Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Figure 9.34: Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves for Yola

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Figure 9.35: Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves for Zaria

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

11581019.421711747.51
11601358.51192.11168.8
17271230.259711481188
Year 582 532.31791243112202270
642647.39771113
503.8 .3

Dec 130.2010
11027228 0711729
50000 0000

Nov 100.13621972 3840100.24

110.200.30 02260580
0053

Oct 11434262196164 1245177.91514.1 2001161290105 62.7240233119256

199.78033

Sep 204173315271202 22225123015775.5 220219109218220 60305389202345 88100205218

147260311342143.6
Aug 110280320253114 134207199216260 242268358186324 206180190315

148258236.2281153.3
Month180231343268211 222174166166202 114249377170370 184195168218
Jun
Jul 185223181.527767.8
164160262263273 37519271230180 38.8261352176261 93101155160

161180100.67033.6
May 135103225231204 24215231116144 11.8238265152272 35.451.6123115

Apr 13133188170166 93105442514.3 15710797966 2.5114196122142 15.55.84545

Table 9.1:
Mean
MonthlyMar 635.211261.294 452710.31.141.6 0.76212162119
Rainfall in 733801810 104183
mm (1995
to 2005)Feb 310.11407.643 0.11003
1130.60.40 3518020.6 017371553

Altitude No50175.711 80.3000 183020.5 0832428

ofmetre years 0000
Jan
2121212121 2121212121 2121212121 2121212121 21212121

3611269635465509
665997722438 341405110254 2702256928564 407345173630

North EastLat 3.246.4413.058.326.32 11.035.1612.287.44

3.29.55.387.293.2 4.38.547.278.327.41 12.88.427.023.27.01
Long

7.1110.186.186.270.635
8.269.5210.3612.0213.01
6.777.4811.517.449.37 11.4313.019.1311.06
10.56.395.38.694.51

AbeokoutaBauchiBenin LAGOSLokojaMaiduguri PotiskumSokotoYolaZ

NgenOgajaOwerriShakiPort
CityEnuguIKEJA IlorinJosKadunaKANOKa
MakurdiMinna
Station Harcourt aria
tsina

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Figure
9.36: Map
showing
mean
annual
precipitati
on for
Nigeria

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Figure
9.37: Map
showing
mean
annual
maximum
temperatu
re for
Nigeria

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Figure
9.38: Map
showing
mean
annual
minimum
temperatu
re for
Nigeria

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

10: Appendix 1B: Rainfall IDF Maps of Nigeria

Figure 10.1: 10-year rainfall for duration of 10-minutes

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Figure 10.2: 10-year rainfall for duration of 30-minutes

Figure 10.3: 10-year rainfall for duration of 1 hour

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Figure 10.4: 10-year rainfall for duration of 3 hours

Figure 10.5: 25-year rainfall for duration of 15 minutes

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Figure 10.610.7: 25-year rainfall for duration of 30 minutes

Figure 10.8: 25-year rainfall for duration of 1 hour

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Figure 10.9: 25-year rainfall for duration of 24 hour

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

11: Appendix 2: Design Software

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Several public domain hydraulic design software programs are available for free
download from the internet and can be used to simplify and streamline the hydraulic
design process. The following programs will be briefly described in this manual:

 HY-8

 HEC-RAS

 FHWA Hydraulic Toolbox

 EPA-SWMM

a. HY-8

HY-8, developed by the US Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), is a

culvert design software program that can be freely downloaded from the FHWA
website (www.fhwa.org) and is classified as public domain software. Input data
are design discharge range, tailwater channel geometry, a roadway cross-
section and an embankment template. Any commercially available culvert
alternative material and size can easily be selected and a performance curve
produced that is compared to design targets. The screen shots below show
examples of the design input data screen, culvert results summary table screen
and water surface profile screen for HY-8, respectively.

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Further information on the theoretical basis of HY-8, its application and limitations
can be found in the help documentation accompanying the program, as well as the
FHWA publication, Hydraulic Design of Highway Culverts, 3rd Edition (2012).

b. HEC-RAS

HEC-RAS is a public domain software program developed by the US Army

Corps of Engineers for the calculation of water surface profiles in open
channels. The program is one-dimensional, meaning that there is no direct
modelling of the hydraulic effect of cross section shape changes, bends, and
other two- and three-dimensional aspects of flow. The basic computational
procedure of HEC-RAS for steady flow is based on the solution of the one-
dimensional energy equation. Energy losses are evaluated by friction and
contraction / expansion. The momentum equation may be used in situations
where the water surface profile is rapidly varied. These situations include
hydraulic jumps, hydraulics of bridges, and evaluating profiles at river
confluences.

For unsteady flow, HEC-RAS solves the full, dynamic, Saint-Venant equation
using an implicit, finite difference method.

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

HEC-RAS is equipped to model a network of channels, a dendritic system or a

single river reach. Certain simplifications must be made in order to model some
complex flow situations using the HEC-RAS one-dimensional approach. It is
capable of modelling subcritical, supercritical, and mixed flow regime flow along
with the effects of bridges, culverts, weirs, and structures. Shown below are
some examples of the HEC-RAS user interface and results output screens.

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

c. FHWA Hydraulic Toolbox

The FHWA Hydraulic Toolbox Program is a stand-alone suite of calculators that

performs routine hydrologic and hydraulic computations. The program allows a
user to perform and save hydraulic calculations in one project file, analyse
multiple scenarios, and create plots and reports of these analyses. The program
is public domain software and can be freely downloaded from the FHWA
website (www.fhwa.dot.gov).

Ten calculators are available for project development:

(i) Channel Analysis – allows the user to solve for either flow or depth for a

range of channel shapes, including trapezoidal, triangular, circular and

irregular (user defined).

(ii) Channel Lining Design Analysis – allows the user to design stable side

drains/ channels using four available channel lining types based on

allowable shear stresses: rock (small riprap, cobble, and gravel),
vegetation (grass, etc.), rolled erosion control product (RECP) and
gabion mattress.

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

(iii) Weir Analysis – offers seven types of weir for analysis, including

rectangular, trapezoidal and v-notch (with various angles) and allows

the user to solve for either head or flow.

(iv) Kerb and Gutter Analysis – allows the user to calculate the design flow

or the width of spread for uniform or compound gutters.

(v) Median/Ditch Drop-Inlet Analysis – computes the amount of flow

captured and by-passed by a typical drop-inlet placed in the bottom of

median, roadside, or similar ditch/ drain.

(vi) Rational Method Hydrologic Analysis – can be used to enter the

variables required to compute discharge rate by the Rational Method.

The calculator is setup for North American conditions, but does allow
for entry of user specified IDF data for other locations.

