Engineering Education & Training

Preparation for the Professional

Engineering (PE) Civil Exam

Breadth Exam Session

IV- STRUCTURAL MECHANICS

Tentative No. of Questions = 6

Amir M. Malek, PhD. PE

[email protected]
E! ••
T
PREPARATION FOR THE PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING (PE) CIVIL
EXAM
BREADTH EXAM SESSION

IV - STRUCTURAL MECHANICS

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Engineering Education & Training

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Care has been taken to trace ownership of copyright material contained in this text. The
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Third Edition published : January 2018

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013958414

Bibliography

ISBN: 9780985697242

Printed in The United States of America.

Current printing of this edition: 2

2
 f N

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CHAPTER 1
LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS'2'
Page
1.1 Gravity Loads 6
1.2 Wind Loads 6
1.3 Snow Loads 7
1.4 Design Methods and Load Combinations 8

CHAPTER 2
STATICS AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS'1'
2.1 Equilibrium Equations 10
2.2 Types of Supports (2D) 10
2.3 External/Internal Stability 11
2.4 Determinacy of Structures 12
2.5 Analysis of Trusses (2D) 13
2.5.1 Analysis Methods 13
2.5.2 Zero Force or Easy-to-Calculate Members 13
2.5.3 Types of Trusses 15
2.6 Beams and Frames (2D) 15
\

3
 Page
2.6.1 Analysis of Determinate Beams 16
2.6.2 Analysis of Rigid (Moment Resisting) Frames 18
2.6.3 Analysis of Shallow Foundations 18
2.6.4 Analysis of Slabs on Continuous Supports 19
2.6.5 Compound Systems 21

CHAPTER 3
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURAL
DESIGN®
3.1 AxialForce 22
3.2 Direct Shear 22
3.3 Bending Moment 23
3.4 Shear Force 25
3.5 Torsion 27
3.6 Combination of Stresses and Stress Transformation 28
3.7 Defection of Structures (Virtual Work method) 30
3.8 Table of Deflections of Determinate Beams 30

CHAPTER 4
MEMBER DESIGN
4.1 Reinforced Concrete Design (ACI318-11)(2)
4.1.1 Beam (Bending) Design 33
4.1.2 Column (Compression) Design 36
4.1.3 Shear Design 36
4.2 Structural Steel Design (AISC 13th Edition)(3)
4.2.1 Tension Members : AISC Part 5 38
4.2.2 Compression Members : AISC Part 4 40
4.2.3 Beam Design : AISC Part 3 41
4.2.3.1 AISC Design Tables for W-shape Beams 42

4
 4.2.3.2 Other Necessary Checks for Beams ,42

CHAPTER 5
EARTH RETAINING STRUCTURES (RETAINING
WALLS)(1)
5.1 Classification 44
5.1.1 Classification Based on Resisting Mechanism 44
5.1.2 Classification Based on Rigidity of the Wall 44
5.2 Cantilever Retaining Wall Definitions 45
5.3 Lateral Earth Pressure 45
5.3.1 Active and Passive Soil Pressures 45
5.3.2 Rankine's Theory 47
5.4 Retaining Wall Checks 47
5.5 Design Considerations 51

Appendix I - Application of AISC Design Tables/Charts 52

Appendix II - Summary of Equations 61
Appendix III - Multiple Choice Questions 71
Appendix IV - Solutions of Multiple Choice Questions 88
Appendix V - Units and conversion 100
References 101

r*
Notes:
Superscript shown next to each subject represents the ranking of the
topic based on likelihood of appearance in the Breadth Exam.
Rank (1) - High probability
Rank (2) - Medium probability
Rank (3) - Low probability
Refer to Appendix V for units used in this chapter.
Loads applied to a building can be classified as Gravity Loads and Lateral
Loads.
• Gravity loads include weight of the structure and attached
components, weight of the occupants of the building, and rain or snow
loads.
• Lateral loads include: Wind (W), Earthquake (E), Lateral Soil and
Water Pressure (H), and Thermal Loads (T).
Earthquake forces are applied at the floor levels (mass concentrations) as
point loads.

1.1 Gravity Loads

Gravity loads include: Dead load (D), Live load (X), Roof live load (Lr), Snow
load (S), Rain load (R).
Most of the loads (D, L, Lr> R, S, Partition, and W) act as pressure and
therefore are multiplied by the area that they act on to provide forces.
Live load may be reduced for design of members having large tributary area,
as it is unlikely that entire area is occupied by live load.

1.2 Wind Loads

Wind load is discussed ASCE 7 Chanter 26. Wind load is applied normal to
the windward vertical surfaces, however for leeward surfaces and roof wind
applies uplift (like suction) forces.

t\ / s. /

• —>
—>
LJ
—>
Wind Direction
n —^
]

Figure 1- Building elevation with forces induced by wind

6
Example:
In the building shown in Figure 1, the wind pressure on the left wall is 100
psf, and the area of the wall exposed to wind (tributary area) is 1500 ft2.
What is total wind force acting on the wall?

Solution:
The total wind force is easily calculated by multiplying wind pressure and
tributary area, that is (100)(1500)=:150,000 lb=150 kips.
Note:
Tributary area definition can be used to estimate axial force of the columns,
and distributed forces acting on the beams/girders as shown below:

1.3 Snow Loads

Snow loads on roofs vary widely based on location, elevation, site exposure,
and slope of the roof. Snow loads are often applied as uniformly distributed
loads, however wind-induced drifting and melting and refreezing may cause
non-uniform loads. Compound roof systems may accumulate large
unbalanced loads in valleys, particularly on the leeward side of the roof.
Snow loading is covered in ASCE 7 Chapter 7.
The design snow load is given by:

Vf = ®-7CeCtIpg

1
Where: Ce and Ctare exposure and thermal factors, I is the importance factor
and Pgis the ground snow loads.

1.4 Design Methods and Load Combinations

Two different methods are commonly used for design of the structural
members:

• Allowable Stress Design (ASP): Load factors are mostly 1.0,

however wind forces are multiplied by a factor of 0.6 and earthquake
forces are multiplied by a factor of 0.7.
• Strength Design OR Load and Resistance Factor Design
(LRFD1: All loads are multiplied by applicable load factors.

Example of ASD/LRFD Basic Load Combinations (ASCE 7)

SD/LRFD ASD
1.4D D
1.2D+1.6L+0.5(Lr or S or R) D+L
1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or R)+(L or 0.5W) D+(Lr or S or R)
1.2D+1.0W+L+0.5(Lr or S or R) D+(0.6W or 0.7E)
0.9D+1.0W D+0.75(0.6W or 0.7E)+0.75L+0.75(Lr
or S or R)

Note: Design codes (ACI, AISC, etc.) may use load factors different than
ASCE7, as it will be discussed in subsequent sections. Wind and earthquake
forces are applied in both (opposite) directions separately (not applied at the
same time), and the direction that causes greatest effects is considered in
design.

