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Evaluation of IEEE 57 Bus System For Optimal Power Flow Analysis

This document summarizes an analysis of the IEEE 57 bus system using optimal power flow. The objectives of optimal power flow are to minimize total generation cost and transmission losses. The Newton Raphson method was used to solve the optimal power flow problem. Key aspects of the IEEE 57 bus system were described, including its network configuration with 7 generators and 15 transformers. The methodology used the MATPOWER software to implement the Newton Raphson algorithm to analyze optimal power flow for the 57 bus test case.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
280 views5 pages

Evaluation of IEEE 57 Bus System For Optimal Power Flow Analysis

This document summarizes an analysis of the IEEE 57 bus system using optimal power flow. The objectives of optimal power flow are to minimize total generation cost and transmission losses. The Newton Raphson method was used to solve the optimal power flow problem. Key aspects of the IEEE 57 bus system were described, including its network configuration with 7 generators and 15 transformers. The methodology used the MATPOWER software to implement the Newton Raphson algorithm to analyze optimal power flow for the 57 bus test case.

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Ankur Maheshwari
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Pooja Sharma Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.

com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 5) August 2015, pp.274-278

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Evaluation of IEEE 57 Bus System for Optimal Power Flow


Analysis
Pooja Sharma, Navdeep Batish
Department of Electrical Engineering, SSCET, Badhani, Pathankot, Punjab-145001, India

ABSTRACT
The analysis of load flow in a network under steady state operation is challenging task especially subjected to
inequality constraints in which the system operates. No doubt, that the load flow system analysis is an important
aspect for power system analysis and design. The basic analysis technique for power flow is to find different
parameters including magnitude and phase angle of voltage at each bus with active and reactive power flows in
each transmission lines. Thus, load flow analysis is important numerical analysis for any power system. In this
regard, this experiment is studied to evaluate IEEE 57 bus system for optimal flow analysis.
Keywords - IEEE 57 bus system, active and reactive power, power losses, optimal load flow, Newton Raphson
method.
OPF problem is due to the existence of the nonlinear
I. INTRODUCTION (AC) power flow equality constraints [10]. It has a
Optimal Power flow (OPF) is one of the most significant influence on the economic dispatch and
significant problems for power system planners and secured operation of power systems. The active
operators [1]. The main aim of OPF is to discover power loss, voltage profile and voltage security in a
new techniques for the optimal settings of a given power system are important parameters in optimal
power system network that improve a selected load flow studies [11-13]. Some additional
objective function such as total generation cost, constraints like reactive power capability of
system loss, bus voltage deviation while fulfilling its generators, voltage magnitude limits of load bus etc
load flow equations, system protection, and should also be observed to obtain an optimal solution.
equipment operating limits [2-5]. The basic objective Voltage stability margin is another factor which
of OPF problem is to meet the required load demand needs to be considered while optimizing a power
at minimum production cost, satisfying units’ and system network. In case the power generation
system’s operating constraints, by adjustment of capacity of a system is very close to its power
power system control variables. In other words, demand then installation of few extra power sources
optimal power flow (OPF) problem deals with at some suitable points in the system may improve
finding an optimal operating point of a power system the voltage profile, voltage stability margin along
that minimizes an appropriate cost function such as with reduction of active power loss of the system [14]
generation cost or transmission loss subject to certain [15].
constraints on power and voltage variables. Optimal
power flow is a nonlinear programming problem, II. OPTIMAL POWER FLOW ANALYSIS
which is used extensively to determine optimal The basic objectives of optimal power flow can be
outputs of generators, bus voltage and transformer stated as below:
tap, setting in power system, with a predetermined
objective of minimizing total production cost [6]. In a) To minimize total generation cost:
any power system, the whole network must be Generation cost of any power system network can
capable of withstanding the loss of some or several be represented in terms of fuel cost , labour cost and
transmission lines, transformers or generators, maintenance cost but for simplicity fuel cost is
guaranteeing its security; such outage or loss events considered only to be variable one. Hence the
are often termed probable or credible contingencies generation cost minimization involves minimizing
[7] [8]. These contingencies can be very well handled the fuel cost. Fuel cost can be defined as;
using optimal load flow analysis. In its most general n
formulation, the OPF problem is a nonlinear, non- 
f c  (ai PGi 2  bi PGi  ci ) $/h
i 1
(1)
convex, large scale, static optimization problem with
both continuous and discrete control variables [9]. where ai , bi and ci are generator cost curve
Even in the absence of non-convex unit operating
coefficient. n is the total number of generators. PGi
cost functions, unit prohibited operating zones, and
discrete control variables, the non-convex nature of is the active power of the ith generator. To minimize