(vii) Detention Basin Analysis – allows the user to route an inflow

hydrograph through a detention basin to generate an outflow

hydrograph. The calculator allows the user to specific the inflow
hydrograph, the storage relationship for the basin and the outlet
structure dimensions and characteristics.

(viii) Riprap Analysis – offers eight applications for designing rock riprap

armour protection / scour countermeasures, including channel

revetment, bridge piers, bridge abutments, embankment overtopping,
culvert outlets and wave attack.

(ix) Rock—Sediment Gradation Analysis – allows the user to compute

gradation information from pebbles counts conducted in the field or

from high resolution digital images (photographs) of any surface
composed of discrete particles.

(x) Culvert Assessment Analysis – a project-level tool that identifies

suggested culvert rehabilitation, repair, and replacement methods

based on the findings of field assessments conducted in accordance
with FHWA’s Culvert Assessment and Decision-Making Procedures.

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

There are modules that save notes and reports with the analysis results. These
results can be printed at the user’s discretion.

d. EPA-SWMM

The United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Stormwater Management

Model (SWMM) was first developed in 1971, and has since undergone several
major upgrades. It continues to be widely used throughout the world for
planning, analysis and design related to stormwater runoff, combined sewers,
sanitary sewers, and other drainage systems in urban areas, with many
applications in non-urban areas as well.

This general-purpose urban hydrology and conveyance system hydraulics

software is a dynamic rainfall-runoff simulation model used for single event or
long-term (continuous) simulation of runoff quantity and quality from primarily
urban areas. The runoff component of SWMM operates on a collection of sub-
catchment areas that receive precipitation and generate runoff and pollutant
loads. The routing portion of SWMM transports this runoff through a system of
pipes, channels, storage/treatment devices, pumps, and regulators. SWMM
tracks the quantity and quality of runoff generated within each sub-catchment,
and the flow rate, flow depth, and quality of water in each pipe and channel
during a simulation period comprised of multiple time steps.

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

EPA has recently extended SWMM 5 to explicitly model the hydrologic

performance of specific types of low impact development (LID) controls, such as
porous pavement, bio-retention areas (e.g., rain gardens, green roofs, and street
planters), rain barrels, infiltration trenches, and vegetative swales. The updated
model allows engineers and planners to accurately represent any combination of
LID controls within a study area to determine their effectiveness in managing
stormwater and combined sewer overflows.

Running under Windows, SWMM 5 provides an integrated environment for

editing study area input data, running hydrologic, hydraulic and water quality
simulations, and viewing the results in a variety of formats. These include
colour-coded drainage area and conveyance system maps, time series graphs
and tables, profile plots, and statistical frequency analyses.

The screen shot below shows an example of the main user interface for EPA-
SWMM 5.

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

12: Appendix 3: Culvert Design Nomographs

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

INLET-CONTROL NOMOGRAPHS

Figure 12.1 through Figure 12.6

Instructions for Use

a. To determine headwater (HW)

Connect with a straightedge the given culvert diameter or height (D) and the
discharge Q, or Q/B for box culverts; mark intersection of straightedge or HW/3;
scale marked. (1).

If HW/D scale marked (1) represents entrance type used, read HW/D on scale
(1). If some other entrance type is used extend the point of intersection in (a)
horizontally on scale (2) or (3) and read HW/D.

Compute HW by multiplying HW/D by D.

b. To determine culvert size

Given an HW/D value, locate HW/D on scale for appropriate entrance type. If
scale (2) or (3) is used extend HW/D point horizontally to scale (1).

Connect point on HW/D scale (1) as found in (a) above to given discharge and
read diameter, height of size of culvert required.

c. To determine discharge (Q)

Given HW and D, located HW/D on scale for appropriate entrance type.

Continue as in 2(a).

Connect point on HW/D scale (1) as found in (a) above and the size of culvert
on the left scale and read Q or Q/B on the discharge scale.

(C) If Q/B is read in (b) multiply by B to find Q.

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Figure 12.1: Inlet Control Nomograph for Concrete Pipe Culverts

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Figure 12.2: Inlet Control Nomograph for Oval Concrete Pipe Culverts-Long Axis
Vertical

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Figure 12.3: Inlet Control Nomograph for Oval Concrete Pipe Culverts-Long Axis
Horizontal

Figure 12.4: Inlet Control Nomograph for C.M. Pipe Culverts

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Figure 12.5: Inlet Control Nomograph for C.M. Pipe-Arch Culverts

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Figure 12.6: Inlet Control Nomograph for Box Culverts

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

OUTLET-CONTROL NOMOGRAPHS

Figure 12.7 through Figure 12.20

Instructions for Use

These nomographs solve Equation 5 – 5: for head H when culverts flow full with

outlet control. They are also used in approximating the head for some part full flow
conditions with outlet control. These nomographs do not give a complete solution
for finding headwater HW.

 To determine head H for a given culvert and discharge, Q

o Locate appropriate Nomographs for type of culvert selected. .

 Begin nomographs solution by locating starting point on the length scale.

o To locate the proper starting point on the length scales follow

instructions below.

a. If the “n” value of the nomographs corresponds to that of the culvert being

used, find the proper Ke from Table 1-307 (VII) and on the appropriate

nomographs locate starting point on length curve for that Ke. If a Ke curve

is not shown for the selected Ke see (b) below. If “n” value for the culvert

selected differs from that of the Nomographs, see (c) below.

b. For the “n” of the Nomographs and a Ke intermediate between the scales

given, connect the given length on adjacent scales by a straight line and
select a point on this line spaced between the two chart scales in proportion

to the Ke values.

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

c. For a different value of roughness coefficient n1 than that of the chart “n”,

use the length scales shown with an adjusted length L1, calculated by the
2
formula L1 = L (n1/n ). See instruction for “n” values.

d. Using a straightedge, connect point on length scale to size of culvert barrel

and mark the point of crossing on the “turning line”. See instruction 3 for

size considerations for rectangular box culvert.

e. Pivot the straightedge on this point on the turning line and connect given
discharge rate. Read head (in rnetres) on the head (H)- scale. For values
beyond the limit of the chart scales, find H by solving equation given on
2
nomographs or by H = KQ where K is found by substituting values of H and

Q from chart.

 Find the “n” value for the culvert selected by using the table below: -

o Concrete Pipe

o Vitrified Clay Pipe

o Smooth-Flow C.M.C.P n = 0.012

o C.M.C.P. Asphalt Coated and 40% Paved Invert n = 0.019

o Plain Metal Culvert Pipe and Asphalt Coated n = 0.024

o Structural Plate Pipe & Plate Pipe Arches n = 0.0302 to 0.0328

o 75mm x 25mm Corrugations Plain n = 0.027

o 75mm x 25mm Corrugations 40% Paved Invert n = 0.021

 To use the box culvert nomograph. Figure 1-307.24 for full flow for other
than square boxes.

o Compute cross-sectional area of the rectangular box. Note 3/

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

o Connect proper point (see instruction 1) on t length scale to barrel

area (Note 3/) and mark point on turning line.

o Pivot the straightedge on this point on the turning line and connect
given discharge rate. Read head in metre on the head (H) scale.