Example: Which load combination produces largest uplift at footing B of the

frame shown in Figure 2?

Figure 2- Example of greatest effects caused by multiple loads

8
 Answer: DL+LL-EQ

The earthquake can be applied

in both directions, and when
applied from right to left it will
develop tension at support B.

)
9
 Chapter 2: Statics and Structural Analysis

2.1 Equilibrium Equations

In general, six equilibrium equations can be written as (starred red equations

are only used for 3D problems):
^Fx =0 ^Fy = 0 2Fz = 0

Z*
Mx = 0 Y~—"<
) My = 0* ) Mz = 0

2.2 Types of Supports (2D)

1) Single Force Supports: Roller, Link, or Rocker

Roller Link* Rocker

*Link has only one force

*
A acting along the member.

T /
Figure 3- Single force supports
2) Double Force Supports: Pin or Hinge

Figure 4- Double force supports

3) Rigid (Fixed) Supports

Figure 5- Fixed support

10
Note: Any member with pin/hinge/roller connections at both ends, and
without any perpendicular forces acting on the member is called a one-force
member. This means that for analysis of the system and calculation of
reaction forces, that member can be replaced with a single force (like link)
acting along a line connecting the two ends of the member as shown in the
following example.

Free Body Diagram (FBD)

Figure 6- Example of one-force member

2.3 External/Internal Stability

Common types of External Instability that can be verified by inspecting

reaction forces include:
1) Improper Supports (parallel or concurrent reaction forces)
2) Inadequate Supports (negative degree of indeterminacy). This
condition is discussed in more details in Section 2.4.
Common conditions of Internal Instability that can be verified by inspection
of the structure are:
1) Three hinges in a row in a beam or frame, without any support
between them.
2) Parallel or concurrent forces in a section of a determinant truss similar
to condition shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7- Examples of unstable trusses

11
In general, if inspection shows that under ANY arbitrary force, equilibrium
equations are not satisfied the structure is unstable.

2.4 Determinacy of Structures

Determinacy is investigated by calculation of the degree of indeterminacy (n).

Possible conditions are:
1) n > 0 —> Structure is indeterminate
2) n = 0 —• Structure is determinate
3) n < 0 —• Structure is unstable

Degree of indeterminacy for different types of structures is calculated as:

•> Trusses: n=b+r-2j
Where b is number of bars, r is number of reaction forces, and j is
number of joints.

Example: The degree of indeterminacy of the trusses shown in Figure 7 is

calculated as:
n=b+r-2j=12+6-2(9)=0

•> Beams or Frames: n=3m+r-3j-c

Where m is number of members, r is number of reaction
forces/moments, j is number of joints, and c is number of releases. If
number of members connected to a binge is n\ then c=n'-l.

Example: The degree of indeterminacy of a simply supported beam is

calculated as:
iv=3m+r-3j-c=3(l)+3-3(2)-0=0

Note: Alternatively, the tree method can be used for Structural Frames. In
this method adequate cuts are made to change the frame to number of
determinate tree-like frames. The degree of indeterminacy (n) is number of
necessary cuts times 3. Effect of non-rigid supports and hinges in members or
at joints must be considered in calculation of n.

12
Example: What is degree of indeterminacy of the frame shown?

•
71—3+3=6

Figure 8- Application of tree method

2.5 Analysis of Trusses

All connections of a truss are hinges and loads act only at the joints, therefore
members (bars) will only resist axial force (tension or compression).

2.5.1 Analysis Methods

There are two distinct methods of analysis:

1) Method of Joints: preferred if forces in most or all of the bars are
needed. At each joint at most two unknowns can be calculated.

2) Method of Sections (Cuts): preferred if forces in certain members are

needed. At each cut at most three unknowns can be calculated.

In most of the problems before application of any of the methods, reaction

forces of the truss must be first calculated.

2.5.2 Zero-force or Easy-to-calculate Members

Identification of zero force members simplifies truss analysis. Zero force

members can be identified using following simple rules:

1) If only two non-collinear members are connected to a joint without any

external force at that joint, both members carry zero forces.

13
 2) If three members are connected to a joint without external force and
two of the members are collinear. the force in the non-collinear
members is zero.

3) If four members are connected to a joint without any external force,

and members are collinear in pairs, the forces in collinear members are
equal.

Figure 9 shows zero force members in two simple trusses.

F1
Same Force
0

I*
\ \X B

t 200k
t 100k
Figure 9- Example of zero force members

In the first truss zero-force members have been identified at different joints.
Solution may start from left or right bottom joints. The top left joint has three
members connected, however vertical member is zero as calculated from
bottom joint and therefore all members connected to this joint are zero.
In second truss a=0 because the members shown are connected to joints (like
A) with three members without external force and members shown as a are
not collinear with other two member.
Using equilibrium of forces in Y direction at joint B, force in member b is
easily calculated as 200 kips.

14
2.5.3 Types of Trusses

In general, trusses can be classified as simple, compound, and complex.

1) Simple Truss: consists of a triangular network.
2) Compound Truss: two simple trusses connected by three non-parallel
and non-concurrent bars, or connected by a joint and a bar.
3) Complex Truss: neither simple nor compound

Simple and Compound trusses with above conditions are stable, however
stability of complex trusses needs special inspection (out of scope of this
book).

Note: Building frames (with non-rigid connections) used together with

bracing and resisting lateral forces act similar to a truss. Commonly, braces
are assumed to only resist tension, therefore the frame will be converted to a
determinate truss and it can be easily analyzed to calculate brace forces as
shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10- Simplified analysis of braced frames

In the example shown in Figure 10, using 2 Fx = 0 in sections 2-2 and 1-1, one
may find bracing forces in stories 2 and 1 as:
F*=(200)/cos(45)=283 kips
Fi =(200+100)/cos(45)::=424 kips
:

2.6 Beams and Frames (2-Dimenstional/2D)

Beams and frames mostly undergo forces acting normal to the longitudinal
axis of the member, or acting at the joints (for frames). Each beam member
has internal shear force and bending moment, however frame members resist
axial forces in addition to shear and moment. The conventional positive sign
for internal forces is shown in Figure 11, where q is the intensity of

15
distributed force, V is internal shear force, and M is internal bending
moment. Furthermore, we may write:

dV dM
and V = ——
dx

M fTiTIT M+dM

V V+dV

Figure 11- Conventional positive sign for internal forces of beams and frames

2.6.1 Analysis of Determinate Beams

The following summarizes typical steps needed for analysis of beams:

1) Calculate reaction forces/moments using Free Body Diagram (FBD)
and equilibrium equations.

2) Start with shear diagram by showing a sten (jump/drop) in the

diagram at location(s) of the point loads (including reactions) and in
the direction of the point load (upward=jump, downward=drop). If a
uniformly distributed load is applied to the beam, the shear diagram in
that area will be linear and change in the shear force from beginning
to the end of the distributed load is equivalent to the area under
distributed load because q=dV/dx.

