Smartphone Addiction Class Report Final
Smartphone Addiction Class Report Final
SMARTPHONE USAGE AND ADDICTION
AMONG THE STUDENTS OF
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A successful project can never be prepared by a single effort. It
demands the help and guardianship of conversant people who have
helped actively and passively in the completion of the undersigned
project.
Firstly, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our teacher,
Prof. P.C. Joshi for giving us the opportunity to carry out the project
on ‘Smartphone Usage and Addiction Level in Delhi University Students’.
We are thankful for his precious suggestions and constructive
guidance. The systematic preparation of this project would not have
been achieved without his constant encouragement and support. We
are highly indebted for the same.
We would also like to thank Dr. Vipin Gupta for his insightful
comments and suggestions on the presentation.
Lastly, we would like to thank the present second year batch of B.Sc.
(H) Anthropology for contributing in the compilation and presentation
of the project. We thank them for putting consistent efforts in orderly
analysing and interpreting the collected data without which the
completion of the project would not have been possible.
CONTENTS
I. List of Tables
II. List of Graphs
1. Introduction
2. Aim
3. Objectives
4. Hypotheses
5. Methods
6. Findings and Result
7. Interpretation and Analysis
8. Limitations
9. Suggestions
10.Conclusion
11.References
LIST OF TABLES
I. Table A- Average ranking of activities corresponding to various
parameters (Highest To Lowest Rank-1 to 13)
II. Table B- Socio-Demographic Information
III. Table C- Usage Duration of various categories
IV. Table D- Addiction Level corresponding to various parameters
V. Table E- Usage Pattern Of Smartphone Among The Students Of
Delhi University w.r.t. Gender
VI. Table F- Usage Pattern Of Smartphone Among The Students Of
Delhi University w.r.t. Income Level
VII. Table G- Usage Pattern Of Smartphone Among The Students Of
Delhi University w.r.t. Age Group
VIII. Table H- Usage Pattern Of Smartphone Among The Students Of
Delhi University w.r.t. Sincerity Judgement
IX. Table I- Usage Pattern Of Smartphone Among The Students Of
Delhi University w.r.t. Social Amicability
X. Table 1- Smartphone Usage Duration of Males and Females
XI. Table 2- Relation Between Income Level and Preferred Use for
Communication Activities among Males
XII. Table 3- Relation between sincerity and usage preference for
study related activities
XIII. Table 4- Difference between Addiction level of Smartphone users
on the basis of Social Amicability
XIV. Table 5- Difference in Usage and Addiction level between Junior
and Senior Age Groups
LIST OF GRAPHS
I.
Graph A- Socio-Demographic Information Of A Total
Of 1206 Participants
II. Graph B- Addiction Level w.r.t. various parameters
III. Graph 1- Smartphone usage Duration of Males and
Females
IV. Graph 2- Mean rank of Communicational Activities
V. Graph 3- Sincerity and Usage for Study
VI. Graph 4- % of Addicted Individuals (Social
Amicability-wise)
VII. Graph 5- % of Addicted Individuals (Age-wise)
INTRODUCTION
A mobile phone is considered to be the most dominant communication device.
In 1973, the Motorola Company first demonstrated mobile phone and made it
commercially available from 1983,[5]. Nowadays, advanced mobile phones with
more computing capabilities and connectivity, referred to as ‘Smartphone’ has
caused a tech revolution,[8]. It gained mainstream popularity with the
introduction of Apple's’ iPhone in 2007, providing customer friendly features like
touch screen interface and a virtual keyboard,[8]. It has other important features
like internet access, Wi-Fi connectivity, Bluetooth, data transfer, and is capable
of running various applications. The two widely used functions of a Smartphone
are communication and entertainment.
Over the years, this technological advancement has been revolutionized to a
great extent. Its growth in terms of market value and usage, among the
population has exponentially increased. The smartphone world is expanding at
a fast pace with already more than 2.53 billion smartphone users in the world,
[8]. In recent years, the penetration rate of smartphone usage has increased
many folds especially among college and university students, due to its wide
range of applications.
Smartphones were developed and have been used for the beneficial purposes
like connecting around the world, gathering and transferring information and
more. But the present concern is that its popularization has hazardously
increased its overuse. In 2012, New Time Mobility Poll reported that 84% people
“couldn't go a single day without their mobile devices”,[11]. Smartphone
overuse can be a sign of Smartphone addiction, which is presently an emergent
public health issue.
