Rony Parvej’s EEE Job Preparation Lecture – 1 & 2 : Communication

1 Write down the steps involved in PCM for baseband signal. BUET M.Sc. 12

PCM involves three main steps:

Sampling
Quantization
Coding
Sampling
Sampling involves measuring the analog signal at specific time intervals.

The accuracy of describing the analog signal in digital terms depends on how often the analog signal
is sampled. This is expressed as the sampling frequency. The sampling theory states that:

To reproduce an analog signal without distortion,

the signal must be sampled with at least twice the
frequency of the highest frequency component in
the analog signal.

Quantization
Quantization is to give each sample a value.

Coding
Coding involves converting the quantized values
into binary.

Figure: Quantization

2 State Nyquist theorem. What is the condition to recover message signal from sampled EGCB-12,
signal. BUET M.Sc. 13
Nyquist theorem is a theorem that is followed in the digitization of analog signals. It is states that-

“A signal must be sampled at least twice as fast as the bandwidth of the signal to accurately reconstruct the
waveform; otherwise, the high-frequency content will alias at a frequency inside the spectrum of interest
(passband).”

To reproduce an analog signal without distortion, the signal must be sampled with at least twice the
frequency of the highest frequency component in the analog signal.
Rony Parvej’s EEE Job Preparation Lecture – 1 & 2 : Communication
Basics of Type: 1
঳ূত্রগুল্লরা ভল্লন যাকখঃ
* Δ = 2mp / L
* PM = mp 2/2
* PQ= Δ2/12 = mp 2/ 3L2
PM / PQ = 3L2/2
* SNR (in dB) = 10 log (PM / PQ)
= 10 log (3L2/2) *
SNR (in dB) = 1.76 + 20 log L
* L = 2n
SNR (in dB) = 1.76 + 6.02 n
এআ ঳ূত্রল্লি 6dB Rule of SNR ফরা ঴য় ।

Rb = bit rate
= No. of bit used to encode a sample * sampling Rate
* Rb = nfS
* L = 2n
* fNQ = 2 fm
* fS ≥ fNQ
* Standard sampling rate for telephone system = 8KHz
* We can transmit up to 2 bit/s with 1Hz Bandwidth. (Minimum Bandwidth Recquired চাআল্লর এআটা ফযফহৃত
঴ল্লফ)
* Maximum acceptable quantization error = Δ /2

দিানটা দমন কি?

mp = Signal peak value
2mp = Operating Range
Δ = step size = resulation
L = No. of Quantization level
n = No. of bits in the sample’s code
PM= Signal power (average/or R.M.S.)
PQ= Quantization Noise power (average)
fS = Sampling frequency
fm = message signal’s frequency
fNQ = Nyquist frequency
Rony Parvej’s EEE Job Preparation Lecture – 1 & 2 : Communication

3 A signal x(t)=5 cos (1000 π t) is sampled at nyquist sampling rate and quantized using 8 bit NWPGCL-14
PCM system. Determine the bit rate of the digital signal.

Frequency of the message signal, fm = 1000π /2 π = 500 Hz

So, Sampling frequency, fS = Nyquist frequency, fNQ =2fm = 2*500 Hz = 1000 Hz

No. of bit, n =8.

So, Bit rate of the digital signal, Rb = nfS = 8*1000 Hz = 8 KHz Ans.

4 A PCM system multiplexes 10 band limited voice channel (300-3400 Hz) and uses a 256 MCQ PGCB-
level quantizer, considering the standard sampling rate for telephone system the 14
bandwidth of binary encoded signal is-
(a) 640 Kb/s (b) 80 Kb/s (c) 248 Kb/s (d) 496 Kb/s
L= 256 = 28 =2n .
So, No. of bits, n =8.
Standard sampling frequency, fs = 8KHz (ভুখস্ত যাখল্লত ঩াল্লযন)
So, Bandwidth for every channel, Rb = nfs = 8*8 =64 KHz

So, Bandwidth for 10 channels = 64*10 = 640 KHz

5 A PCM system multiplexes 20 band limited voice channel (300-3400 Hz) and uses a 256 EGCB-12
level quantizer, considering the standard sampling rate for telephone system the bandwidth
of binary encoded signal is
(a) 1280 Kb/s (b) 1088 Kb/s (c) 496 Kb/s (d) 992 Kb/s

৪ নং এয ঄নুরূ঩। এখাল্লন শুধু চযাল্লনল্লরয ঳ংখযা অল্লগয (১০টায) তুরনায় কিগুন (২০টা)। তাআ উত্তযও
অল্লগযটায কিগুন ঴ল্লফ। ঄থথাৎ,1280 Kb/s