3) Draw moment diagram, knowing that between any two points of the
beam, increment in moment is equal to the area under the shear force
diagram. If the shear diagram is constant between two points, the
moment diagram is linear. If the shear diagram is linear, the moment
diagram is parabolic. At the locations that a concentrated moment is
applied there will be a step (jump/drop) in the diagram equivalent to
the concentrated moment. The step will be positive (jump) if the
moment is clockwise. The maximum/minimum points of the moment
diagram will be at the points of zero shear force (V=dM/dx).

16
 Example:

Figure 12 shows shear and moment diagrams of a simply supported beam

under concentrated and distributed forces. The weight of the beam is
negligible.

ft.
n 10k 2 k/ft

f 5ft i 5ft 8ft

t 10.78 k

10.78
) 15.22 k

10 0.78 Area=2(8)=16
V(S)

53.9+0.78(5)=57.8
Mmax=57.8+(0.78)(0.39)/2=57.95
10.78(5)=53.9 k-ft

M 57.95-15.22(7.61)/2=0

Figure 12- Example of drawing shear and moment diagrams

In this example, the shear force diagram starts with a jump of 10.78 kips at
the left support and stays constant (zero distributed force) to the point B,
where the diagram drops 10 kips and remains constant to point C. From C to
D, the diagram is linear (constant distributed force of 2 kip/ft) and the change
is -2(8)=16 kips to reach -15.22 kips. The jump of 15.22 kips resulted from the
reaction force at point D, changes the shear force to zero. The zero shear force
at D verifies correctness of the solution.

The moment diagram starts from zero at point A and varies linearly
(constant shear force) to point B. Change in the moment from A to B is area
under shear that is 10.78(5)=53.9 kip-ft. Similarly, bending moment at C is
calculated as 57.8 kip-ft. From C to D the moment variation is parabolic.
Maximum moment occurs at point of zero shear and is calculated by adding
the area under shear diagram to the moment at C. From point of maximum
moment (zero shear) to point D moment decrease is equal to the area under
shear diagram. At point D moment is calculated as zero that verifies
correctness of the solution.

j
17
Note: You may refer to AISC Construction Manual (14th Edition) Table 3-23
to find shears, moments and deflections of Simple, Cantilever and
Continuous beams.

Example: Which diagram (a or b) shows the moment variations in the beam

of Figure 13? Weight of the beam is negligible.

Answer:
(b)- The moment diagram from A to B is linear (zero distributed force,
constant shear) and from B to C is parabolic (constant distributed force,
linear shear). Therefore, answer "b" is correct.

(b)

Figure 13- Sample problem of shear and moment diagrams

2.6.2 Analysis of Rigid (Moment Resisting) Frames

Structural frames consist of a number of beams attached together at different

angles. In general, each member of the frame acts similar to a beam however
frame members undergo axial force in addition to shear force and bending
moment.
The best method for analysis of determinate frames is separating members
(into beams) and using equilibrium equations at the joints to find forces at
one end of the member, and analyzing the member from that point.

2.6.3 Analysis of Shallow Foundations

For Structural Design of footings the bearing stress distribution under axial
force and bending moment transferred from column to the footing may be

18
assumed linear as shown in Figure 14. In that case the maximum and
minimum bearing stresses (compression assumed positive) are calculated as:
P \M\
7max ~ 4" ^
P \M\
Omm
A s
Where, A=BxH and S = ^
6

M H
The above equations are valid if e = |— < - where V is eccentricity of the
load. For larger values of eccentricity there will be uplift (separation of
footing from soil) on tension side of the footing.

I''

c7min
, CT-,max

Figure 14- Linear Distribution of Bearing Stress (e < ff/6)

2.6.4 Analysis of Slabs on Continuous Supports

Slabs are flat horizontal plates that are supported by columns or continuous
supports (like walls). Concrete and steel slabs may be used for variety of
applications such as main floor or roof system or as cover of the openings.
Different methods can be used for analysis of flat slabs such as classic plate
theory, finite element analysis, and yield line theory. Furthermore, design
codes such as ACI provide simplified methods that can be used for design of
reinforced concrete slabs. In this section, an approximate and simple method
is discussed that can be used for slabs supported on continuous supports.

The mechanism of transfer of the gravity loads applied to the flat slabs (w) on
continuous supports (as shown in Figure 15) can be better understood by
assuming that a series of beams parallel to X and Y directions carry the load
and transfer it to slab supports. As deflections of the imaginary beams need
to be the same at the middle of the slab (where the beams intersect), the

19
portion of the slab load that is carried by each beam can be calculated based
on compatibility of deformations.

Roof Slab
w is applied gravity load (units of psfksf)

A Y

<
L

Figure 15- Elevation and Plan View of Flat Slab on Continuous Supports

If continuous supports of the slab parallel to X and Y are similar, the portion
of the load that is carried in the X direction (by a beam like AE) and Y
direction (by a beam like CD) can be calculated as: wAE = w(f \ , wCD = W^L \
D TL £$ T" Li

Therefore, reaction forces and maximum moments at the center of slab in

directions of X and Ycan be calculated based on simple beam analysis. To
simplify design of the slab, internal forces (shear and moment) are calculated
for unit width of the slab.

If the aspect ratio of the slab is less than 2 (L/B <2), it is called tow-way slab
and above equations can be used. If the aspect ratio is 2.0 or larger, the slab

20
is called one-way slab and all the loads are carried by the beams acting in the
short direction of the slab.
For a two-way concrete slab, reinforcement will be needed in both directions
of X and Y. However, for a one-way slab reinforcement will be only needed in
the short direction (parallel to Y direction in Figure 15), and only nominal
reinforcement (shrinkage and temperature) is used in the long direction.

Example:
A concrete flat slab of 10'xl5' is supported on four walls. The total load acting
on the slab is 80 psf. What is the reaction force (per unit length) applied to
the longer walls at locations close to the middle of the slab?

Solution:
The beams in the short direction are supported on the longer walls. The force
acting per unit width of short beams at the middle of the beams can be
written as:
w(L4) 80(154)
= 66.8 psf
WcD B* + L4 (154 + 104)
N _ WcdB 66.8(1) (10)
= 334 l b / f t
R ~ ~ - 2 ~

2.6.5 Compound Systems

4ft
Example:
In the truss shown calculate reaction
force at support A due to 10 kip load
applied by the RED beam.

Solution:
First separate red beam and analyze it as a A
simple span beam:

8ft

Using moment equilibrium equation about left

support P is calculated as (10x7 )/12 =5,83 kips.
Apply this load as external force to right truss to
find reaction at A:
A

FBD

( R A ) ( 8) - (5.83)(4) = 0 -> RA = 2.92 kips B

21
 Chapter 3: Mechanics of Materials and Structural Design

In this chapter stresses and deformations in structural components resulting

from different types of internal forces are discussed.

