Example 5 –Drying

Strawberries contain about 15 wt% solids and 85 wt% water.

To make strawberry jam, crushed strawberries and sugar are
mixed in a 45:55 mass ratio, and the mixture is heated to
evaporate water until the residue contains one-third water by
mass.
a.Draw and label a flowchart of this process
b.Do the degree of freedom analysis
c.Calculate how many pounds of strawberries are needed to
make a pound of jam.
Solution for Example 5

P2
1.0 H2O
Sugar F2

Drying P1 Strawberries jam

F1
0.33 H2O
x for solid
Strawberries
1-x-0.33 for sugar
0.15 solid
0.85 H2O

Ratio F1/F2=45/55=0.82
Cont: Solution for Example 5

Degree of Freedom

Problem Statement:
F1, F2, P1 and P2, x = 5 unknown
3 independent equations = 3 specific equations
Other equation = 1 (ratio of F1/F2 )

Degree of Freedom:
DoF = Unks – IE
= 5-3-1 =+1
Cont.: Solution for Example 5

Take basis of calculation F1= 100 pound

Overall Balance Other information Water Balance

F1 + F2 = P1 + P2 F1/F2=45/55=0.82 85 = 0.33P1 + P2 [3]

100 + F2 = P1 + P2 [1] Given F1=100 pd,

Hence F2=122 pd Solved Eq[2] and
[3] simultaneously
Eq[1] becomes,
P1=204.5 pd
222=P1 + P2 [2]
P2=17.5 pd
Cont.: Solution for Example 5

Take the basis of calculation= 100 pound feed strawberries

Stream INPUT OUTPUT

Solid H2O Sugar Solid H2O Sugar

(pd) (pd) (pd) (pd) (pd) (pd)
F1 15 85 - - - -
F2 - - 122 - - -
P1 - - - 15 67.5 122
P2 - - - - 17.5 -

TOTAL 15 85 122 15 85 122

Cont.: Solution for Example 5

100 pound of feed strawberries will produce 204.5

pound of strawberries jam,
Hence, to produce one pound of jam will required,

(1/204.5)(100)=0.489 pound of strawberries.

Take Home Assignment–Drying

In a processing of dried fish, after oil is extracted, the fish

cake is dried in a dryer. The resulting product contains 65%
protein. In a given batch of fish cake that contains 80%
water (the remainder is dry cake), 100 kg of water is
removed, and it is found that the fish cake is then 40% water.
Calculate the weigh of the fish cake originally put in the
dryer.

Ans: 150 kg fish

Mass Balance in Non-Reactive
System
Multiple Unit
System of Multiple-Unit Processes

• Material Balance Calculation

Industrial chemical processes involved more than
one unit operation

PRODUCT 1
FEED 2

COMPONENT
FEED 1 SPLITTER
MIXER
CATALYTIC
REACTOR

PRODUCT 2
Cont.: System of Multiple-Unit Processes

System of Multiple-Unit Processes

• How many system boundaries exist in this process?

FEED 2
PRODUCT 1

FEED 1 COMPONENT
SPLITTER
MIXER
CATALYTIC
REACTOR

PRODUCT 2
Example 6

A liquid mixture containing 30.0 mole% benzene (B), 25.0% toluene

(T) and the balance xylene (X) is fed to a distillation column. The
bottoms product containing 98.0 mole% X and no B, and 96.0% of the
X in the feed is recovered in this stream. The overhead product is fed
to a second column. The overhead product from the second column
contains 97.0 % of the B in the feed to this column. The composition
of this stream is 94.0 mole% of B and the balance T.
(a) Draw and label flowchart. Do the degree-of-freedom analysis to
prove that for an assumed basis of calculation, molar flowrate and
compositions of all process streams can be calculated from the given
information.
(b) calculate (i) the percentage of the benzene in the process feed (the
feed to the first column) that emerges in the overhead product from the
second column and (ii) the percentage of toluene in the process feed
that emerges in the bottom product from the second column.
Solution for Example 6

(a) Draw and label flowchart. Do the degree-of-freedom analysis to prove that
for an assumed basis of calculation, molar flowrate and compositions of all
process streams can be calculated from the given information.