As per Wikipedia, Smartphone addiction is a dependence syndrome, which is a
kind of psychological dependence seen among it’s certain users who exhibit
problematic behaviors. The users might frequently check their phones
unreasonably, they might feel anxious or restless without the phone, wake up in
the middle of night to check notifications and communication updates, show
delay in work performance as a result of prolonged phone activities, and get
distracted due to use of Smartphone applications,[5]. “This behavior may reduce
thinking capabilities, affect cognitive functions, and induce extreme
dependency”,[5]. Excessive smartphone use has impacted severely the users’
life with mental and physical health problems. The prevalence can
predominantly be seen affecting many adolescents and adults. This addiction
and withdrawal from using the device might increase anger, tension, depression,
or cause irritation and restlessness in an individual which affects his or her
physiological behavior and reduces work efficacy, [5]. Sociologists,
psychologists, and scholars of education visualize it as a kind of mental
impairment resulting from this modern technology,[5].
In addition to above psychological health problems, it has also been associated
with physical health problems. “For instance, due to small screen size, touch
panel, hand holding, and using Smartphone for long durations increase the risk
of ocular diseases, dysfunction of fingers, neck pain, and other musculoskeletal
problems. Moreover, smartphone overuse also leads to disturbance in daily life,
as it distracts people, distorts their perception of time, and negatively affects
productivity and interpersonal relationships. Also, smartphone overuse
swallows up time that could have been spent in a more constructive way and is
therefore linked with other lifestyle risk behavior like physical inactivity”, [7].
Another adverse effect of smartphone overuse is slowed reaction time and
increased distraction, both of which are associated with accidents and
injuries,[7]. Pedestrians using smartphones like drivers also have a high risk of
road accidents and it is because a smartphone reduces situational awareness
and distracts which leads to loss of concentration on the roads,[7]. In a nutshell,
smartphone addiction has precariously spread as an epidemic, especially
among the youth.
In the light of this threatening public health issue, the scope of the study is to
look into age and gender specific usage pattern and addiction level of
smartphone.
AIM
To asses the pattern of usage and smartphone addiction in
Delhi University students using secondary data provided
OBJECTIVES
1. To study the usage patterns among students of Delhi
University.
2. To study addiction level among the students of Delhi
University.
HYPOTHESES
1. There is no difference between the male and female
students w.r.t. the usage of smartphone.
2. Males with high income use phone more for
communicational activities than males with low income.
3. The level of sincerity is directly proportional to usage of
phone for study related activities.
4. Introverts are more addicted to smartphones.
5. Junior students show higher rate of Smartphone addiction
and usage than seniors.
METHODS
Compilations of data was done with the help of Microso Excel using tables and
filter options present in the excel. Mean average formula was used to find the
average of the whole data which was presented in the form of ranking system.
In the questionnaire, the participants have given ranks to different applications
according to their usage: rank 1 for being the most preferred and rank 13 being
the least preferred.
So, the average rank of the applications is determined by its closeness to the
lower rank, as is the case with any ranking system, for example, rank 1 is better
than rank 6. A erwards, the requisite data sample was converted into their
corresponding percentages using the percentage formula. Additionally, the
representation of the data was done with the help of bar graph, column graph,
line graph and pie charts for each hypothesis. And finally, each group combined
the data, analysis, interpretation, results and discussion into a single report.
Data from 1206 questionnaires was observed. Some sheets however lacked
certain information and thus the total values in various categories varies
because of lack of data in certain options.
Table B- Socio-Demographic Information
Table E- Usage Pattern Of Smartphone Among The Students Of Delhi
University
w.r.t. Income Level
High Income Level Medium Income Level Low Income Level
Table F- Usage Pattern Of Smartphone Among The Students Of Delhi
University
w.r.t. Age Group
Junior Senior
Table G- Usage Pattern Of Smartphone Among The Students Of Delhi
University
w.r.t. Sincerity Judgement
Very Sincere Sincere Less Sincere
GENERAL
Students nowadays spend 2-6 hours on their smartphones as per our study, and ignore
the harm caused by it in theirs studies and health.Cases like these are multiplying at
an alarming rate in the Indian student population. Therefore,this study
attempts to sketch the diverse reasons for smartphone addiction among the college
students. Smartphone addiction is a behavioural addiction which leads to overuse of
smartphones, a condition called ‘dependence syndrome’ as quoted by WHO. Although
smartphone use has been increasing in all economic and age sectors, university
students are considered as one of the most important target population in its markets.
And are also the largest consumer groups of smartphone services.
These are certain reasons for some implications that are found in this study.
● Why people don’t own smartphone?
- In this era too, there are people who disown a smartphone. Reason is the
retaliating behavior towards feeling addicted to a smartphone.
- There are economic reasons also, majority of people prefer laptops for
emails, reading, etc.