3.1 Axial Force

Following are basic equations used for a member under pure axial force:
P Az PL
cr = — e= — , a = E e (Hook's Law), At= —
t ajLj CI

Where o is uniform axial stress (tension or compression), e is the axial strain,

Ai is elongation of the member, E is the modulus of elasticity (young's
modulus), L is the length, A is the cross sectional area, and P is the applied
axial force. Hook's law is valid for Linear Elastic Materials.

Example:

What is elongation of a 2 in. diameter circular bar that is under axial tension
force of T=150 kips. The bar is 2 ft. long and E-29000 ksi.

Solution:
PL 150(2 X 12)
A/= — = ——— , = 0.039 in.
1 AE (3.14 X 12)(29000)

3.2 Direct Shear Force

Shear strain caused by shear stress is shown by angle y measured in radians

(this angle is usually very small, therefore it is assumed that tany = y). The
relationship of shear stress and shear strain (at elastic level) is written as:
r = Gy

/ /
/ /
L. — - f

Where G is the shear modulus and can be written as G = — and v is the

2(1+0)
Poisson's ratio that is d = — £lateral as shown below:
axial
e

22
3.3 Bending Moment

Following are basic equations used for a member under pure bending
moment (flexure):
My MC M
(j — __ CLYld C F max J 0 ^ ®max w h ,6V6 S I / C

Where I is moment of inertia, S is section modulus, y is distance from Neutral

Axis to the point of stress calculation, and C is the maximum value of y.
Stress varies linearly along the depth of the section and can be compression
or tension as shown in Figure 16.

Compression (Head side)

IA: Neutral Axis "located at the CG of
the section)
Tension (Tail side)

Figure 16- Stress variations in a member under pure bending

For a rectangular beam section with width of "b" and depth of "h" we may
write:

bh3 h bh2 6M
I = — and C = — S — —g— and amax —

For a flanged section such as I-shapes, first the location of the Neutral Axis
(NA) must be determined (if not symmetrical), and then the value of I, to
calculate maximum tension and compression stresses.

23
Note: Moment of inertia of a circle with radius "i?" about an axis passing
from the center is / = (TCR 4 )/4 and S = (NR 3 )/4

Example: Calculate maximum stresses (tension and compression) in the

following steel beam that resists uniformly distributed load of q=35 kip/ft.

Figure 17- Simple beam example

Solution:
1. Calculate NA location:
- _ lyjAj _ (18X1X0.5)+(20X0.75X11)+(30X1X21.5) _ 819 _ ^
y ~ A ~ (18Xl)+(2OX0.75)+(30X1) 63 ~~ lU'

2. Calculate moment of inertia about the horizontal axis passing NA:

Z12 bh3
+ M }
1 1
/ = — (18 x l3) + (18 x 1) (13 - 0.5)2 + —(0.75 x 203)
1w -L c*
l
+ (0.75 X 20)(11 - 13)2 + — (30 X l3)
+ (30 X 1)(21.5 - 13)2 = 5544 in4

3. Calculate maximum moment at the middle of span:

ql2 35(15)2
Mmax = -g- = g = 984 kip. ft = 11812 kip. in.

4. Calculate maximum stresses at the middle of span at the farthest

points from the neutral axis. As bending moment is positive,
maximum compression will be at the top and maximum tension at
the bottom of the beam.
Mcl 11812(13)
^max,tension ~ - ~ —• - - — 27.7 ksi
T~~ 5544
Mc c 11812(22 - 13)
umax,compression ~ j ~ 5544 _

24
3.4 Shear Force

The general equations to calculate shear stress (z) and shear flow (q) in a
beam resisting internal shear force "Ware given as:
VQ VQ
t = —— and q = ——
It H I

Where Q is the first moment of area of the section above or below the point of
calculation of shear stress or shear flow with respect to NA, and t is the
thickness of the section at that location. In Figure 18, shear stress calculation
for points located at the depth of h' from top of the beam is of interest and
calculation of Q has been shown.

b
Q=YA=(b/2-h'/2)(bh')
Figure 18- Definition of "Q"

For the rectangular section shown in Figure 18 the maximum shear stress
occurs at the mid-depth (NA), where h-0.5h, and stress is calculated as:

rbh ^
2
VQ v(tq-) _ 3F 3_
W -ft-- - 2 A ~ 2Tavg
(-jtW )

3V
Similarly, qmax = Shear flow (q) can be used to calculate nail or shear stud
spacing in beams.

If location of the section changes (h' varies), the variation of shear stress on
cross section of the beam can be shown as:

25
Example: Calculate the maximum shear flow and shear stress (at the NA) at
a section very close to the left support of the beam shown in Figure 17.

Solution: The shear force at the vicinity of the left support is equal to the
reaction force, that is V= (35)(15)/2=262.5 kips.

For a point located on the NA the first moment area of the upper portion is:
Q = V4,y, = (21.5 - 13)(30 x 1) + (17 - 13)(8 x 0.75) = 279 in3

Therefore:
VQ 262.5(279) k
Imax - — - 5544 - 13'2 fa
VQ 13.2
^ttlclx — r — _ _ — — 17.6 ksi
It 0.75

Example: The variations of the shear flow and shear stress in I shape beams
is shown below. The sudden variation in shear stress at connections of beam
to flange is due to change in the thickness of the section.

Beam Section Shear Stress Shear Flow

26
 Example: The I-beam shown in Figure 19 supports a uniformly distributed
force, show locations of the maximum axial stresses (tension and
compression) and maximum shear stress.

Middle of span

A
Lu — 1 MM

• c i
Figure 19- Example of maximum stresses

Solution:

The bending moment is maximum and positive in the middle of the span.
Therefore, points B and C that are farthest from NA and are located at the
mid-span are under maximum compression and tension, respectively.
The shear force is the maximum at the supports. Therefore points A and D
that are located on the NA (with highest Q) undergo maximum shear stress.

3.5 Torsion

For a circular shaft under twisting moment (torsion) of T shear stress varies
linearly as shown in Figure 20. The maximum shear stress (Tmax) in the shaft
is calculated as:
Tr
T-tnnv
J
Where r is the radius of the shaft, and J is polar moment of inertia, that is
j _ nr4
' ~~ 2

'Tmax

Figure 20- Shear stress distribution by torsion in a shaft

27
I

Notes:
• Closed (hollow) sections are stronger than hollow open sections against
torsion:

Is strongerthan:

Hollow Sections: Shear stress due to torsion in a thin-walled closed

2T
section with thickness t and under torsion V(T)7 is calculated as: t =
2tA E
where AE is average enclosed area:

J ---? ae
1
I

For hollow thin wall cylinder (assuming rt =r0 = r) the equation is

simplified to r = 2

3.6 Combination of Stresses and Stress Transformation

If we consider an element (parallel to the x-y coordinate system) inside a

structural component, the general state of stresses caused by internal forces
is shown on an element in Figure 21. Axial stresses (ox and ov) are caused bv
axial force and bending moment and shear stress It) is caused bv shear force
and torsion. Superposition can be used to calculate total stresses acting on
the element as shown in Figure 21.