ṅ1
Cont.: Solution for Example 6

(a) Draw and label flowchart. Do the degree-of-freedom analysis to prove that
for an assumed basis of calculation, molar flowrate and compositions of all
process streams can be calculated from the given information.

5 unknowns
3 independent eqn
1 other equation
DOF = 1

7 unknowns
3 independent eqn
2 other equation
DOF = 2

DOF overall
6 unknowns
3 independent eqn
1 other equation
DOF = 2
Cont.: Solution for Example 6

(b) Calculate (i) the percentage of the benzene in the process feed (the
feed to the first column) that emerges in the overhead product from the
second column and (ii) the percentage of toluene in the process feed
that emerges in the bottom product from the second column.

Solving all the balances and obtain these results:

n3 = 44.1mol/h n4 = 30.92 mol/h
n2 = 55.9mol/h n5 = 24.98 mol/h
xB2 = 0.536molB/h xB5 = 0.036molB/h
xT 2 = 0.431molT/h xT 5 = 0.890 mol T/h
Cont.: Solution for Example 6

(b) Calculate (i) the percentage of the benzene in the process feed (the
feed to the first column) that emerges in the overhead product from the
second column and (ii) the percentage of toluene in the process feed
that emerges in the bottom product from the second column.

0.940(30.92)
Overall Benzene Recovery: x 100% = 97%
0.300(100)
0.890(24.98)
Overall Toluene Recovery: x 100% = 89%
0.250(100)
Mass Balance in Non-Reactive
System
Bypass and Recyle
Bypass and Recycle

Note: OUTPUT
INPUT
At bypass, the
components
mass
fractions “Mixing
“Splitting Bypass
remain the Points”
Points”
same. The
ONLY
difference is OUTPUT INPUT
the mass flow
rate.

Recycle
Example 7

Fresh orange juice contains 12.0 wt% solids and the balance water, and
concentrated orange juice contains 42.0 wt% solids. Initially a single
evaporation process was used for the concentration, but volatile
constituents of the juice escaped with the water, leaving the concentrate
with a flat taste. The current process overcomes the problem by
bypassing the evaporator with a fraction of fresh juice. The juice that
enters the evaporator is concentrated to 58 wt% solids, and the
evaporator product stream is mixed with the bypassed fresh juice to
achieve the desired final concentration.
Draw and label the flowchart. Perform the degrees of freedom
analyses. Calculate the amount of product (42% concentrate) produced
per 100 kg fresh juice fed to the process and the fraction of the feed
that bypasses the evaporator.
Solution for Example 7

Step 1. Draw and label the flowchart.

Mixing
Bypass Point

m3 (kg W)

mo m1 m4 m5
Evaporator
0.12 kg S / kg 0.12 kg S / kg 0.58 kg S / kg 0.42 kg S / kg
0.88 kg W / kg 0.88 kg W / kg 0.42 kg W / kg 0.58 kg W / kg

m2
0.12 kg S / kg
0.88 kg W / kg
Cont.: Solution for Example 7

Step 2. Choose a basis of calculation: Given 100 kg fresh juice.

Step 3. Perform the DoF analysis.

m3 (kg W)

100 kg m1 m4 m5
0.12 kg S / kg 0.12 kg S / kg
Evaporator 0.58 kg S / kg 0.42 kg S / kg
0.88 kg W / kg 0.88 kg W / kg 0.42 kg W / kg 0.58 kg W / kg
m2
0.12 kg S / kg
0.88 kg W / kg
Cont.: Solution for Example 7

Step 3. Perform the DoF analysis (Continuation).

m3 (kg W)

100 kg m1 m4 m5
0.12 kg S / kg 0.12 kg S / kg
Evaporator 0.58 kg S / kg 0.42 kg S / kg
0.88 kg W / kg 0.88 kg W / kg 0.42 kg W / kg 0.58 kg W / kg
m2
0.12 kg S / kg
0.88 kg W / kg
Balances Degrees of Freedom
Overall : 100 = m1 + m2 2 Unks. (m1, m2)
- 1 IE’s
S : (0.12)(100) = 0.12m1 + 0.12m2
Bypass

