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1.0 Test Objectives: 436-351 Thermofluids 2, Unit 2: Thermodynamics Laboratory T2 - Heat Excangers

This document provides instructions for an experiment involving heat exchangers. The objectives are to understand heat exchanger principles, determine performance metrics like overall heat transfer coefficient from experiments, and be familiar with experimental errors. The experimental rig uses a simple double pipe heat exchanger to validate theory and illustrate errors. Students are asked to conduct experiments collecting temperature data, calculate heat transfer rates and effectiveness using different methods, and compare theoretical and experimental results in an oral exam.

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67 views4 pages

1.0 Test Objectives: 436-351 Thermofluids 2, Unit 2: Thermodynamics Laboratory T2 - Heat Excangers

This document provides instructions for an experiment involving heat exchangers. The objectives are to understand heat exchanger principles, determine performance metrics like overall heat transfer coefficient from experiments, and be familiar with experimental errors. The experimental rig uses a simple double pipe heat exchanger to validate theory and illustrate errors. Students are asked to conduct experiments collecting temperature data, calculate heat transfer rates and effectiveness using different methods, and compare theoretical and experimental results in an oral exam.

Uploaded by

نزار الدهامي
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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436-351 Thermofluids 2, Unit 2: Thermodynamics laboratory

T2 - HEAT EXCANGERS

1.0 Test Objectives


1. To understand heat exchanger principles, terminology and performance.
2. To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient, efficiency and logarithmic mean
temperature difference from experimentals.
3. To be familiar with the errors that occur in the experiment and the theoretical
calculations.

2.0 Description of the equipment


Heat exchangers usually involve complex flow paths, with varying flows through
different parts of the exchanger. In order to validate the underlying theory and to
become aware of experimental inaccuracies, you are introduced to the elements of
the heat exchanger in its most simple form. In your later studies and professional
work you will encounter multifluid, multiphase (eg. boilers and condensers) and
multipass heat exchangers. The operation and design of these more complex
systems are considerably more involved.

EXPERIMENTAL RIG
Tube, Internal diameter 16.20 mm
Tube, External diameter 19.05 mm
Shell internal diameter 38.10 mm
Exchanger, Length 1610.00 mm
Conductivity of tube copper 383.00 W/mK
Rotameter* (hot) full-scale flowrate 1.02 m3/hr
Rotameter (cold) full-scale flowrate 0.56 m3/hr

*Rotameters are calibrated in % full scale. Linear interpolation is adequate.

Copper-constantan thermocouples*
Temperature, oC mV Temperature, oC mV
0 0.000 60 2.450
10 0.388 70 2.886
20 0.784 80 3.330
30 1.189 90 3.782
40 1.601 100 4.239
50 2.021

*Linear interpolation is adequate. A conversion table is provided.

3.0 Safety Rules


1. This experiment is essentially passive - there are no moving parts
2. The only requirements are to adjust the flow rates under the guidance of the
supervisor
3. Parts of the apparatus are hot
4. There will settling times to achieve steady state
5. Do not touch the apparatus without permission
6. Thermocouples are not very robust. Please treat them carefully.
7. In an emergency, first turn off the flow and then the power.

Your behaviour in the laboratory is subject to the strictest rules for your own
protection and interest. DO NOT TOUCH ANY EQUIPMENT, unless given
permission by the laboratory supervisor.

NO FOOD, DRINKS or SMOKING is allowed in the laboratory, and all MOBILE


PHONES should be turned off. Proper clothing and footwear is to be worn at all
times in the laboratory. NO THONGS, SHORTS or SHORT SLEEVES are permitted.

4.0 TEST
1. Adjust the flow rates as specified. The flow rates are to remain constant during
the experiment. One exchanger at a time is to be used, to assure all the
measured water is passed through the exchanger under observation.
2. Leave the exchanger to stabilise. Inlet and outlet temperature data should be
measured at 5 minute intervals. Only when 3 consecutive measurements results
in the identical figure, can one assume that the exchanger is in equilibrium.
3. Record the flowrate and voltage data to be used for calculations on the results
sheets provided by the demonstrator.
4. For both the parallel and counterflow heat exchangers, repeat the test using three
or four different combinations of cold and hot water flowrates.
5. If time permits, convert the mV readings to temperature using the conversion
table provided.