Note 3/ The area scale on the nomographs is calculated for barrel cross-sections
with span B twice the height D; its close correspondence with area of square
boxes assures it may be used for all sections intermediate between square and
B = 2D or B = 2/3D. For other box proportions use equation shown on
nomograph for more accurate results.

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

With long axis vertical or horizontal flowing full with n=0.012

Figure 12.7: Outlet Control Nomograph for Pipe Culverts flowing full with n=0.012

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Figure 12.8: Outlet Control Nomograph for Oval Concrete Pipe Culverts

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Figure 12.9: Outlet Control Nomograph for Standard C.M. Pipes

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Figure 12.10: Outlet Control Nomograph: Corrugated Metal Pipe Culverts Flowing Full

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Figure 12.11: Outlet Control Nomograph for C.M. Pipe-Arch Culverts flowing full

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Figure 12.12: Outlet Control Nomograph: Corrugated Metal pipe arch culverts

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Figure 12.13: Outlet Control Nomograph: Concrete Box Culverts flowing full

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Figure 12.14: Outlet Control Nomograph: Critical Depth-Circular Pipe

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Long Axis Horizontal

Figure 12.15: Outlet Control Nomograph: Critical Depth - Oval Concrete Pipe H

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Long Axis Vertical

Figure 12.16: Outlet Control Nomograph: Critical Depth - Oval Concrete Pipe V

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Figure 12.17: Outlet Control Nomograph: Critical Depth or Standard C.M. Pipe Arch

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

457mm Corner Radius

Figure 12.18: Outlet Control Nomograph: Critical Depth for C.M. Pipe Arch

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Figure 12.19: Outlet Control Nomograph: Critical Depth for Rectangular Sections

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Figure 12.20: Outlet Control Nomograph – Box culverts flowing full

1:

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

13: Appendix 4: Fill Height Tables

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Notes

a. Pipe Cover

The amount of cover over the top of a pipe is defined as the distance from the
top of the crown of the pipe to the bottom of the pavement. It does not include
any asphalt or concrete paving above the top course. The minimum amount of
cover for most pipe materials is typically 0.6m except as described in the
following paragraph. Unless the contract plans specify a specific pipe material,
the designer should design for the schedule pipe fill heights as described in
Division 7 of the Standard Specifications.

b. Shallow Cover Installation

Pipe systems should be designed to provide at least 0.6m of cover over the top
of the pipe. This tends to provide adequate structural distribution of the live load
and also allows a significant number of pipe alternatives to be specified on a
contract. However, in some cases, it is not possible to lower a pipe profile to
obtain the necessary minimum cover. In those cases, only concrete pipe of the
class shown in table for Shallow Cover installations should be specified.
Included in that table are typical pipe wall thicknesses for a given diameter. The
pipe thickness must be taken into consideration in low cover applications.
Justification must also be included in the hydraulic report describing why it was
not possible to lower the pipe profile to obtain the preferred 0.6m of cover.

In addition to circular pipe, concrete box culverts and concrete arches are also
available for use in shallow cover installations. The designer should consult with
either the Regional Hydraulics Section/Contract or the HQ Hydraulics Engineer
for additional guidance on the use of these structures in this application.

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Table 13.1: Concrete Pipe (Metric)

Maximum Cover in Metres

Pipe
Diameter Plain Class II Class III Class IV Class V

mm AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO

M86M M170M M170M M170M M170M

300 5.5 3.0 4.3 6.5 7.9

450 5.5 3.4 4.3 6.5 8.5

600 5.0 3.4 4.6 6.5 8.5

750 3.4 4.6 7.0 9.0

900 3.4 4.6 7.0 9.0

1200 3.7 4.6 7.0 9.0

1500 3.7 4.9 7.5 9.0

1800 3.7 4.9 7.5 9.0

2100 3.7 4.9 7.5 9.0

Minimum Cover 0.6 metres

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Table 13.2: Concrete Pipe for Shallow Cover Installations (Metric)

Maximum Cover in Metres

Pipe
Pipe Wall
Diameter Plain Class III Class IV Class V
Thick mm
mm AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO AASHTO
M86 M170 M170 M170

300 50 0.45 0.45 0.30 0.15

450 63 0.45 0.45 0.30 0.15

600 75 0.45 0.45 0.30 0.15

750 88 0.45 0.45 0.30 0.15

900 100 0.45 0.45 0.30 0.15

1200 125 0.45 0.30 0.15

1500 150 0.45 0.30 0.15

1800 175 0.45 0.30 0.15

2100 200 0.45 0.30 0.15

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Table 13.3: Fill Height Corrugated Steel Pipe (75 mm x 25 mm Corrugations)

Maximum Cover in Metres

Pipe
Diameter Shape
1.6 mm 2.0 mm 2.8 mm 3.5 mm 4.3 mm
mm
16 ga 14 ga 12 ga 10 ga 8 ga

900 Circle 10.2 11.4 14.1 17.1 19.8

Elong. 12.9 17.1 26.4 30.3 31.8

1050 Circle 8.1 9.0 10.8 12.6 14.4

Elong. 10.8 14.7 21.6 25.2 27.3

1200 Circle 7.2 7.8 9.0 10.2 11.4

Elong. 9.6 12.5 18.0 20.4 22.8

1350 Circle 6.6 6.9 7.8 8.4 9.3

Elong. 8.4 11.4 15.6 16.8 18.6

1500 Circle 6.0 6.3 6.9 7.5 8.1

Elong. 7.5 10.2 13.6 15.0 16.2

1650 Circle 5.7 6.0 6.6 6.9 7.5

Elong. 6.9 9.3 13.2 13.8 15.0

1800 Circle 5.5 5.7 6.0 6.6 6.9

Elong. 6.3 8.4 12.0 13.2 13.8

1950 Circle 5.2 5.5 6.0 6.3 6.3

Elong. 5.2 7.8 12.0 12.6 12.6

2100 Circle - 5.4 5.7 6.0 6.3

Elong. - 7.2 11.1 12.0 12.6

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Maximum Cover in Metres

Pipe
Diameter Shape
1.6 mm 2.0 mm 2.8 mm 3.5 mm 4.3 mm
mm
16 ga 14 ga 12 ga 10 ga 8 ga