<?y

Figure 21- Stress transformation

28
If the right vertical face of the element is rotated by clockwise angle 0 (x —>
x'), the stresses will vary and one type may contribute to another type. The
following equations are used to calculate stresses on a plane rotated with a
clockwise angle 0 (shown by normal axis x):

<7y + <TV <7y — CFV

0e _ ——Z _| — cos(20) + t sin(20)
re = —^—-sin(20) + t c o s (20)

Maximum/Minimum axial stresses and maximum shear stress are called

principal stresses and are calculated as:
_ CFX + CFy
®max,min ~ ^ ^ ^max

*max = 2 +**

Example:
In the following structure calculate the axial stress at point A. The cross
section of member is a 10"xl0" square.

2ft
5 kips

Solution: The internal forces at section AB include axial force of 5 kips

(compression) and bending moment of 5x2=10 kip-ft as shown in the following
FBD.

Axial compressive stress at point A is caused by both axial force and bending
moment. As point A is on the outermost point (at distance C from CG), stress
can be calculated as:

29
 P M bh2 10(102)
cr = — + — Where S = — = 166.6 in3
AS 6 6
5 10(12)
12> n 77 ksi
t •
—- = 0.77
a 100 166.6

Example: In a simply supported rectangular concrete beam, an element

located on the NA and close to support is only under shear stress of x. If
element is rotated 45 degrees the maximum tensile stress will be Omax = %.
This shows that cracks will be developed in 45 degree direction perpendicular
to the direction of maximum tensile stress.

Figure 22- Example of stress transformation

3.7 Deflection of Determinate Structures

Excessive deflection (displacement) caused by the applied forces may

adversely affect the serviceability of structures. Large deflections may cause
floor vibrations, cracking of non-structural components such as partitions,
and inconvenience to residents of the buildings. Therefore deflection of beams
and girders need to be calculated and limited to the limits specified by design
codes.
There are several classical techniques such as virtual work, conjugate beam,
and strain energy methods that can be applied to trusses, beams and frames.
Tables have been developed to provide deflections of beams and girders with
different supports and under variety of loads. Using superposition
techniques, deflection of beams and girders can be calculated without heavy
calculations.

3.8 Table of Deflections of Determinate Beams

Tables of internal forces and deflections of beams under different types of

loads are provided in several references. Table-1 provides deflections and
rotations of commonly used beams at critical points. Superposition can be
used to extend application of these tables to beams supporting other types of
loads.

30
 Table 1- Deflection of determinate beams
Geometry and Elastic Curve Maximum Slope at the End
Loading Deflection
PL4 PL2
3EI 2EI
I

Y wL4 wL3

t
A
w r ~8EI ~6EI
I H H
4
ymax

ML2 ML
~2El ~E1
1 —?M ymax

PL3 PL2
+•
4 0.5L 48EI 16EI

A
ymax

Y\ For a>b Pb(L2-b2)

6A =
xo Vi2 - b2 6III
A B At: x0

A 0
ymax—
Or — +
Pa{L2 — a2)
6ELL
ymax at Xo Pb(L2 - b2)1,5
9a/3EIL

w 5wL4 wL3
+
v y w v 384F7 24EI

A
ymax

31
 1<L

£A 1
£ aAe„ 7
\
I3
=

lagA6
+% ¥
T"7

139 + = 'fl u-'l c ^ ^

IN {in H
 Chapter 4: Member Design

In this chapter design of the reinforced concrete members as well as the

structural steel members will be briefly discussed.

4.1 Reinforced Concrete Design (ACI 318-14)

Note: Units of "lb", "in" and "vsi" are used bv ACI.

• Load Combinations

The following load combinations are used for concrete design:

U=1.4D
U=1.2D+1.6L+0.5(Lr or S)
U=1.2D+1.6(Lr or S)+1.0L
• Generic Design Equation
The general design equation of ACI is written as:
U (Factored Load) < cpRn (Factored Nominal Resistance)
This equation is valid for flexural, shear and compression design.

Resistance Factor (<p):

Resistance factor is given as:
(p-0.9 Tension-controlled Bending (most of the times)
<p=0.75 Members with Spirals Reinforcement
(p-0.65 Other Reinforced Members
<p=0.15 Shear/Torsion
Standard Reinforcing Bars (ACI, Appendix A)
Standard sizes of steel reinforcement have been summarized in Table
2.

Bar Nominal Nominal

size, diameter, area, in.2
No. in.
3 0.375 0.11
4 0.500 0.20
5 0.625 0.31
6 0.750 0.44
7 0.875 0.60
8 1.000 0.79
9 1.128 1.00
10 1.270 1.27
11 1.410 1.56
14 1.693 2.25
18 2.257 4.00

33
4.1.1 Beam (Bending) Design

The state of stresses acting on a reinforced concrete beam at ultimate state is

shown in Figure 23. At ultimate state, the uniform compressive stress acting
on concrete is assumed to reach 0.85fc where fc is the compressive strength
of concrete (at 28 days). The depth of the stress block is calculated as a = ftc,
where c is the depth of the neutral axis and:

/?! = 0.85 if fc < 4000 psi

fc — 4000
/?! = 0.85 - 0.05 > 0.65 if fc > 4000 psi
1000

0.85f'c

C a=fiic

->T=Asfs

Figure 23- Analysis of a reinforced concrete section under bending

The failure mode of a reinforced concrete beam depends on the amount of

reinforcing steel used in the beam. The final failure is crushing of concrete,
however reinforcement may or may not yield before reaching to that point.

Yielding of the reinforcement before the concrete crush results in a ductile

mode seen as wide open cracks that happens before the crushing of concrete.
If the reinforcement does not yield, the crushing of the concrete will be
sudden and is called brittle failure.

The failure mode is investigated by knowing the strain level in the steel
reinforcement at ultimate state and can be classified as:

• Balanced Conditions: The beam is in the balanced condition if at

ultimate state tension reinforcement strain reaches to ey = fy/E «
0.002, when maximum strain of concrete in compression is at assumed
ultimate strain of 0.003.

34
 • Compression-controlled: If the net tensile strain in extreme tension
steel (ft) is equal to or less than 0.002 (et < 0.002), when concrete
strain reaches 0.003 (at ultimate state).

• Tension-controlled: If the net tensile strain in extreme tension steel

(ft) is equal or greater than 0.005 (et > 0.005), when concrete strain
reaches 0.003 (at ultimate state).

The section will be in the Transition region if the tensile strain in the steel
is between cases of Tension-controlled and Compression-controlled (0.002 <
st < 0.005).