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Pooja Sharma Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 5) August 2015, pp.274-278

fuel cost, its derivative is obtained, denoted by considered, hence power flow equations can be
lambda (λ). solved just in few iterations. Keeping in view all
these advantages, Newton Raphson method is
b) To minimize transmission losses: popularly used for load flow studies in a power
Total transmission losses in a power system system. In using Newton Raphson method, a direct
network are represented as; solver is used to solve the linear systems. Basically
N
r an iterative technique is used in this method for
PL   2 K 2 (Vi 2  V j 2  2VV
i j cos( i   j )) (2) obtaining optimal power flow solution.
K 1 rK  xK

where N is the number of transmission lines, ri and IV. IEEE 57 BUS SYSTEM
xi are respectively the resistance and reactance of The standard IEEE 57-bus system consists of 80
transmission lines; seven generators at buses 1, 2, 3,
the transmission line k connecting bus i and bus j. Vi 6, 8, 9, 12; and 15 OLTC transformers.
and V j are the voltage magnitudes at bus i and bus j,
respectively;  i and  j are the voltage angles at bus
i and bus j, respectively.

c) Equality and inequality constraints


consideration:
Equality constraints include power balance
constraints given as;
N M

 PGi   Ploadi  Ploss


i 1 j 1
(3)

where M= total no. of load buses, N= total no. of


generation buses.
Inequality constraints deals with tolerable limits on
generation power, shunt capacitors, transformer taps,
voltage magnitudes, etc. Various inequality
constraints involved in optimal power flow studies
are;
PG min  PGi  PG max (4) Fig. 1. One-line diagram of the IEEE 57 bus test
system.
QG min  QGi  QG max (5)
Vmin  Vi  Vmax (6) V. METHODOLOGY
In present study, optimal power flow study of
Qc min  Qc  Qc max (7) IEEE 57 bus system has been done using Newton
Tapmin  Tapi  Tapmax (8) Raphson power flow algorithm. The MATPOWER
software has been used to run the algorithm. To
To solve optimal power flow problem, no. of perform optimal load flow analysis using Newton
methods have been developed. These include Linear Raphson method, the algorithm developed is as
Programming (LP) method, Newton- Raphson (NR) follows:
method, Quadratic Programming (QP) method, Step 1: Form the nodal admittance matrix (Yij).
Nonlinear Programming (NLP) method, Interior Step 2: Assume an initial set of bus voltage and set
Point (IP) method and Artificial Intelligence (AI) bus n as the reference bus as:
methods. In this paper Newton Raphson method is Vi= Vi, spec. ∠00 (at all PV buses)
being used to carry out optimal power flow study of a Vi= 1∠00 (at all PQ buses)
power system network. Step 3: Calculate the real Power Pi using the load
flow equation;
III. NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD
Pi  Gii Vi   Vi V j  Gij cos ij  Bij sin ij 
n
2
Newton Raphson method is the best opted (9)
method for solving non-linear optimal load flow j 1

equations as it gives better convergence speed as Step 4: Calculate the reactive Power Qi using the load
compare to Gauss-siedel load flow method. The flow equation;
Qi   Bii Vi   Vi V j  Gij sin ij  Bij cos ij  (10)
n
number of iterations involved in Newton Raphson 2
method is independent of number of buses j 1

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Pooja Sharma Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 5) August 2015, pp.274-278

Step 5: Form the Jacobian matrix using sub-matrices Step 10: Calculate generation cost λ by using
H, N, K and L. derivative of fuel cost.
Step 6: Find the power differences ΔPi and ΔQi for all
i=1, 2, 3… (n-1); VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Pi  Pi , spec.  Pi ,cal . Optimal power flow results of IEEE 57 bus
(11) system includes voltage magnitudes, active and
Qi  Qi , spec.  Qi ,cal .
reactive powers and generation and load costs so that
Step 7: Choose the tolerance values. optimal operation of the system can be guaranteed.
Step 8: Stop the iteration if all ΔPi and ΔQi are within Various results obtained using MATPOWER are
the tolerance values. shown in tables below.
Step 9: Update the values of Vi and δi using the
equation xk+1=xk+ Δxk.