2250 Circle - 5.4 5.2 5.7 6.0

Elong. - 6.6 10.5 11.4 12.0

2400 Circle - - 5.4 5.7 5.7

Elong. - - 9.9 11.4 11.4

2550 Circle - - 5.4 5.4 5.7

Elong. - - 9.3 10.5 11.1

2700 Circle - - 5.4 5.4 5.4

Elong. - - 8.7 9.9 10.5

2850 Circle - - - 5.7 5.4

Elong. - - - 9.6 9.9

3000 Circle - - - 5.7 5.4

Elong. - - - 8.7 9.6

Minimum cover 0.6m

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Table 13.4: Fill Height Corrugated Steel Pipe (65mm x 12mm Corrugations)

Maximum Cover in Metres

Pipe
Diameter Shape
1.6 mm 2.0 mm 2.8 mm 3.5 mm 4.3 mm
mm
16 ga 14 ga 12 ga 10 ga 8 ga

Circle 24.9 27.3 - - -

300
Elong. - - - - -

Circle 14.1 16.5 21.3 - -

450
Elong. 16.5 18.0 23.4 - -

Circle 8.7 9.9 12.0 14.1 -

600
Elong. 12.3 13.5 17.4 18.3 -

Circle 6.9 7.5 8.4 9.6 10.8

750
Elong. 9.9 10.8 13.8 14.7 15.3

Circle 6.0 6.3 6.9 7.8 8.4

900
Elong. 8.1 9.0 11.7 12.0 12.6

Circle 5.7 6.0 6.3 5.7 7.2

1050
Elong. 9.0 17.0 17.6 11.4 14.4

Circle 5.4 5.7 5.7 6.6 6.3

1200
Elong. 7.8 11.1 11.4 11.7 12.6

Circle - 5.4 5.7 6.0 6.0

1350
Elong. - 9.9 11.4 12.0 12.0

Circle - - 5.4 5.7 5.7

1500
Elong. - - 10.8 11.4 11.4

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Maximum Cover in Metres

Pipe
Diameter Shape
1.6 mm 2.0 mm 2.8 mm 3.5 mm 4.3 mm
mm
16 ga 14 ga 12 ga 10 ga 8 ga

Circle - - 5.4 5.4 5.4

1650
Elong. - - 8.7 10.8 10.8

Circle - - - 5.4 5.4

1800
Elong. - - - 8.7 10.8

Circle - - - - 3.4
1950
Elong. - - - - 8.4

Circle - - - - 5.1
2100
Elong. - - - - 6.9

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Table 13.5: Fill Height Corrugated Aluminium Pipe (65mm x 12mm Corrugations)

Maximum Cover in Metres

Pipe
Diameter Shape 2.625 3.375 4.100
1.6 mm 1.875mm
mm mm mm mm
16 ga 14 ga
12 ga 10 ga 8 ga

Circle 13.5 13.5 23.4 - -

300
Elong. - - - - -

Circle 8.1 9.0 10.8 - 16.8

450
Elong. 9.0 - 15.6 12.6 -

Circle 6.3 6.6 7.5 8.1 11.1

600
Elong. 6.6 - 11.7 12.0 12.6

Circle - 5.4 6.3 6.6 7.2

750
Elong. - - 9.3 9.6 9.9

Circle - 4.5 5.7 6.0 6.3

900
Elong. - - 7.8 8.1 8.4

Circle - 5.4 5.4 5.7 5.7

1050
Elong. - 7.5 10.8 11.4 11.4

Circle - - 5.4 5.4 6.4

1200
Elong. - - 8.45.1 10.8 10.8

Circle - - 6.0 5.4 5.4

1350
Elong. - - - 7.8 11.3

Circle - - - 5.1 5.1

1500
Elong. - - - 5.4 6.9

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Maximum Cover in Metres

Pipe
Diameter Shape 2.625 3.375 4.100
1.6 mm 1.875mm
mm mm mm mm
16 ga 14 ga
12 ga 10 ga 8 ga

Circle - - - 4.2 5.1

1650
Elong. - - - - -

Circle - - - - 3.9
1800
Elong. - - - -

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Table 13.6: Fill Height Corrugated Steel Structural Plate Pipe (150mm x 50mm
Corrugations)

Pipe Maximum Cover in Metres

Diameter Shape
mm 12 ga 10 ga 8 ga 7 ga 5 ga 3 ga 1 ga

Circle 12.6 15.0 17.4 18.9 21.3 23.7 26.4

1500
Elong. - 18.6 24.3 27.9 33.6 39.6 43.2

Circle 9.6 10.8 12.0 12.9 14.4 15.9 17.4

1800
Elong. 10.5 15.3 20.1 23.1 27.9 31.8 34.8

Circle 7.8 8.7 9.6 9.9 10.8 11.7 12.9

2100
Elong. 9.0 13.2 17.1 19.8 21.6 23.4 25.8

Circle 6.9 7.5 8.1 8.4 9.0 9.6 10.2

2400
Elong. 7.8 11.4 15.0 16.8 18.0 19.2 20.4

Circle 6.3 6.6 7.2 7.5 7.8 8.1 8.7

2700
Elong. 6.9 10.2 13.5 15.0 15.6 16.2 17.4

Circle 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.6 6.9 7.2 7.5

3000
Elong. 6.3 9.3 12.0 13.2 13.8 14.4 16.0

Circle 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.6 6.9 7.2

3300
Elong. - 8.4 10.8 12.6 13.2 13.8 14.4

Circle 5.1 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.6

3600
Elong. - 7.5 9.9 11.4 12.6 12.6 13.2

Circle 4.8 5.4 5.7 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.3

3900
Elong. - 6.9 9.2 10.5 12.0 12.0 12.6

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Pipe Maximum Cover in Metres

Diameter Shape
mm 12 ga 10 ga 8 ga 7 ga 5 ga 3 ga 1 ga

Circle 4.5 5.4 5.4 5.7 5.7 5.7 6.0

4200
Elong. - 6.6 8.4 9.9 11.4 11.4 12.0

Circle 4.2 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.7 5.7 5.7

4500
Elong. - 6.0 8.1 9.3 11.1 11.4 11.4

Circle - 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.7

4800
Elong. - 5.7 7.5 8.7 10.4 10.8 10.4

Circle - 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4

5100
Elong. - 5.4 6.0 8.1 9.6 10.8 10.8

Circle - - 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4

5400
Elong. - - 6.6 7.5 9.3 10.8 10.8

Circle - - 5.1 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.4

5700
Elong. - - 6.3 6.9 8.1 9.3 10.5

Circle - - - 5.1 5.1 5.4 5.4

6000
Elong. - - - 6.0 6.9 7.8 9.0

Circle - - - - 5.1 5.1 5.4

6300
Elong. - - - - 6.0 6.9 7.8

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Table 13.7: Fill Height Corrugated Aluminium Structural Plate Pipe (225mm x 60mm
Corrugations)