● Girls are more addicted than boys
- Women’s desires for networking and communication are far stronger than
men’s which drive them to become more addicted to smartphone.
- In Delhi’s context, Safety is an issue. Boys have freedom to hangout as a
pastime and girls don’t, they spend their time mostly on their phones
gossiping, shopping, etc.
● Usage duration is a little high but the addiction level is low for extroverts in
comparison to introverts.
- This is because they (extroverts) talk a lot, have large social circle, does
watches more videos, play more games and do more shopping.
- They are less addicted to their smartphone but spend more time using it.
● Mobile phones are still used for its conversational purpose. Calling still tops
the chart. In modern times also, smartphone has retained its conceptualized
meaning.
● Less sincere students are highly addicted because they spend leisure time
over their phone. Enjoyment, entertainment and fun over phone are what
they took for that tries to help them in keeping busy on phone.
● Low income category is highly addicted, and then middle income and then
high income individuals.
- JORDAN BIRNHOLTZ state that the horrible reason which can be attributed
is that ubiquity of smartphone provide easier ways to enhance financial
lives, helps in searching data, to provide better options. Along with this
they call frequently.
- Middle income individuals are addicted due to study related reasons-
7.076, significantly higher than others.
- High income individuals are least addicted because their social space is
large; they have more money to physically experience things.
● Boys will be boys and girls will be girls. When it comes to gaming.
● Tipping point is the borderline timing. Sleep, make eat, so 2-4 is fine timing.
Excess of anything is dangerous.Smartphone are very useful but being dependent on
them leads to smartphone addiction.The possible reasons that students are addicted
to use their smartphones is that they are not aware of its harmful consequences on
health,time management, social life, finance and academic achievement currently as
well as in the future . And even if they know, they tend to ignore them.
Hypothesis 1: THERE IS NO MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALES AND
FEMALES WITH RESPECT TO USAGE OF MOBILE PHONE. (true)
Table 1- Smartphone Usage Duration of Males and Females
Males 2.411
Females 2.432
This study sees a clear distinction between males and females, and asserts that boys will be
boys and girls will be girls, when it comes to the pattern of usage of smartphone. Be it how
women outnumber men w.r.t. applications like calling, messaging, music, etc. but still there’s
no major difference between males and females w.r.t. usage of mobile. It seems to emphasize
on the fact that the gender-neutral phone features like access to social networks, long battery
life and others like camera, video etc. are actually same across all gender lives in coming
terms with usage. So, the smartphone companies aiming at this gender neutral market base
have actually succeeded if we go by this hypothesis.
Although, there are several hyper gendered products/features being marketed but still it is
hard to create a major difference.
If we see the time duration which lies between 2-4 hours for both males and females is quite
evidently proving the hypothesis true. This is 21st century and both genders have equal access
to all needs and desires, be it a smartphone or any other thing. This leads to the ownership of
good quality smartphone and as the study caters to the DU students who generally have a
likeness of a same kind of timetable and routine travels back to home, the duration of usage
comes off as an indicator that same universe, leads to same choices and hence the
heterogeneity decreases. So, patterning is very similar. Also, age plays a key role in
determining the choices. Functional approaches and cheaper access to all apps is a factor
which plays same for both genders.
Hypothesis 2: HIGH INCOME MALES USE THEIR SMARTPHONES MORE FOR
COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES THAN LOW INCOME MALES. (false)
Table 2- Relation Between Income Level and Preferred Use for Communication
Activities among Males
High 3.56
Medium 3.66
Low 3.577
This hypothesis has proven to be false, attributing to the fact that both the groups are not
earning by themselves and still fall into the category of students. So both groups shares amity
when using phones either for studying purposes or for communication activities. DU is a
platform for all and tends to provide similar treatment to all. It overloads there income
generalities. Correlating with this with a common base as North Campus Students will be
under the influence of one another in certain things and communication activities being one
of it. Also, the communication activities are coming off in a same average because the phones
are differently used for different purposes like information surfing and transactional behavior
by young students (PEW STUDY, 2015). Higher income and lower income individuals, they
differ in obtaining certain kind of information but not in calling and messaging.
Hypothesis 3: THE LEVEL OF SINCERITY IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE
USAGE OF THEIR SMARTPHONE FOR STUDY RELATED ACTIVITIES. (true)
Table 3- Relation between sincerity and usage preference for study related
activities
Sincere 7.411
“The secret of success is sincerity” -- Jean Giraudoux
Extrovert 89.49
Introvert 91.9
Yes, introverts are more addicted to smartphone than extroverts. The pattern difference is
stark which shows that they call, listen to music, read mostly in a higher average than
extroverts. How personality drives smartphone addiction is visibly a parameter that has to be
looked upon. This hypothesis goes with the natural personality and instincts of the introverts.