6 A PCM system multiplexes 20 band-limited voice channels (300-3400 Hz) and uses a 256- MCQ BPDB
level quantizer. Considering the standard sampling rate for telephone system, the overall – 14 (FF)
data rate of the binary encoded signal can be calculated as
(a) 64 kbps (b) 1.28 Mpbs (c) 1.088 Mbps (d) 5.12 Mbps

৫ নং এয ঄নুরূ঩। উত্তযঃ 1280 Kb/s = 1.28 Mpbs

7 A PCM system multiplexes 20 band limited voice channel (300-3400 Hz). 15 of them are PGCL-11
multiplexed and uses a 256 level quantizer, considering the standard sampling rate for
telephone system what will be the bandwidth of binary encoded signal ?
L= 256 = 28 =2n .
So, No. of bits, n =8.
Standard sampling frequency, fs = 8KHz
So, Bandwidth for every channel, Rb = nfs = 8*8 =64 KHz
So, Bandwidth for 10 channels = 64*15 = 960 KHz
Rony Parvej’s EEE Job Preparation Lecture – 1 & 2 : Communication

8 In PCM, the number of quantization level is increased from 4 to 64, then the bandwidth MCQ BPDB-
requirement will approximately be increased 15
(a) 8 times (b)16 times (c) 3 times (d) 32 times

L1 = 4 = 22 = 2n1. So, n1 = 2
L2 = 64 = 26 = 2n2. So, n2 = 6
Rb1= n1*fs
Rb2= n2*fs
So, Rb2 / Rb1 = n2*fs / n1*fs = n2/ n1 = 6/2 = 3 times. Ans.

9 A PCM-TDM system multiplexes 10 band limited voice channel (300-3400 KHz) and uses a DPDC-14
11
256 level quantizer. If the signal is sampled at a rate 17 17 % higher than Nyquist rate, then
what will be the maximum energy bandwidth of the transmission channel?

Here,

Maximum frequency of the message signal, fm = 3400 Hz.

∴ Nyquist frequency of the signal, fNQ = 2 fm = 2* 3400 Hz =6.8 KHz

11
∴ Sampling frequency of the signal, fS = 17 17 % (=17.65%) higher than Nyquist rate
= 1.1765*6.8 KHz = 8KHz
8 n
Quantization Level, L = 256 = 2 = 2
∴ No. of bits in the code, n=8

∴ Maximum energy bandwidth of one channel = n fS = 8*8 KHz = 64 KHz.

∴ Maximum energy bandwidth of 10 channel = 10* 64 KHz =640 KHz Ans.

10 The signal x(t) = 2 sin ( 500 πt ) + 3 sin ( 1400 πt ) + 2 sin ( 3400 πt ) + 2 sin ( 6900 πt ) MCQ DPDC-
has been band limited within (300-3400 Hz). If this signal is sampled at Nyquist rate, 14
what will be output data rate if this signal is encoded with a 512 level uniform quantization.
(a) 72 kb/s (b) 61.2kb/s (c) 55.8 kb/s (d) 68.1 kb/s

঄ল্লনিগুরা ঳াআন কিংফা ি঳ ওল্লয়ব এি঳াল্লথ দমাগ অিাল্লয থািল্লর দম ঄ংল্ল঱য কিকুল্লয়কি ঳ফল্লচল্লয় দফক঱ দ঳টাআ ঳কিকরত ক঳গন্যাল্লরয
কিকুল্লয়কি। ঄থথাৎ এল্লেল্লত্র কিকুল্লয়কি ঴ফায িথা কির 6900π/2π = 3450 KHz. কিন্তু ক঳গন্যারটা (300-3400 Hz) এ ফযান্ড
করকভল্লটড।঄থথাৎ ক঳গন্যাল্লরয কিকুল্লয়কি 3400 Hz এয দফক঱ ঴ল্লত ঩াযল্লফ না! ঄থথাৎ,
Maximum frequency of the message signal, fm = 3400 Hz.
So, Sampling frequency, fS = Nyquist frequency, fNQ =2fm = 2*3400 Hz = 6800 Hz = 6.8 KHz.
Quantization Level, L = 512= 29 = 2n
∴ No. of bits in the code, n=9
∴ Output Data rate, Rb = n fS = 9*6.8 kb/s = 61.2 kb/s Ans.
Rony Parvej’s EEE Job Preparation Lecture – 1 & 2 : Communication

11 A television signal (video and audio) has a bandwidth of 4.5 MHz. This signal is sampled, PGCB-11
quantized and binary coded to obtain a PCM signal.
(a) Determine the sampling rate if the signal is to be sampled at a rate 20% above the
nyquist rate.
(b) If the samples are quantized into 1024 levels , determine the minimum bandwidth
required to transmit the signal.