5.0 Theory
Newton’s law of cooling states that the heat transferred from one fluid to another is:

Q = AU∆Tm
where
Q Heat transferred per unit time (W)
U Overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)
A surface area (m2)
∆Tm appropriate mean temperature difference (K)

NB. Designers may choose either the internal (hot) (Ai or h), or the external (cold)
surface (Ao or c) area of the tubes.

Simple analyses suggest that Uh based on the internal (hot) surface, and Uc based
on external (cold) surface are:
1
Ui =
r
A i ln( o )
1 ri Ai
+ +
hi 2πkL A o ho
and
1
Uo =
r
A o ln( o )
Ao ri 1
+ +
A ih i 2πkL ho
respectively. Making the approximations that ri=ro for a thin walled tube and k is high
(383 W/m oC >>kwater ~1W/m oC), the expressions for U become:
1
Ui =
1 Ai
+
hi A o h o
and
1
Uo =
Ao 1
+
A ihi h o
respectively.

The wetted perimeter (PW), wetted area (Aw) and hydraulic diameter (DH) are defined
as:
PW = Ph + Pc = 2πDc + 2πDh
AW = Ac - Ah = (πDc2-πDh2)/4
DH = 4*AW/PW
respectively.

Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) method


The log mean temperature difference (LMTD) is defined as:
(T − Tc 2 ) − (Th1 − Tc1 )
LMTD = h2
æ T − Tc 2 ö
lnçç h2
è Th1 − Tc1
where the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the inlet and outlet temperatures respectively.

This approach is simple from an experimental viewpoint, because the four


temperatures are known, but is awkward in design, where the exit temperatures are
usually not known. As a result, the design becomes an iterative procedure called the
LMTD method.

An alternative approach is called the Number of Transfer Units (or NTU) method.

Number of Transfer Units (NTU) method


Define the capacity rate of the fluid, C:
C=m c
where m  is the mass flow rate (kg/s) of the fluid and c is its specific heat (J/(kg.K)).

Define effectiveness (ε) as the ratio of actual heat transfer to the maximum possible
heat transfer. For a parallel flow exchanger:
Ch (Th1 − Th2 ) C c (Tc 2 − Tc1 )
ε= =
Cmin (Th1 − Tc1 ) Cmin (Th1 − Tc1 )
and for counterflow exchanger:
C (T − T ) C c (Tc1 − Tc 2 )
ε = h h1 h2 =
Cmin (Th1 − Tc1 ) Cmin (Th1 − Tc1 )

Analysis of a parallel flow, double pipe heat exchanger predicts that:


éæ − UA öæ C öù
1 − expêçç ÷÷çç 1 + min ÷÷
ε= ëêè Cmin øè Cmax ø
C
1 + min
Cmax
and for a counterflow, double pipe heat exchanger:
éæ − UA öæ C öù
1 − expêçç ÷÷çç1 − min ÷÷ ú
ε= ëêè Cmin øè Cmax ø ú
æC ö éæ − UA öæ C öù
1 − çç min ÷÷ expêçç ÷÷çç1 − min ÷÷
è Cmax ø êëè Cmin øè Cmax ø
where Cmin and Cmax are the smaller and larger capacity rates respectively and are
usually known to the designer. It is therefore possible to calculate the heat
exchanger effectiveness and temperature differences directly.

The variable AU/Cmin is called the Number of transfer units (NTU).

6.0 Oral Examination


The date and precise format of the oral examinations will be discussed closer to the
examination date. In order to prepare for the examination, perform the following and
bring the results to the examination:
1. Calculate the heat transfer rate and the effectiveness of the exchanger using the
four methods outlined in "flowchart" notes for all cases studied in the experiment.
2. Rank the heat exchangers in terms of both the theoretically and experimentally
determined effectiveness.
3. Present an error analysis, including a comparison of experimental and theoretical
results.
4. Appreciate why the theoretical results differ from the experimental ones using the
error analysis as a basis.

Please note that the calculations will be examined during the oral examination, and
must be must be correct in order to pass the examination. Additional marks will be
awarded for the depth of understanding displayed by the examinee.

Reference
Holman, J.P., HEAT TRANSFER

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