They are generally the ones brimming with thoughts and internal care for their peers, family
and others and are generally shy lot who are not driven by the sense of being connected in a
physical environment. They always feel comfortable when the barrier in physical environment
exists. So, in a virtual space that smartphone provide, the barriers exist and thus they feel free
to connect over smartphone, and hence are being more addicted than extroverts.
This is the section of students who are “offline introvert/online extrovert”—Mark Collier; a
social media strategist explains. Extroverts are sociable, talkative, action oriented.
Hypothesis 5: JUNIORS ARE MORE ADDICTED TO SMARTPHONES THAN
SENIORS. (false)
Junior 90.21
Senior 92.66
Senior calls- 2.719, they have more exposure to smartphone addiction. Seniors are using
mobile phones more for shopping, more for reading; smartphone acts as a leisure device for
them, seniors have more hands on emailing and formal communication. Juniors go by saying
“less is more”.
Seniors view their smartphone as an integral part of who they are, as an extension of
themselves. They have more mundane exigencies of life and more dependency on phone.
SUGGESTIONS
A disturbingly common scene, none other than University students spilling out of their
classrooms head bowed and reading a screen on their iPhones, is bothering social scientists
all over the world. The malaise is no less common in Indian universities. According to a
Facebook official millennial look at their phone 150 times a day on an average. With the
number of Indian Facebook users to reach 260 million by 2020, the nation is about to meet
with the ghastlier version of an ongoing crisis. Jean Twenge, a psychology professor at San
Diego university and the author of “ G :W ’ S -C K A
G U L R , M T , L H ” in her study describes how
the time spent on screen is reflective in a teenage melancholy. The study which scrutinized
data from 500,000 American teenagers found that adolescents who spent more time on
Facebook, Snapchat, Instagram etc. are more likely to identify with remarks such as “The
future o en seems hopeless” or “I can’t do anything right”.
The results and analysis of our original study assents to the higher rate of smartphone
addiction among the subjects studied. It is necessary to embrace the technological
advancement that the century has gi ed its population, but at a point where it is evading
healthy social and mental spaces required acts of control are to be resorted to. Teenagers
o en find it difficult to step into straight and direct ways of control. The dopamine surge that
social media is proved to effect in the user make it more complex to tackle. At this point
effective ways of control have to be enforced strategically in a systematized manner. The
following tips can be put to use.
1. Turn off Notifications
Most of the social media platforms are designed in a way that they draw continuous and
instant attention. Activities are notified to the users in order to ensure attentive participation.
Your social applications doesn’t need your immediate attention as they can be checked out at
a later stage.
By turning off notifications it is possible to stop frequent usage of social media applications.It
is not necessary to know the responses towards one’s social media activities instantly. They
can wait and can be checked altogether at a pre-decided interval of time. By assigning a
specific time, the users can still maintain his contacts over the media while putting a check on
the frequency of usage. If the usage is less frequent we can effectively stop social media being
an ingrained habit.
2. Uninstalling Irrelevant Apps
Smart phones usually come with an array of different applications. These apps need to be
filtered according to their relevancy. If we avoid the possibility of exploring these irrelevant
apps, the smartphone becomes mundane and the user might choose to stay away.
Applications for popular social media platforms can be deleted and used through any
browser or a more recommended desktop.
This will prevent social media websites being handier and decreases the dangers of addiction.
It would also increase the internal space on your phones so your phone would run and work a
faster pace than earlier.
3. Fixing Boundaries
Usage of smartphones can be restricted in some daily life situations where the possibility of
looking into the screen is more frequent. It is highly likely that people use their smartphones
when they feel relaxed. These more or less informal situations need to be identified to limit
the usage at these situations. Some possible situations and control are,
● No phone usage at the dining table
● No phone usage at the restrooms.
● No phone usage at social gatherings.
● No phone usage during informal and personal conversations.
4. Restrictions at Home
Spend more time socializing with family members and invest on building strong relationships.
Majority of the smartphone users go to bed with their phone. Charging the smartphone can
be done away from the bed. This will stop the urge to check phone immediately a er waking
up and before going to sleep.
Use a watch to keep track of the time and a separate alarm clock. This will further reduce the
usage of phone for basic purposes. If usage is less frequent for basic purposes addiction might
gradually wear off.
5. Using Applications to Track Smartphone Usage
RescueTime- Application offered in android. Provide a detailed breakdown of smartphone
activity
Moment-Application provided by iOS. Offer Provisions to set usage limits and notifications
regarding control.