Pipe Maximum Cover in Metres

Diameter Shape
mm 2.25 2.5 3.125 3.75 4.375 5.0 5.625 6.25

Circle 5.4 6.0 8.1 8.4 9.0 9.6 10.5 10.8

1800
Elong. - - 2.7 11.1 13.2 15.0 16.5 18.0

Circle 5.4 6.0 7.2 7.8 8.4 8.7 9.3 9.6

1950
Elong. - 7.8 10.2 12.0 13.8 15.0 16.5

2100 Circle 4.5 5.4 6.9 7.2 7.5 8.1 8.4 8.7

Elong. - 7.2 9.3 11.1 12.6 16.1 15.3

2250 Circle 4.2 5.1 6.6 6.9 7.2 7.5 7.8 8.1

Elong. - 6.9 8.7 10.5 12.0 13.2 14.4

2400 Circle 3.9 4.8 6.3 6.6 6.6 6.9 7.2 7.5

Elong. - - 8.1 9.9 11.1 12.3 13.5

2550 Circle 3.9 4.5 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.6 6.9 5.2

Elong. - 7.3 9.3 10.5 11.4 12.6

2700 Circle 3.6 4.2 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.6 6.6

Elong. - 7.2 8.7 9.9 10.8 12.0

2850 Circle 3.3 3.9 5.4 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.6

Elong. - 6.9 8.1 9.3 10.2 11.4

3000 Circle - 3.9 5.1 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.3

Elong. - 6.6 7.8 9.0 9.9 10.4

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Pipe Maximum Cover in Metres

Diameter Shape
mm 2.25 2.5 3.125 3.75 4.375 5.0 5.625 6.25

3150 Circle - 3.6 4.8 5.7 5.7 6.8 6.0 6.0

Elong. - 6.3 7.5 8.4 9.3 10.2

3300 Circle - 3.6 4.5 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 6.0

Elong. - 6.0 7.7 8.1 9.0 9.6

3450 Circle - 4.5 5.4 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7

Elong. - 5.7 6.6 7.0 8.4 9.3

3600 Circle - 4.2 5.4 5.4 5.7 5.7 5.7

Elong. - - 6.6 7.5 8.1 9.0

3750 Circle - 3.9 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.7 5.7

Elong. - 6.3 7.2 7.8 8.4

3900 Circle - 3.9 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.7

Elong. - 6.0 6.9 7.5 8.1

4050 Circle - 4.8 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4

Elong. - 5.7 6.6 7.2 7.8

4200 Circle - 4.5 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4

Elong. - 6.3 6.9 7.5

4350 Circle - 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4

Elong. - 6.0 6.6 7.2

4500 Circle - 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.4

Elong. - 6.0 6.6 7.2

Minimum cover 0.6 m

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Table 13.8: Fill Height Corrugated Steel Straight Plate Pipe Arch (150mm x 50mm
Corrugations)

Max Allowable Cover

Min Cor
Span x Rise (m) for corner Pressures of Min Cover
Allow Radius
(m) x (m) (m)
gauge (mm) 210kN/m2 320kN/m2

1.9 x 1.4 12 450 5 7

2.2 x 1.6 12 450 4 6

2.4 x 1.7 12 450 4 5

2.7 x 1.9 12 450 3 5

3.0 x 2.0 12 450 3 5

3.4 x 2.2 12 450 3 4

3.7 x 2.4 12 450 2 4

4.0 x 2.6 12 450 2 3

4.4 x 2.7 12 450 2 3

4.7 x 2.9 10 450 2 3

4.9 x 3.0 10 450 2 3

5.1 x 3.1 10 450 2 3

4.1 x 2.9 12 775 2 6

4.4 x 3.0 12 775 4 5

4.7 x 3.2 10 775 3 5

5.0 x 3.3 10 775 3 5

5.3 x 3.5 10 775 3 5

5.6 x 3.7 8 775 3 4

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Max Allowable Cover

Min Cor
Span x Rise (m) for corner Pressures of Min Cover
Allow Radius
(m) x (m) (m)
gauge (mm) 210kN/m2 320kN/m2

6.0 x 3.8 8 775 2 4

6.2 x 3.9 8 775 2 4

6.4 x 4.1 7 775 2 4

- 96 -
Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Table 13.9: Fill Height Corrugated Steel Straight Plate Pipe Arch (225mm x 62mm
Corrugations)

Max Allowable Cover Min Cover

Min Allow
Span x Rise (m) for corner Pressures of (m)
Thk
(m) (m)
(mm) 210kN/m2 320kN/m2

1.8 x 1.7 2.5 7 7

2.1 x 1.8 2.5 6 6

2.5 x 1.9 2.5 5 5

2.8 x 2.1 2.5 4 4

3.1 x 2.2 2.5 4 4

3.5 x 2.3 2.5 3 3

3.8 x 2.5 2.5 3 3

4.0 x 2.6 3.1 3 4

4.4 x 2.7 3.8 3 5

4.7 x 2.9 3.8 3 4

5.0 x 3.0 4.4 3 4

5.3 x 3.1 5.0 3 4

- 97 -
 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Table 13.10: 68 mm x 13 mm Corrugations – Corrugated Steel Pipe (AASHTO M196 M)

Maximum Cover in Metres

Pipe
Diameter 1.6 mm 2.0 mm 2.8 mm 3.5 mm 4.3 mm
mm
16 ga 14 ga 12 ga 10 ga 8 ga

300 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5

450 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5

600 30.0 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5

750 24.0 30.0 30.5 30.5 30.5

900 20.0 24.5 30.5 30.5 30.5

1050 17.0 21.5 30.0 30.5 30.5

1200 15.0 18.5 26.0 30.5 30.5

1350 16.5 23.0 30.0 30.5

1500 21.0 27.0 30.5

1650 24.5 30.0

1800 22.5 27.5

1950 24.5

2100 21.0

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Table 13.11: 75 mm x 25 mm Corrugations – Aluminium Steel Pipe (AASHTO M196 M)

Maximum Cover in Metres

Pipe
Diameter 1.5 mm 1.9 mm 2.7 mm 3.4 mm 4.2 mm
mm
16 ga 14 ga 12 ga 10 ga 8 ga

900 13.0 20.0 23.0 30v

1050 11.0 14.0 20.0 25.5

1200 9.5 12.0 17.5 22.0 27.5

1350 8.5 10.5 15.0 20.0 24.5

1500 9.5 13.5 17.5 22.0

1650 8.5 12.5 16.0 20.0

1800 8.0 11.5 14.5 18.0

1950 7.5 10.5 13.5 17.0

2100 9.5 12.5 15.5

2250 9.0 11.5 14.5

2400 8.0 11.0 13.5

2550 10.0 12.5

2700 9.5 12.0

2850 11.5

3000 10.5

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Table 13.12: Aluminium Pipe Arch 68 mm X 13 mm Corrugations (AASHTO M196 M)

