Activation energy- is the energy necessary to get the reaction going

by increasing the energy of the reactants so that they can combine

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