Frequency of the message signal, fm = 4.5 MHz

Nyquist frequency, fNQ =2fm = 2* 4.5 MHz = 9 MHz
(20% above ভাল্লন 1.2 গুন)
(a) So, Sampling frequency, fS = 1.2*9 MHz = 10.8 MHz Ans.
(b) L=1024=210 =2n .
n = 10
Rb = n fS =10*10.8 =108 bit/s.
But We can transmit up to 2 bit/s with 1Hz Bandwidth. (Reference Example 6.2, B.P. Lathi)
So, Minimum bandwidth required to transmit the signal = 108/2 = 54Hz. Ans.

12 It is desired to set up a central station for simultaneous monitoring of the BUET MSC-
electrocardiograms (ECGs) of 10 hospital patients. The data from the rooms of the 10 14
patients are brought to a processing center over wires and are sampled, quantized, binary
coded, and time-division multiplexed. The multiplexed data are now transmitted to the
monitoring station. The ECG signal bandwidth is 100 Hz. The maximum acceptable error
in sample amplitudes is 0.25% of the peak signal amplitude. The sampling rate must be at
least twice the Nyquist rate. Determine the minimum cable bandwidth needed to transmit
these data.

Signal bandwidth, fm = 100 Hz.

Nyquist rate of each signal, fNQ =2fm = 2*100 Hz=200Hz
So, Sampling frequencyof each signal, fS = 2* fNQ = 2*200 Hz=400Hz
Given, maximum acceptable error, Δ /2 ≤ 0.0025 mp
or, (2mp / L)/2 ≤ 0.0025 mp
or, 1/ L ≤ 0.0025
or, L ≥ 400
But L should be a power of 2. So, L=512=29 =2n
( িাযণ 28 = 256 মা 400 এয দচল্লয় দিাট। তাআ 400 এয দচল্লয় ফড় 2- এয ঩যফতথী ঩াওয়ায 29 = 512 ধযা ঴ল্লয়ল্লি। তা না ঴ল্লর no. of bits, n এয
ভাল্লন দ঱কভি অ঳ত। কিন্তু কফট ঳ংখযা বগ্াং঱ ফা দ঱কভি ঴ল্লত ঩াল্লযনা, ঩ূণথ ঳ংখযা ঴ল্লত ঴য়।)
So, No. of bit required, n = 9.
So, minimum bit rate required for one patient, Rb = n fS = 9*400 bit/s = 3600 bit/s
We can transmit up to 2 bit/s with 1Hz Bandwidth.
So, minimum cable bandwidth needed to transmit these data for each patient= 3600/2 = 1800 Hz.
So, minimum cable bandwidth needed to transmit these data for 10 patients= 1800*10 Hz = 18000Hz
= 18KHz Ans.
Rony Parvej’s EEE Job Preparation Lecture – 1 & 2 : Communication

13 What is the resolution of a 8-bit ADC operating at 10 V range MCQ BPDB-

(a) 39.06 mV (b) 2.44 mV (c) 0.625 V (d) None of the above 13

Here, Operating Range, 2mp = 10 V

No. of bit, n = 8
So, Quantization Level, L= 2n =28=256
So, resulation, Δ = 2mp / L = 10/256 = 0.0390625 V =39.0625 mV Ans.

Basics of Type: 2

 where P is average power & σ is variance

 এল্লি 6dB rule of SNR ও ফরা ঴য়। n=bit rate

 এল্লি Shanon’s Capacity Theorem ও ফরা ঴য়।

C = Channnel capacity in bit/s
S=Signal power
N= Noise power.
B = frequency/Bandwidth of the message signal
এআ ঳ূল্লত্র S/N ফা SNR এয ভান ওয়াল্লট ফ঳াল্লত ঴ল্লফ । দ঳জন্য S/N ফা SNR এয ভান দডক঳ল্লফল্লর দদওয়া থািল্লর তাল্লি
ওয়াল্লট িনবাটথ িল্লয কনল্লত ঴ল্লফ।


঄থথাৎ, b এয ঩াওয়ায মত ঴ল্লর তায ভান x ঴ল্লফ দ঳টাআ ঴ল্লে log b (x) এয ভান।

14 In which of the following noise level is reduced? (4 values of SNR were given) MCQ BPDB
-14 (FF)

িাল্লজআ মায SNR ফক঱ তায নল্লয়জ ঩াওয়ায ফা নল্লয়জ দরল্লবল্লর িভ। িাল্লজআ SNR এয ভান মথাক্রল্লভ ২, ৩, ৪ ও
৫ দডক঳ল্লফর ঴ল্লর এল্লেল্লত্র ৫ দডক঳ল্লফর ক঳গন্যাল্লরযআ নল্লয়জ দরল্লবর ঳ফল্লচল্লয় িভ।
Rony Parvej’s EEE Job Preparation Lecture – 1 & 2 : Communication