Maximum Cover in Feet for

Span – Rise Corner Thickness Min
Soil Bearing Capacity of:
Radius Cover
mm mm mm Metres
Mm Gage 190 kPa 290 kPa

430 X 330 75 1.5 16 ga 0.6 3.7 5.5

530 X 380 75 1.5 16 ga 0.6 3.0 4.3

610 X 460 75 1.5 16 ga 0.6 2.1 4.0

710 X 510 75 1.9 14 ga 0.6 1.5 3.5

885 X 610 75 1.9 14 ga 0.8 NS 2.1

1060 X 740 89 2.7 12 ga 0.8 NS 2.1

1240 X 840 102 2.7 12 ga 0.8 NS 1.8

1440 X 970 127 3.4 10 ga 0.8 NS 2.0

1620 X 1100 152 3.4 10 ga 0.8 NS 2.7

1800 X 1200 178 4.2 8 ga 0.6 NS 3.7

NS = Not Suitable

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Table 13.13: Corrugated Steel Pipe Arch 68 mm X 13 mm Corrugations (AASHTO M36

M)

Maximum Cover in Feet for

Span x Rise Corner Thickness Min
Soil Bearing Capacity of:
Radius Cover
mm mm mm Metres
Mm Gage 190 kPa 290 kPa

430 X 330 75 1.6 16 ga 0.6 3.7 5.5

530 X 380 75 1.6 16 ga 0.6 3.0 4.3

610 X 460 75 1.6 16 ga 0.6 2.1 4.0

710 X 510 75 1.6 16 ga 0.6 1.5 3.4

885 X 610 75 1.6 16 ga 0.8 NS 2.1

1060 X 740 88 1.6 16 ga 0.8 NS 2.1

1240 X 840 100 2 14 ga 0.8 NS 1.8

1440 X 970 125 2.8 12 ga 0.8 NS 2.4

1620 X 1100 150 2.8 12 ga 0.8 NS 2.7

1800 X 1200 175 3.5 10 ga 0.6 NS 3.0

1950 X 1320 200 4.3 8 ga 0.6 1.5 2.0

2100 X 1450 225 4.3 8 ga 0.6 1.5 3.0

NS = Not Suitable

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Table 13.14: Corrugated Steel Pipe Arch 75 mm X 25 mm Corrugations (AASHTO M36

M)

Maximum Cover in Feet for

Span x Rise Corner Thickness Min
Soil Bearing Capacity of:
Radius Cover
mm mm mm Metres
Mm Gage 190 kPa 290 kPa

1010 X 790 125 2 14 ga 0.8 2.4 3.7

1160 X 920 150 2 14 ga 0.6 2.4 4.0

1340 X 1050 175 2 14 ga 0.6 2.4 4.0

1520 X 1170 200 2 14 ga 0.6 2.4 4.0

1670 X 1300 225 2 14 ga 0.8 2.7 4.0

1850 X 1400 300 2 14 ga 0.8 3.4 4.9

2050 X 1500 350 2 14 ga 0.8 3.4 5.2

2200 X 1620 350 2 14 ga 0.8 3.0 4.9

2400 X 1720 400 2 14 ga 0.8 3.4 5.2

2600 X 1820 400 2.8 12 ga 0.6 3.0 4.5

2840 X 1920 450 2.8 12 ga 0.6 3.0 4.9

2970 X 2020 450 2.8 12 ga 0.6 3.0 4.5

3240 X 2120 450 3.5 10 ga 0.6 2.7 4.3

3470 X 2220 450 3.5 10 ga 0.6 2.4 4.4

3600 X 2320 450 4.3 8 ga 0.6 2.1 3.7

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Table 13.15: Corrugated Steel Structural Plate Pipe Arch (152 mm x 51 mm

Corrugations)

190 kPa Soil 290 kPa Soil

Thickness
Bearing Capacity Bearing Capacity
Span – Rise Corner
Radius
Max
mm mm mm Min Max Min
Mm Gage Cover
Cover m Cover m Cover m
m

1850 X 1400 457 2.8 12 ga 0.6 5.0 0.6 7.0

2130 X 1550 457 2.8 12 ga 0.6 4.3 0.6 6.5

2410 X 1700 457 2.8 12 ga 0.6 4.0 0.6 6.0

2690 X 1850 457 2.8 12 ga 0.6 3.4 0.6 5.0

2970 X 2010 457 2.8 12 ga 0.6 3.0 0.6 4.5

3330 X 2160 457 2.8 12 ga 0.6 2.7 0.6 4.3

3610 X 2310 457 2.8 12 ga 0.6 2.1 0.6 4.0

3910 X 2540 457 2.8 12 ga 0.8 1.8 0.6 7.7

4040 X 2840 787 2.8 12 ga 0.6 4.0 0.6 5.0

4320 X 3000 787 2.8 12 ga 0.6 3.7 0.6 5.0

4670 X 3150 787 3.5 10 ga 0.6 3.4 0.6 4.5

4950 X 3300 787 3.5 10 ga 0.6 3.4 0.6 4.3

5230 X 3450 787 3.5 10 ga 0.8 3.0 0.8 4.0

5510 X 3610 787 4.5 8 ga 0.8 3.0 0.8 3.7

5870 X 3760 787 4.5 8 ga 0.8 2.7 0.8 4.0

6070 X 3910 787 4.8 6 ga 0.8 2.7 0.8 4.0

6270 X 4010 787 4.8 6 ga 0.9 2.1 0.9 4.0

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Table 13.16: Aluminium Structural Plate Arch

(230 mm X 64 mm Corrugations, 19 mm steel bolts, 4 bolts/corrugation)