Appdetox –Enables the user to set smartphone rules. Number of times opening a particular
app can be controlled.
Modern lifestyle makes it easier and happier to shrink into a world of “Me, Myself and
Smartphone”. Many studies conducted all over the world have produced results linking
addicted usage of smart phones to serious levels of depression, anxiety and hopelessness
prevalent among younger populations. Psychologists in the United States have found
themselves struggling to understand if the increased rates of teenagers admitted in hospitals
for suicidal thoughts were related to the surge in the usage of smartphone. Although, there
are studies which refuse to agree. They try to focus on the better parts of connectivity and
accessibility that social media has to offer. This is suggestive of the fact that, more or less,
social media is what the user makes of it. It can be productive if used to maintain connections
and productive discussions rather than boasting about exotic vacations and fancy social
events.
6. Get a real time alarm clock
It’s tempting to reach for your phone first thing in the morning, especially if your phone is the
thing that woke you up. Banish temptation and decrease your dependence on the
smartphones by getting a alarm clock which will wake you up in the morning. So avoid
starting your day by looking first at your phones.
7. Try turning on your phone’s grayscale
One of the most jarring ways to curb the time you spend on your smartphone is to make its
screen much less desirable to look at.
Time Well Spent, a nonprofit focused on changing our relationships to technology,
recommends switching your phone to grayscale to remove the "shiny rewards" that colorful
icons give you every time you unlock.
CONCLUSION
Smartphone usage and addiction in contemporary times has developed as a universally
accepted fact as the device has proved to be handy and highly efficient which has made it an
integral part of everyday life. College students have grown up to be an important target group
for smartphone market. Present study sought to explore the smartphone usage pattern and
addiction level among university students. Data collected for this study is representative of
the entire population and the findings have been successfully applied to develop general
trends for the population under study.
As the research has demonstrated, most widely used smartphone functions are
communication and entertainment, followed by reading. As students spend a lot of time on
smartphones (at an average 4 hours per day), a major issue is raised here, less involvement of
students in use of smartphones for study-based activities, which may negatively affect their
academic performance. Usage patterns for various smartphone functions indicate many
trends, which are useful in assessing the overall problem. Average scores indicate that
students of Delhi University are addicted to smartphones which clearly indicates seriousness
of the problem.
Many of the symptoms of smartphone addiction are not well defined and can not be observed
directly, which clearly indicates how important it is to conduct effective studies and proper
research in this area. It is not an isolated phenomena and has a cause and effect relation with
many other factors. To get a better insight to the problem, various independent variables
including gender, age, family income, sincerity and social amicability have been used, on
basis of which, general trends for the study population have been developed, which can
further be used to develop strategies to combat the problem.
Smartphone addiction leads to several social, psychological and biological problems which
according to WHO are important to public health scientists who are concerned with
developing overall health of population, to which smartphone addiction poses a big threat,
not directly, but through various side effects, like depression, insomnia, eye-sight problems,
postural deformities, and many more. No government policies will ever prove to be as
effective in regulating smartphone overuse as will be self regulation. According to Science
Direct, smartphone usage positively affects smartphone addiction whereas self regulation
negatively affects it. Findings of the study also indicate that to get rid of such dependency,
efforts must be put at grass root level, for which motivation among individuals is very
important.
It is high time to realise the importance of reducing dependency of students on smartphones
and to make them realise that social life is not what one lives in the digital space, but what
results from face to face interaction. Most of the problems related to smartphone overuse,
dependency and addiction are to be addressed as soon as possible if quality of human life is
to be improved.
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Methods SMRITI
ROHIT KUMAR
ISHA SHERA
ISHA JAIN
JANANI ILAMPARITHI
Results
DUTTNATH THAKUR
ARCHITA TANDON
MOHAMMAD YASIN
Limitations and Suggestions
NITI MISHRA
JANANI ILAMPARITHI
Observation and Tables
DUTTNATH THAKUR
SHIVANI
Analysis
ARCHITA TANDON
THIYAM SEITYAJIT
HARIKRISHNAN P
BIKRAM MEITEI
SHAKSHI DAHIYA
ASHIMA PADIYAL
SRISHTI CHANDRA
MANISHA RATHEE
Conclusion
DIVYANSHI TOMAR
RUCHIKA BARGALI
ISHA SHERA
References
ROHIT KUMAR
SHIVANI
Compilation of the Project Report
JANANI ILAMPARITHI
MANISHA RATHEE
Cover Page
SHIVANI
Coordination ARCHITA TANDON