W : (0.88)(100) = 0.88m1 + 0.88m2 1 DoF

Cont.: Solution for Example 7

Step 3. Perform the DoF analysis (Continuation).

m3 (kg W)

100 kg m1 m4 m5
0.12 kg S / kg 0.12 kg S / kg
Evaporator 0.58 kg S / kg 0.42 kg S / kg
0.88 kg W / kg 0.88 kg W / kg 0.42 kg W / kg 0.58 kg W / kg
m2
0.12 kg S / kg
0.88 kg W / kg

Balances Degrees of Freedom

Overall : m1 = m3 + m4 3 Unks. (m1, m3, m4) -
Evaporator

2 IE’s
S : 0.12m1 = 0.58m4
1 DoF
W : 0.88m1 = 0.42m4 + m3
Cont.: Solution for Example 7

Step 3. Perform the DoF analysis (Continuation).

m3 (kg W)

100 kg m1 m4 m5
0.12 kg S / kg 0.12 kg S / kg
Evaporator 0.58 kg S / kg 0.42 kg S / kg
0.88 kg W / kg 0.88 kg W / kg 0.42 kg W / kg 0.58 kg W / kg
m2
0.12 kg S / kg
0.88 kg W / kg

Balances Degrees of Freedom

Overall : m4 + m2 = m5 3 Unks. (m2, m4, m5) -
Mixing Point

2 IE’s
S : 0.12m2 + 0.58m4 = 0.42m5
1 DoF
W : 0.88m2 + 0.42m4 = 0.58m5
Cont.: Solution for Example 7

Step 4. Do the algebra. Solve the balance equations.

Calculate the amount of product (42% concentrate) produced per 100 kg fresh
juice fed to the process and the fraction of the feed that bypasses the
evaporator.

Let’s start with the Overall Process because DoF = 0

Recall the material balances for overall process
Overall: 100 = m3 + m5 1
S: (0.12)(100) = 0.42m5 2
W: (0.88)(100) = m3 + 0.58m5 3
Cont.: Solution for Example 7

71.4 (kg W)

100 kg m1 m4 28.6 kg
0.12 kg S / kg 0.12 kg S / kg
Evaporator 0.58 kg S / kg 0.42 kg S / kg
0.88 kg W / kg 0.88 kg W / kg 0.42 kg W / kg 0.58 kg W / kg
m2
0.12 kg S / kg
0.88 kg W / kg
Cont.: Solution for Example 7

Step 4. Do the algebra. Calculate the amount of product (42%

concentrate) produced per 100 kg fresh juice fed to the process and the
fraction of the feed that bypasses the evaporator (Continuation).

71.4 (kg W)

100 kg m1 18.70 kg 28.6 kg

0.12 kg S / kg 0.12 kg S / kg
Evaporator 0.58 kg S / kg 0.42 kg S / kg
0.88 kg W / kg 0.88 kg W / kg 0.42 kg W / kg 0.58 kg W / kg

9.95 kg
0.12 kg S / kg
0.88 kg W / kg

m2 9.95
The bypass fraction = =
100 100
= 0.0995
Example 8
Protein is recovered according to a process shown in Figure 1. A
protein solution with a concentration of 10 wt% is fed to the system at
10,000 kg/h (stream 1). In the first treatment (U-101), reverse osmosis
membrane is used to concentrate the protein, in U-101, 50% of water
in stream 1 is removed (as stream 2), while the concentrate (stream 3)
is sent to a mixing unit (M-101) where it combines with a recycle
stream. The product of M-101 is then sent to protein recovery unit (U-
102) as stream 4. Three streams emerge from U-102, pure water
(stream 5), recovered pure solid protein (stream 6) and mother liquor
solution (stream 7) containing 50% of protein. The mother liquor is
recycled to M-101. The U-102 operates at feed stream (stream 4) to
recycle stream (stream 7) ratio of 11.