Maximum Cover (1) in

Minimum
Span – Rise Corner metres for Soil Bearing
Gage Minimum
Radius Capacity of:
Thickness Cover m
mm mm mm
mm
190 kPa 290 kPa

a 1800 X 1650 808 2.5 0.6 6.0* 7.0*

b 2100 X 1750 808 2.5 0.6 5.0* 6.5*

c 2210 X 1800 808 2.5 0.6 6.0* 6.0*

d 2360 X 1830 808 2.5 0.6 5.5* 5.5*

e 2570 X 1910 808 2.5 0.6 5.0* 5.0*

f 2820 X 1960 808 2.5 0.6 4.5* 4.5*

g 3120 X 2060 808 2.5 0.6 4.3* 4.3*

h 3280 X 2080 808 2.5 0.6 4.0* 4.0*

i 3480 X 2160 808 2.5 0.6 3.7* 3.7*

j 3840 X 2260 808 3.2 0.6 4.3 5.0*

k 3940 X 2290 808 3.8 0.6 4.0 4.3*

l 3990 X 2490 808 3.8 0.6 4.0 5.5*

m 4240 X 2570 808 3.8 0.6 3.7 5.0*

n 4470 X 2950 808 4.4 0.6 3.7 5.5

o 4670 X 3050 808 4.4 0.6 3.4 5.0

p 4900 X 3150 808 5.1 0.6 3.0 5.0

q 5110 X 3250 808 5.1 0.67 3.0 4.5

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Maximum Cover (1) in

Minimum
Span – Rise Corner metres for Soil Bearing
Gage Minimum
Radius Capacity of:
Thickness Cover m
mm mm mm
mm
190 kPa 290 kPa

r 5260 X 3350 808 5.7 0.69 3.0 4.5

s 5490 X 3450 808 6.4 0.69 2.7 4.3

t 5690 X 3560 808 6.4 0.71 2.7 4.3

* Fill limited by the seam strength of the bolts

(1) Additional sizes and varying cover heights are available, depending on gage
thickness and reinforcement spacing. Contact the OSC Hydraulics Branch for more
information.

- 105 -
 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Table 13.17: Corrugated Steel Structural Plate Circular Pipe

152 mm x 51 mm Corrugations

Maximum Cover in Metres

Pipe
Minimum 2.8 3.5 4.5 4.8 5.5 6.5 7.0
Diameter
Cover m mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
mm

12 ga 10 ga 8 ga 7 ga 5 ga 3 ga 1 ga

1500 0.6 13 19 25.5 28 30.5 30.5 30.5

1800 0.6 10.5 16 21 24 28.5 30.5 30.5

2100 0.6 9 13.5 18 20.5 24.5 29 30.5

2400 0.6 8 12 16 18 21.5 22.5 28

2700 0.6 7 10.5 14 16 19.5 23 24.5

3000 0.6 6.5 9.5 13 14.5 17.8 20.5 22.5

3300 0.6 6 9 11.5 13 16 18.5 20

3600 0.6 5.5 8 11.5 12 14.5 17 18.5

3900 0.6 5 7 9.5 11 13 16 17

4200 0.6 4.5 6.5 9 10 12.5 14.5 16

4500 0.6 4.3 6 8.5 9.5 11.5 13.5 15

4800 0.6 6 8 9 10.5 13 14

5100 0.9 5.5 7 8.5 10 12 13

5400 0.9 7 8 9.5 11.5 12.5

5700 0.9 7.5 9 10.5 12

6000 0.9 7 9 10 11.5

- 106 -
Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Table 13.18: Circular Aluminium Structural Plate 230 mm x 64 mm in Corrugations

with Galvanized Steel Bolts

Pipe Maximum Cover in Metres

Diameter
2.5 mm 3.2 mm 3.8 mm 4.4 mm 5.1 mm 5.7 mm 6.4 mm
mm

1500 9.5 13.5 18.5 21.5 24.5 28 28

1800 7.5 11.5 15 17.5 20.5 23.5 23.5

2100 6.5 10 13 15 17.5 20 20

2400 6 8.5 11.5 13.5 15 17.5 17.5

2700 5 7.5 10 12 13.5 15.5 15.5

3000 4.5 6.5 9 10.5 12 14 14

3300 4.3 6 8 10 11.5 13 13

3600 3.7 5.5 7.5 9 10 11.5 11.5

3900 5 7 8 9.5 10.5 10.5

4200 6.5 7.5 9 10 10

4500 7 8 9 9

- 107 -
 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

Table 13.19: Aluminium Pipe Arch 75 mm X 25 mm Corrugations (AASHTO M196 M)

Maximum Cover in Feet

Corne
Span x Rise Thickness Minimum for Soil Bearing Capacity
r
Cover of:
Radiu
mm mm Metres
s mm
Mm Gage 190 kPa 290 kPa

1010 x 790 127 1.9 14 ga 0.8 2.4 3.7

1160 x 920 152 1.9 14 ga 0.6 2.4 4

1340 x 1050 178 1.9 14 ga 0.6 2.4 4

1520 x 1170 203 1.9 14 ga 0.6 2.4 4

1670 x 1300 229 1.9 14 ga 0.6 2.7 4

1850 x 1400 305 1.9 14 ga 0.6 3.4 5

2050 x 1500 356 1.7 12 ga 0.6 3.4 5

2200 x 1620 356 2.7 12 ga 0.6 3 5

2400 x 1720 406 2.7 12 ga 0.6 3.4 5

2600 x 1820 406 3.4 10 ga 0.6 3 4.5

2840 x 1920 457 4.2 8 ga 0.6 3 5

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Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

14: Appendix 5: Supporting References & Publications

- 109 -
 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

This appendix provides an outline of selected reference publications and documents

from highway and road authorities in other countries. They have been listed here as
supplementary design references to assist engineers with specialist design
problems, as well as for general background information. All of the listed
publications are available for download free of charge from the Internet. Designers
in Nigeria using these publications should bear in mind that the standards presented
in these publications may differ from those presented in Volume IV of the Nigeria
Highway Design Manual and therefore should be used with appropriate care and
engineering judgement.

- 110 -
 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

http://www.fhwa.dot. http://www.fhwa.dot. 2006

gov/engineering/hydr gov/engineering/hydr http://www.fhwa.
aulics/pubs/10009/10 aulics/pubs/05114/05 dot.gov/engineer
009.pdf 114.pdf
ing/hydraulics/pub
s/06086/
PDF
Download
Link:

Year: 2009 2005

The Urban Drainage Design Manual, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 22 NHI-10-009(HEC-22), provides a comprehensive and
practical guide for the design ofstorm drainage systems associated with transportation facilities. Designguidance is provided for the
Pub No.
design of storm drainage systems whichcollect, convey, and discharge stormwater flowing within and along thehighway
right-of-way.Methods and procedures are given for the hydraulic design of stormdrainage systems. Design methods are presented for
evaluating rainfalland runoff magnitude, pavement drainage, gutter flow, inlet design, medianand roadside ditch flow, structure design,
and storm drain piping.Procedures for the design of detention facilities are also presented, alongwith an overview of stormwater
pumping stations and urban water qualitypractices.This edition includes major revisions to chapters 4 and 7.Flexible linings provide a
means of stabilizing roadside channels. Flexible IF-05-114linings are able to conform to changes in channel shape while
maintainingoverall lining integrity. Long-term flexible linings such as riprap, gravel, orvegetation (reinforced with synthetic mats or
Table unreinforced) are suitable fora range of hydraulic conditions. Unreinforced vegetation and manytransitional and temporary linings are
14.1: suited to hydraulic conditions withmoderate shear stresses.Design procedures are given for four major categories of flexible
lining:vegetative linings; manufactured linings (RECPs); riprap, cobble, gravellinings; and gabion mattress linings. Design procedures
Recommefor compositelinings, bends, and steep slopes are also provided. The design proceduresare based on the concept of maximum
nded permissible tractive force. Methodsfor determination of hydraulic resistance applied shear stress as well aspermissible shear stress for
supplemeindividual linings and lining types arepresented.The purpose of this circular is to provide design information for analyzing
NHI-06-086and mitigating energy dissipation problems at culvert outlets and in openchannels. The first three chapters provide general
ntary information on theoverall design process (Chapter 1), erosion hazards (Chapter 2), andculvert outlet velocity and velocity modification
reference(Chapter 3). These providea background and framework for anticipating dissipation problems. Inaddition to describing the overall
s for design process, Chapter 1 providesdesign examples to compare selected energy dissipators. The next threechapters provide
drainage assessment tools for considering flow transitions(Chapter 4), scour (Chapter 5), and hydraulic jumps (Chapter 6).
design

Description

AuthorUrban Drainage Design of 3 Hydraulic Design FHWA

FHWADesign FHWA of EnergyDissipators
ManualThird Edition RoadsideChannels forCulverts andChannels
withFlexible Linings,Third
Edition

Title

RefNo:1
2

- 111 -
 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

http://www.fhwa.dot.g 2002
ov/engineering/hydraul http://isddc.dot.gov
ics/pubs/12026/hif1202 /OLPFiles/FHW
6.pdf A/013248.pdf

2012

For situations where the tools in the first six chapters are insufficient tofully mitigate a dissipation problem, the remaining chapters address thedesign of
six types of constructed energy dissipators. Although anyclassification system for dissipators is limited, this circular uses thefollowing breakdown: internal
(integrated) dissipators (Chapter 7), stillingbasins (Chapter 8), streambed level dissipators (Chapter 9), riprap basinsand aprons (Chapter 10), drop
structures (Chapter 11), and stilling wells(Chapter 12).Hydraulic Design Series Number 5 (HDS 5) originally merged culvert HIF-12-026design
information contained in Hydraulic Engineering Circulars (HEC) 5,10, and 13 with other related hydrologic, storage routing and specialculvert design
information. This third edition is the first major rewrite ofHDS 5 since 1985, updating all previous information and adding newinformation on software
solutions, aquatic organism passage, culvertassessment, and culvert repair and rehabilitation. The result is acomprehensive culvert design publication.
The appendices of thepublication contain the equations and methodology used in developing thedesign charts (nomographs) and software programs,
information onhydraulic resistance of culverts, the commonly used design charts, andDesign Guidelines (DG) illustrating various culvert design
calculationprocedures. The number of design charts provided has been reducedrecognizing the increased use of software solutions; however, the full
setof culvert design charts will continue to be available in the archived secondedition of HDS 5.Highway Hydrology, Hydraulic Design Series No. 2
(HDS-2), discusses the NHI-02-001physical processes of the hydrologic cycle that are important to highwayengineers. These processes include the
approaches, methods andassumptions applied in design and analysis of highway drainagestructures. Hydrologic methods of primary interest are
frequency analysisfor analyzing rainfall and ungaged data; empirical methods for peakdischarge estimation; and hydrograph analysis and synthesis.
Thedocument describes the concept and several approaches for determiningtime of concentration. The peak discharge methods discussed include
logPearson type III, regression equations, the SCS graphical method (curvenumber method), and rational method. The technical discussion of eachpeak
flow approach also includes urban development applications. Thedocument presents common storage and channel routing techniquesrelated to highway
drainage hydrologic analyses. The document describesmethods used in the planning and design of stormwater managementfacilities. Special topics in
hydrology include discussions of arid landshydrology, wetlands hydrology, snowmelt hydrology, and hydrologicmodeling, including geographic
information system approaches andapplications.

Hydraulic Design FHWA

FHWAof
HighwayCulverts,
ThirdEdition
5 Highway
HydrologySecond
Edition

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 Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage Design

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engi http://www.dft.
neering/hydraulics/pubs/07096 gov.uk/ha/stan
/07096.phttp://www.fhwa.dot. dard
gov/engineering/hydraulics/pu
bs/11008/hif11008.pdf

Various
2008 2010

This edition also includes new sections on wetlands hydrology andsnowmelt hydrology,
an expanded section on arid lands hydrology, andcorrections of minor errors, and
inclusion of dual units.The HEC-25 provides guidance for the planning, analysis,Section
design,2 – Drainage
and NHI-07-096operation of highways and bridges in the coastal environment.
HEC-25contents includes information on: tides, storm surge, water levels,methods Various
HIF-11-008This document presents a stream simulation design procedure, waves;and This section of the UK
best practices for designing culverts to facilitate aquatic organismpassage (AOP). Highways
The Agency Design
primary goal of this document is to incorporate manyof the current geomorphic-basedManual for Roads andBridges
design approaches for AOP whileproviding a procedure based on quantitative best includes a range of advice
practices. It presents abed stability-based approach that accounts for the physicalnotes covering design of
processesrelated to the natural hydraulic, stream stability, and sediment drainageelements associated
withorhighways in the UK.
transportcharacteristics of a particular stream crossing. Specific information onfish,
Standards and procedureshave
other aquatic organisms, is not required, but should beincorporated when required.The
been developed for UK Part 3:Surface and
document provides a context for stream crossing design anddescribes the applicability Sub-surface
conditions and therefore care
of the design procedure. It also providesimportant background information a designer
should beexercised when using Drainage Systems for
should be familiar withincluding how culverts create barriers, techniques for culvert HighwaysSpacing of
assessmentsand inventories, fish biology, fish passage hydrology, Part 1:Design of Outfalls for
this reference for Nigeria-based
projects. Surface Water Road Gullies
streamgeomorphology, construction, and post-construction. Detailed
technicalinformation supporting the practices used within the design procedure ChannelsEdge of Pavement
andseveral design examples are included in the appendices. DetailsVegetative Treatment
Systems for HighwayPart 2:Surface
RunoffDrainage of Runoff
Drainage of Wide
from Natural Catchments
Carriageways

UK
HighwaysAgency

Highways in the
FHWACoastalEnvironment
-Culvert Design FHWAfor
AquaticOrganismPassage
8 Design
Manualfor Roads
and

6 7

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