For tension-controlled members the steel reinforcement yields before or

when concrete maximum strain reaches to 0.003 (in that case in Figure 23:
es = €y = y ). The section can be easily analyzed to calculate Nominal
Moment (Mn):

Asfy
a = o 85bf and Mn = As^d ~ 0,5a^

Design requirement is written as: Mv < <pMn. (Reminder: (p-0.9 in this case)

Design equations may be rewritten in terms of the tension reinforcement

ratio p (read "Rho") where: p = — . Following equations may be also used to
find area of reinforcement needed for a beam (for design purposes):

0.85f'cbd t 0.723 f'2cb2d2 - 1.7f'cbMn

As- t + -
Jy Jy
0.85/' feftd
es= 0.003( 1)
**sJy

Minimum Reinforcement (ACI 9.6.1.2):

At every section of a flexural member where tensile reinforcement is required
by analysis, the reinforcement provided (As) shall not be less than the
1 £/Jfcbwd 200bwd.
larger ot (-JL- and —-—).
Jy Jy

Maximum Reinforcement (ACI 9.3.3.1):

For non-prestressed flexural members with axial compression loads less than
0-1 fMg, ft at nominal strength shall not be less than 0.004.

35
4.1.2 Column (Compression) Design (ACI 22.4)

The general design equation is written as Pu < 0Pn where:

Pn = 0.85[0.85/c'(i45 - i4st) + fyAst] If Spiral is used

Pn = 0.80[0.85fc (Ag — Ast) + fyAst] If Ties/Hoops are used

In above equations, fy is the yield stress of reinforcing steel, Ag is gross cross

sectional area of the column and Ast is the total area of the longitudinal steel
reinforcement.

For long columns, the effect of slenderness (Buckling) must be considered.

The slenderness limit to disregard buckling is given as:

klu
— <22 for unbraced columns
r

klu /Mi\
< both 34 — 12 I —) and 40 for braced columns
r \M2J

MI and M2 are moments at the two ends of the column (— < 1 ) and their
\M21 '
ratio is positive for single curvature. Lu is the un-braced length of the column,
and K is the effective length factor.

Cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement of compression

members shall be not less than O.OLAg or more than 0.08Ag (ACI 10.6.1).

4.1.3 Shear Design

The general design equation is written as Vu < 0Vn. The nominal shear
strength for beams of normal-weight concrete is given as (ACI 22.5.1):

vn = vc + vs
Vc = 2jfibwd Vs = < 84Tcbwd

Where, bw is width of the web of the concrete section, s is the spacing of

stirrups, and Av is the cross sectional area of stirrups intersected by a shear
crack as shown in Figure 24.

36
 - Av^

m m m

bw bw

Figure 24- Reinforced concrete beam with shear stirrups

Notes:
1) Shear reinforcement is not required when Vu < O.S(pVc.
2) Concrete beams are designed for shear force (Vu) acting at distance "d"
from the face of the support. Any section between the face of the
support and distance "d" is designed for that shear.

Following table summarizes ACI requirements for beam shear design:

Factored Shear Vu < 0.5<pVc 0.5(pVc <Vu<(pVc Vu > <PVC

Required Av None 50bws/fy (Vu - (pVc)s/((pfyd)
(Iff'c < 4400 psi)
Requirements Required -
(Avfy)/(50bw) {(pfyAvd)/{Vu - (pVc)
for Stirrup Spacing
Spacing (s) ACI Minimum - - 4 in.
Recommended
ACI d/2 or 24" ...IF
Maximum dl2 or 24 in. CVu ~ <pVc) < Acp^f^bwd
Recommended whichever smaller d/4 or 12" ...IF
(Vu - (pVc) > 4(pjf~cbwd

37
4.2 Structural Steel Design (AISC 14th Edition, 2011)

Note:
Units of "tan", "in" and "fcsi" are used bv AISC.

W shapes are shown as Waxb. Where:

a = d (in.)
d b = Weight (lb/ft)
V

Two distinct methods of Allowable Stress Design (ASD) and Load and
Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) are allowed and tables of AISC include
design information for both methods.

The following summarizes governing load combinations for each of the two
methods (for definition of symbols, refer to Chapter 1):

• Load Combinations-LRFD
U=1.4D
U=1.2D+1.6L+0.5(Lr or S or R)
U=1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or R)+(0.5L or 0.5W)
• Load Combinations-ASD
U=D
U=D+L
U=D+(Lr or S or R)

4.2.1 Tension Members (AISC Chapter D)

Tensile Strength is written as:

LRFD ASD
Smaller of (0.9FyAg and 0.7SFuAe)

Note: If -f- > 1.2 — then equations containing Ag will govern.

In the above equations:

Ag = Gross Area An = Net Area

Fy = Yield Strength Fu = Ultimate Strength

38
 The effective net area (Ae) is calculated as:
Ae

Where U= 1.0 for flat members, plates, and fully fastened flanged members.

An is limited to 0.85Ae, that is An<0.85As.

Net Area Calculation:

This definition is used for bolted members with holes, and is given as:

s2
Ket = twnet, Where wnet = w- n(Dh) +

Note that the last term is only applicable for zigzag fracture lines.
Furthermore:

Dh = Width of the hole for effective width calculations =

Nominal dimension of the hole + 1/16"

Nominal dimension of the hole = Nominal diameter of the bolt + 1/16"

Ste

Figure 25- Effective area calculation with zigzag bolts

Other Requirements:
Slenderness ratio (Ur) of tension members should preferably be limited to
300 (AlSC-Section D4).

\
J
39
4.2.2 Compression Members (AISC Chapter E)

The (factored/allowable) compression force that can be applied to a member is

written as:

LRFD : Pu = 0.9Pn & ASD: P a = ^ j

Where: Pu and Pa are required strength when using LRFD or ASD,
respectively.

rP
n
= 1F A
cr^g

tc^E
Fcr depends on KL/r (slenderness ratio) of the column ( Fcr = ^ L j y ) - K l / r
must be calculated in both x and y directions and the larger value to be used.

;
K is the effective length factor and is given in Table C-A-7.1 of AISC (page
16.1-511) and as shown in Figure 26.

Column End
Conditions

Theoretical K nK
u.o
.
n n1
U. O f\
Z.U
. 1-L.Uf\
Design Value 0.65 0.8 2.10 1.0
(Recommended)
Figure 26 - Effective length factor for columns with different end supports

For columns in rigid frames, K is calculated using relative stiffness of

columns and beams attached to the end joints of the column and by
calculating the dimensionless factor G as:

EI
Y.T (columns)
^= £7
(Beams)

G is calculated for both ends of the columns. Note that:

• If G=0 (column rigidly connected to footing), use G=1.0.
• If G =oo (column pinned to the footing), use G=10.

40
 Refer to AISC Fig. C-A-7.1 (page 16.1-512) for braced frames or Fig. C-A-7.2
(page 16.1-513) for unbraced (moment) frames to calculate K. You can also
refer to attachment I for picture of aforementioned charts.

