Evaluation of IEEE 57 Bus System For Optimal Power Flow Analysis
Evaluation of IEEE 57 Bus System For Optimal Power Flow Analysis
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ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 5) August 2015, pp.274-278
ABSTRACT
The analysis of load flow in a network under steady state operation is challenging task especially subjected to
inequality constraints in which the system operates. No doubt, that the load flow system analysis is an important
aspect for power system analysis and design. The basic analysis technique for power flow is to find different
parameters including magnitude and phase angle of voltage at each bus with active and reactive power flows in
each transmission lines. Thus, load flow analysis is important numerical analysis for any power system. In this
regard, this experiment is studied to evaluate IEEE 57 bus system for optimal flow analysis.
Keywords - IEEE 57 bus system, active and reactive power, power losses, optimal load flow, Newton Raphson
method.
OPF problem is due to the existence of the nonlinear
I. INTRODUCTION (AC) power flow equality constraints [10]. It has a
Optimal Power flow (OPF) is one of the most significant influence on the economic dispatch and
significant problems for power system planners and secured operation of power systems. The active
operators [1]. The main aim of OPF is to discover power loss, voltage profile and voltage security in a
new techniques for the optimal settings of a given power system are important parameters in optimal
power system network that improve a selected load flow studies [11-13]. Some additional
objective function such as total generation cost, constraints like reactive power capability of
system loss, bus voltage deviation while fulfilling its generators, voltage magnitude limits of load bus etc
load flow equations, system protection, and should also be observed to obtain an optimal solution.
equipment operating limits [2-5]. The basic objective Voltage stability margin is another factor which
of OPF problem is to meet the required load demand needs to be considered while optimizing a power
at minimum production cost, satisfying units’ and system network. In case the power generation
system’s operating constraints, by adjustment of capacity of a system is very close to its power
power system control variables. In other words, demand then installation of few extra power sources
optimal power flow (OPF) problem deals with at some suitable points in the system may improve
finding an optimal operating point of a power system the voltage profile, voltage stability margin along
that minimizes an appropriate cost function such as with reduction of active power loss of the system [14]
generation cost or transmission loss subject to certain [15].
constraints on power and voltage variables. Optimal
power flow is a nonlinear programming problem, II. OPTIMAL POWER FLOW ANALYSIS
which is used extensively to determine optimal The basic objectives of optimal power flow can be
outputs of generators, bus voltage and transformer stated as below:
tap, setting in power system, with a predetermined
objective of minimizing total production cost [6]. In a) To minimize total generation cost:
any power system, the whole network must be Generation cost of any power system network can
capable of withstanding the loss of some or several be represented in terms of fuel cost , labour cost and
transmission lines, transformers or generators, maintenance cost but for simplicity fuel cost is
guaranteeing its security; such outage or loss events considered only to be variable one. Hence the
are often termed probable or credible contingencies generation cost minimization involves minimizing
[7] [8]. These contingencies can be very well handled the fuel cost. Fuel cost can be defined as;
using optimal load flow analysis. In its most general n
formulation, the OPF problem is a nonlinear, non-
f c (ai PGi 2 bi PGi ci ) $/h
i 1
(1)
convex, large scale, static optimization problem with
both continuous and discrete control variables [9]. where ai , bi and ci are generator cost curve
Even in the absence of non-convex unit operating
coefficient. n is the total number of generators. PGi
cost functions, unit prohibited operating zones, and
discrete control variables, the non-convex nature of is the active power of the ith generator. To minimize
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Pooja Sharma Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 5) August 2015, pp.274-278
fuel cost, its derivative is obtained, denoted by considered, hence power flow equations can be
lambda (λ). solved just in few iterations. Keeping in view all
these advantages, Newton Raphson method is
b) To minimize transmission losses: popularly used for load flow studies in a power
Total transmission losses in a power system system. In using Newton Raphson method, a direct
network are represented as; solver is used to solve the linear systems. Basically
N
r an iterative technique is used in this method for
PL 2 K 2 (Vi 2 V j 2 2VV
i j cos( i j )) (2) obtaining optimal power flow solution.
K 1 rK xK
where N is the number of transmission lines, ri and IV. IEEE 57 BUS SYSTEM
xi are respectively the resistance and reactance of The standard IEEE 57-bus system consists of 80
transmission lines; seven generators at buses 1, 2, 3,
the transmission line k connecting bus i and bus j. Vi 6, 8, 9, 12; and 15 OLTC transformers.
and V j are the voltage magnitudes at bus i and bus j,
respectively; i and j are the voltage angles at bus
i and bus j, respectively.
equations as it gives better convergence speed as Step 4: Calculate the reactive Power Qi using the load
compare to Gauss-siedel load flow method. The flow equation;
Qi Bii Vi Vi V j Gij sin ij Bij cos ij (10)
n
number of iterations involved in Newton Raphson 2
method is independent of number of buses j 1
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ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 5) August 2015, pp.274-278
Step 5: Form the Jacobian matrix using sub-matrices Step 10: Calculate generation cost λ by using
H, N, K and L. derivative of fuel cost.
Step 6: Find the power differences ΔPi and ΔQi for all
i=1, 2, 3… (n-1); VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Pi Pi , spec. Pi ,cal . Optimal power flow results of IEEE 57 bus
(11) system includes voltage magnitudes, active and
Qi Qi , spec. Qi ,cal .
reactive powers and generation and load costs so that
Step 7: Choose the tolerance values. optimal operation of the system can be guaranteed.
Step 8: Stop the iteration if all ΔPi and ΔQi are within Various results obtained using MATPOWER are
the tolerance values. shown in tables below.
Step 9: Update the values of Vi and δi using the
equation xk+1=xk+ Δxk.
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ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 5) August 2015, pp.274-278
VII. CONCLUSION
In this paper, an IEEE 57 based bus system for
optimal power flow is being discussed. In this
experiment, Newton Raphson method is studied and
discussed to evaluate the optimal conditions
including power losses for this bus system.
Moreover, load flow data is also evaluated. This
technique is studied using MATPOWER simulation
software and the results showed faster convergence
with reliable results.
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Fig. 2: Graph showing losses as per active and Information Science And Engineering, pp.
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ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 8, (Part - 5) August 2015, pp.274-278
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