Table 1: IEEE 57 bus system optimal bus data


Voltage Generation Load Lambda($/MVA-hr)
Bus Mag(p.u) Ang(deg) P (MW) Q (Mvar) P (MW) Q (Mvar) P Q

1 1.009 0.000* 142.63 44.6 55 17 42.13 -


2 1.008 0.821 87.81 50 3 88 41.756 0.158
3 1.003 -1.169 45.07 28.77 41 21 42.536 -
4 1.006 -1.066 - - - - 42.499 0.011
5 1.016 -0.035 - - 13 4 42.007 0.046
6 1.026 0.881 72.89 7.77 75 2 41.458 -
7 1.024 1.666 - - - - 41.233 0.17
8 1.044 4.724 459.82 87.17 150 22 40.437 -
9 1.004 -0.091 97.55 9 121 26 41.954 0.247
10 0.984 -3.579 - - 5 2 43.207 0.238
11 0.984 -2.244 - - - - 43.011 0.394
12 0.992 -3.488 361.54 43.26 377 24 43.325 -
13 0.978 -3.157 - - 18 2.3 43.419 0.232
14 0.97 -3.517 - - 10.5 5.3 43.522 0.098
15 0.988 -2.545 - - 22 5 43.065 0.096
16 0.991 -3.949 - - 43 3 43.471 0.019
17 0.993 -2.891 - - 42 8 43.118 0.088
18 1.026 -5.297 - - 27.2 9.8 42.533 -0.017
19 0.988 -6.664 - - 3.3 0.6 44.557 0.669
20 0.977 -6.837 - - 2.3 1 44.995 0.916
21 1.015 -6.524 - - - - 45.109 0.719
22 1.015 -6.461 - - - - 45.064 0.711
23 1.014 -6.468 - - 6.3 2.1 45.134 0.742
24 1.017 -5.848 - - - - 45.365 1.008
25 1.001 -10.772 - - 6.3 3.2 45.629 1.227
26 0.976 -5.334 - - - - 45.44 1.073
27 1.013 -2.856 - - 9.3 0.5 43.325 0.708
28 1.033 -1.508 - - 4.6 2.3 42.1 0.491
29 1.05 -0.625 - - 17 2.6 41.148 0.237
30 0.98 -11.36 - - 3.6 1.8 46.75 1.856

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Pooja Sharma Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 5) August 2015, pp.274-278

31 0.951 -12.158 - - 5.8 2.9 48.383 2.781


32 0.96 -11.551 - - 1.6 0.8 47.608 2.51
33 0.958 -11.589 - - 3.8 1.9 47.77 2.591
34 0.967 -7.624 - - - - 47.403 2.24
35 0.973 -7.405 - - 6 3 47.023 2.032
36 0.982 -7.15 - - - - 46.449 1.739
37 0.991 -6.996 - - - - 46.032 1.44
38 1.016 -6.431 - - 14 7 44.917 0.65
39 0.989 -7.022 - - - - 46.114 1.491
40 0.98 -7.142 - - - - 46.488 1.843
41 1.007 -6.414 - - 6.3 3 43.053 0.857
42 0.975 -8.037 - - 7.1 4.4 45.335 1.54
43 1.02 -3.479 - - 2 1 43.018 0.519
44 1.019 -5.911 - - 12 1.8 44.515 0.59
45 1.035 -4.065 - - - - 43.021 0.33
46 1.06 -5.091 - - - - 43.468 -0.652
47 1.034 -6.298 - - 29.7 11.6 44.235 -0.064
48 1.029 -6.329 - - - - 44.441 0.179
49 1.038 -6.339 - - 18 8.5 44.126 0.108
50 1.024 -6.4 - - 21 10.5 44.674 0.619
51 1.052 -4.817 - - 18 5.3 43.153 0.213
52 1.019 -2.162 - - 4.9 2.2 43.444 0.847
53 1.009 -2.829 - - 20 10 44.393 0.991
54 1.029 -2.193 - - 4.1 1.4 43.391 0.676
55 1.059 -1.225 - - 6.8 3.4 41.945 0.177
56 0.975 -8.764 - - 7.6 2.2 46.242 1.237
57 0.97 -9.421 - - 6.7 2 46.83 1.262
-------- -------- -------- --------
Total: 1267.31 270.56 1250.8 336.4

VII. CONCLUSION
In this paper, an IEEE 57 based bus system for
optimal power flow is being discussed. In this
experiment, Newton Raphson method is studied and
discussed to evaluate the optimal conditions
including power losses for this bus system.
Moreover, load flow data is also evaluated. This
technique is studied using MATPOWER simulation
software and the results showed faster convergence
with reliable results.

REFERENCES
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Koridak, “Optimal Power Flow Based on
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Fig. 2: Graph showing losses as per active and Information Science And Engineering, pp.
reactive powers due to branches in IEEE 57 bus 1801-1816, 2007.
system

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ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 5) August 2015, pp.274-278

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