After calculation of the slenderness ratio, refer to the following AISC Tables
to design or check columns as summarized here:

Table 4-1. W-Shapes (page 4-12 to 4-23) and Table 4-2 HP-Shapes (page
4-24 to 4-27) all for Fy=50 ksi.

Values are given based on (KL)y. However the effective length in the x
direction must also be considered. The larger value of (KL)y and (KL)y-eq must
be used, where:
(KL) x
i.KL)y-eq ='V£
ry

Refer to Bottom of the Tables for the ratio of —.

r y
Example: For W10x54 with ( K L ) y = 15 f t , you read strength of 330 kips and
495 kips for ASD and LRFD, respectively, and r— = 1.71
y
Compressive strength of other shapes (round, square, rectangular,..) are
given in the remaining Tables of Chapter 4.

4.2.3 Design for Flexure (AISC Chapter F)

The (factored/allowable) moment that can be applied to a beam is written as:

Mn
LRFD: Mu = 0.9Mn & ASD: Ma =
1.67
Where: Mu and Ma are the required strength when using LRFD or ASD,
respectively.
The spacing of lateral braces and compactness of the section (to avoid local
buckling of web and flanges) must be considered in evaluation of Mn.

)
j
41
4.2.3.1 AISC Design Tables for W-shape Beams

Following is a summary of application of the AISC tables for beam design:

Table 3-2, (page 3-19 to 3-27) provides yield strength (^-p or (pbMpx) for W
shapes and can be used for selection by Zx (compact & braced sections) for
Fy=50 ksi. Tables can be used for design of braced beams under any type of
loads.
Table 3-3, (page 3-28 to 3-29) provides Ix for W shapes. Ix may be needed for
deflection calculations

Table 3-6 (page 3-35 to 3-79) provides maximum TOTAL uniform load (kips)
that can be resisted by the specified braced W shape (Fy=50 ksi). Tables can
be used for design of braced simple span beams under uniformly distributed
loads.

Table 3-10 (pages 3-99 to 3-134) provides strength (Mu and Ma) for W shapes
with different un-braced lengths. Tables have been developed for Cb-1 and
Fy=50 ksi.

Depth Qb js the beam bending coefficient and depends on the values of bending
moment at the two ends of the segment located between two adjacent lateral
braces. Cb can be calculated from Table 3-1 (page 3-18) of AISC manual, and
depends on the loading conditions and location of the lateral braces.
If Cfr^l.O, the strength value calculated from Table 3-10 must be multiplied
by Cb.

4.2.3.2 Other Necessary Checks for Beams:

• Design for Shear (AISC Chapter G, page 16.1-67)

The nominal shear strength, Vn, is given as: Vn=0.6FyAw , where Aw is the
cross sectional area of the web that is Aw = d X tw

The general design equation for shear is written as:

LRFD : Vu < Vn

ASD : < VJ 1.5

42
 • Deflection under service live load must be checked for serviceability
requirements. Use Table 1 or refer to tables given in the AISC manual
to calculate maximum deflection of the beams. Superposition may be
helpful for beams under different types of loads.

)
43
 Chapter 5 : Earth Retaining Structures (Retaining Walls)

5.1 Classification

Considering large variety of retaining walls, different classifications may be

used, some will be discussed here.

5.1.1 Classification Based on Resisting Mechanism

Retaining walls can be classified as non-anchored and anchored walls. Non-

anchored walls will be discussed in this chapter. Figure 27 shows common
types of non-anchored retaining walls.

Gravity Wall
Cantilever Wall

5.1.2 Classification Based on Rigidity of the Wall

Rigidity of the retaining wall may affect the mobilization of the retained soil
and therefore the force that is resisted by the wall. In general, walls can be
classified as:
- Rigid: like concrete retaining walls
- Flexible: like Mechanically Stabilized Embankment (MSE)
Flexible walls are out of the scope of this book and will not be discussed here.

44
5.2 Cantilever Retaining Wall Definitions

Typical section of a cantilever retaining wall is shown in Figure 28. The wall
consists of a vertical stem, and footing. The edge of the footing on retained
soil is called as "heel", and the opposite side as "toe". This terminology is due
to similarity to a foot, where rotation about the toe will happen at the start of
the move.

H (height of RW)

Toe
nShear key
Figure 28- Cantilever Retaining Wall Definitions

5.3 Lateral Earth Pressure (review)

5.3.1 Active, and Passive Soil Pressure

If retaining wall movement is negligible, at rest lateral earth pressure
applied to the wall is calculated as:
0h = Eo°V

Where, K0 is coefficient of at rest lateral earth pressure and avis the vertical
earth pressure as shown in Fig. 29.

I
T
Figure 29- General state of stresses in soil

As shown in Fig. 30, if structure is pushed awav from the soil, the lateral
earth pressure will be in active condition and is calculated as: ah = Kaav,
where Ka is coefficient of active soil pressure, and <rv = pgh — yh is the
vertical stress at any point located at depth of h from the surface, and y is
unit weight of soil.

45
If structure is pushed into the soil, the lateral earth pressure will be in
passive condition and is calculated as: ah = KPav, where KP is coefficient of
passive soil pressure. The variation of the later earth pressure coefficient
with movement of the wall is shown in Fig. 31.

Movement

K.jCTy

Active Condition

Movement

=•-* fir£?V

Passive Condition

Figure 30- Active and Passive lateral Soil Pressure

Wall Movement

Movement Away from Soil Movement into Soil

a«p

Figure 31- Variations of Coefficient of Lateral Earth Pressure per Wall

Movement

46
 Typical values of the coefficients are given in Table 2.

Table 2- Typical Values of Lateral Pressure Coefficients

Condition Cohesion-less Soil Cohesive Soil
KP 3.0-14.0 1.0-2.0
Ka 0.33-0.22 0.4-0.8
Ko 0.4-0.6 0.5-1.0

The failure wedges for active and passive conditions are shown in Fig. 32.

Figure 32- Failure Surfaces in Active and Passive Conditions

5.3.2 Rankine's Theory (Granular Soil)

Coefficients of lateral earth pressure can be calculated based on Rankine or

Coulomb Theories.
Using Rankine's theory and assuming that:
• Backfill is horizontal.
• Retaining wall is vertical (no batter).
• Friction between soil and surface of the wall is ignored.

The simplified values of Ka and KP are calculated as:

_ / (p\
1 - sin(p
Kaa = tan2 (45 =- —
V 2/ 1 + sin<p
_ / (p\ 1 + sincp
KP = tan2 (45 + —) = :—
V 2' 1 — sin(p
Where, (p is the angle of internal friction of soil (in degrees).

5.4 Retaining Wall Checks

Retaining wall stability checks include overturning and sliding, as well as

slope failure analysis. When performing checks, any extra distributed load at
soil surface (surcharge) applies a uniformly distributed lateral pressure
calculated as Kaqs, where qs is the uniform surcharge, as shown in Fig. 33.
Water pressure behind the wall (hyrostatic pressure) is usually disregarded,

47
as permeable materials or geo-composite fabrics used behind the wall drain
any extra water.