15 Bandwidth = … KHz, SNR= … dB, what is bit rate? MCQ BPDB

-14 (FF)

এখাল্লন, ধকয, Bandwidth = 2.4 KHz= 2400Hz এবং S/N = 20 dB =10^ ( 20/ 10) =100 W

= 2400 log2 101 = 2400*6.658211=15,965 bt/s

16 For a voice channel, if the signal power level is -3dbm (-5 MW) and noise level is -20 dbm MCQ EGCB-
(0.01 MW), then SNR = 12
(a) 17 dbm (b) 16.9 dbm (c) 50 dbm (d) None of these

= -3 – (-20) dBm = 17dBm Ans.

17 x (t) = 1.5 cos (800πt) is to be PCM with minimum SQNR of 25dB. How many bytes are BUET MSC-
required for encoding each having uniform quantization. 14

Frequency of the signal, B = 800π / 2π = 400 Hz.

SQNR = 25 dB = 102.5 W = 316.23 W
( ঱টথিাল্লট ওয়াল্লট রূ঩ান্তল্লযয জন্য দডক঳ল্লফরল্লি ১০ কদল্লয় বাগ িল্লয ১০ এয ঩াওয়ায ক঴ল্ল঳ল্লফ ফ঳াল্লরআ ঴য়। )
C= B log2 (1+SQNR) = 400*(1+316.23) bit/s = 126892 bit/s.
So, bytes required per second = 126892/8 = 15861.5 byte Ans.
(1 byte=8bit)

18 Signal power = 2 MW, Noise power = 1.95 MW. Find maximum data rate and Shanon’s BUET MSC-
capacity. [Find maximum delta modulation এফং shanon’s theorem (300-3300) Hz এআ টাআ঩ 14
কি নাকি উল্লেখ কির। তথযদাতা ঩ুল্লযা঩ুকয ভল্লন যাখল্লত ঩াল্লযনকন।]

Let, Maximum frequency of the signal, B = 3300 Hz.

= 3300 log2 (1+1.02564)

= 3300 log2 (2.02564)
= 3300 * 1.018378
= 3360.6474 bit/s Ans.

19 What is the SNR (in dB) of a voice channel if the signal power level is 0.52 mW and noise MCQ DPDC
level is 0.01 mW? -14
(a) 52 dB (b) 34.32 dB (c) 17.16 dB (d)

= 10 log10 (.52/.01) = 10*1.716 =17.16 dB

Rony Parvej’s EEE Job Preparation Lecture – 1 & 2 : Communication

20 The Bandwidth of a signal is 10 KHz and SNR is 12 dB. Find the bit rate (According to BPDB-14
Jahid Sumon, Maximum bit rate) of the binary PCM . (FF)

B=10 KHz
SNR = 12 dB = 101.2 W =15.8489 W
C = B log2 (1+SNR) = 10* log2 (1+15.8489) =10* 4.07458 =40.7458 Kbit/s Ans.

21 If the signal at beginning of a cable with −0.3 dB/km has a power of 2 mW, what is the PGCB-11
power of the signal at 5 km?

The loss in the cable in decibels is 5 × (−0.3) = −1.5 dB.

We can calculate the power as

Ans.
[Reference: Example 3.30, Data Communications and Networking By Behrouz A. Forouzan, Sophia Chung Fegan]

22 A transmitter is transmitting data at a rate of 65 Kbps. At the receiver, the error detector PGCB-11
detects 32 errors in the received bits in 15 seconds of the data transmission. Calculate Bit
error rate (BER) of the communication system.

Data transmitted in 15 seconds = 65*15 = 975 bits

Errors in 15 seconds = 32 bits
So, bit error rate (BER) = (32 / 975)*100% =3.28% Ans.

23 Describe pre-emphasis and de-emphasis. DWASA-11

Emphasis is the intentional alteration of the amplitude-vs.-frequency characteristics of the signal to reduce
adverse effects of noise in a communication system.

In processing electronic audio signals, pre-emphasis refers to a system process designed to increase
(within a frequency band) the magnitude of some (usually higher) frequencies with respect to the
magnitude of other (usually lower) frequencies .

A system process designed to decrease, (within a band of frequencies), the magnitude of some (usually
higher) frequencies with respect to the magnitude of other (usually lower) frequencies is called De-
emphasis.

It improves the overall signal-to-noise ratio by minimizing the adverse effects of such phenomena as
attenuation distortion or saturation of recording media in subsequent parts of the system.