• Overturning Check
The ratio of Resisting Moment to Overturning Moment is called factor
of Safety (FS) against overturning. The required FS is 2.0 for cohesive
backfill, and 1.5 for granular backfill. The moments are calculated
about toe of the footing.

• Sliding Check
The ratio of Resistance against Sliding to Sliding Force is called factor
of Safety (FS) against sliding. The required FS is 2.0 when passive
pressure is included in calculations, and it is 1.2 if passive pressure is
ignored. If the FS is not adequate shear key may be used to prevent
sliding.

qs

Key

Figure 33- Free Body Diagram for Retaining Wall

Exercise: Identify forces that contribute to Overturning and Resisting

Moments, as well as Sliding Force and Resistance against Sliding.

Example:
In the following retaining wall, calculate the overturning moment about the
toe of the base.

48
Solution:
( 32\2
Ka = tan (45 ——J = 0.307
<jh = Kayh = (0.307)(115)(13) = 459 psf
1
R = - a h h = 0.5(459)(13) = 2984 l b / f t

m°t = « ( | ) = 2984 ( y ) = 12929 lb. f t / f t

Example:

A 15-foot tall cantilever retaining wall is backfilled with well-drained

granular soil with (p=38° and y = 125 pcf, as shown in the figure. Assuming
that unit weight of concrete is 150 pcf, answer to questions 1-7.

1- What is coefficient of active earth pressure (ka)?

Ka = tan(45 - 19)2 = 0.238

2- What is coefficient of passive earth pressure (kP)?

Kv = tan(45 + 19)2 = 4.2

49
3- What is the lateral active earth force exerted on the linear foot of wall?
lb
Fa = 0.5 Kayh = 0.5 (0.238)(125)(152) = 3347— = 3.35 k/ft
ft

4- What is the lateral passive earth force per linear foot, resisting against
wall movement?
Fp = O.SKpyh2 = 0.5(4.2)(125)(42) = 4200 — = 4.2 k/ft
Jt

5- What is the overturning moment on the linear foot of the wall?

MOT=3.35(15/3)=16.75 k - f t / f t

6- What is the factor of safety (FS) against overturning. Ignore the effect
of the soil on passive side.

Referring to the drawing:

lfa=(6.5)(13.5)(0.125)=10.97 k / f t
Tfa=(18/12)(13.5)(0.15)=3.04 k / f t
Wa=(18/12)(10)(0.15)=2.25 k/ft
Resisting moment is written as:
JI4W=(3.04)(2.75)+(5)(2.25)+(10.97)(6.75)=92.65 k-ft/ft
FS=(92.65)/(16.75)=5.5 OK

7- Assuming that coefficient of friction between soil and footing is 0.5,

what is the factor of safety against sliding?. Ignore the effect of soil on the
passive side.

The resisting force due to friction:

F friction = 0.5(Wi + W2 + W3) = 0.5(10.97 + 3.04 + 2.25) = 8.13 k i p / f t
8.13
FS = = 2.42
3.35

8- If a surcharge of 250 psf is applied on the ground of the heel side, what
is the lateral force per unit length of wall due to only surcharge?.

F surcharge-(250)(15)(0.238)=893 l b / f t = 0.9 k / f t

50
5.5 Other Design Considerations

Footing of the retaining wall is designed below the frost depth, as shown in
Fig. 34. Following provides guidance for proportioning of a retaining wall at
design stage:

• 10<H/tbase <14
• B-1.5L
• 8<H/totem <12
12" Min.

Figure 34- Proportioning of Cantilever Retaining Walls

51
 Appendix I

Applications of AISC Design Tables/Charts from AISC Steel

Construction Manual (14th Edition)

Courtesy of: American Institu te of Steel Construction (AISC)

Notes:

• Selected pages of the AISC tables have been shown here.

• Application of selected pages has been demonstrated through

solution of the problems cited on each table/graph.

• It is necessary to carry AISC Steel Construction Manual to the

exam in order to answer structural steel questions (if any).

52
 "3Nf 'NOrXOflMXSNOO IfJtLLS tio 3LLTU.USNI NVDIHrlWV

ism OS = 4J m|M bl'20 uoii'i^s uoipoijpods U! je8l|s iO| )juij|Mj/q am paw jou saop adeijs a
OL EV uojpas uoqeoijaads OSIV '-'-rl A(ddu Auui Kiuaiuaimbaj ppads uj g umjj japaiB ssauMapi aBuey M
AjujqipdiuoD ajnsua oj
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•jSM OS = 4J IfljAA UO|SSaJdLUOO M l J0pU8|S SI SdBllS 3

®l/6t 9/eZ 69* l- 9'Al 60* t VtSt A*fi

3 3 I1- «/e 9l/u 089 0 Veft 8 ft Z'Z f Sf tx
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(panuquoo) a|qe_L

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DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES
AISC - Page 1.23
Note: application for Problem
No. 9 is shown.

Table 1-1 (continued)

W Shapes
Properties T
W16 - W14

Compact Torsional
Nom­ Section Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Properties
inal
m. Criteria
Cw
A /
lb/ft 2it in.' in. in. in: In.4 in. in. in. in. in. in.
100 5.29 1490 175 7.10 198 186 35.7 51 2.92 16.0 7.73 11900
89 92 1300 155 7. 175 163 15.9 5.45 10200
77 77 1110 134 150 138 47 2.85 15.8 57 8590
67 70 954 117 130 119 2.82 15.7 7300
57 758 92 72 105 43 1.92 15.7 2660
50 81 92.0 37 1.89 15.6 2270
45 72 82.3 32 1.88 15.6 11 1990
40 518 73.0 28 1.86 15.5 794 1730
448 64.0 24 1.83 15.4 1460
31 51 47 54.0 12 4 7.03 1.42 15.4 739
26 301 38 44.2 9 3 5.48 1.38 15.3 565
730 14300 1280 17 1660 4720 527 816 17.5 1450 362000
12400 1150 1480 4170 472 730 5.57 17.1 1120 305000
10800 1040 1320 423 5.46 16.8 258000
550 9430 931 1180 378 5.36 16.4 219000
500 8210 838 1050 522 5.26 16.1 514 187000
455 7190 756 5.17 15.8 160000
426 706 5.11 15.6 144000
398 801 2170 402 5.06 15.4 273 129000
370 5440 736 1990 241 370 5.00 15.3 222 116000
342 672 1810 221 338 4.94 15.1 178 103000
311 4330 603 1610 199 304 4.87 14.9 136 89100
283 3840 459 542 1440 179 274 4.81 14.7 104 77700
257 3400 415 487 1290 161 246 4.75 14.5 79.1 67800
233 3010 375 436 1150 145 221 4.69 14.3 59 59000
211 2660 338 390 1030 130 198 4.64 14.2 44 51500
193 2400 310 355 931 119 180 4.59 14.0 45900
176 2140 281 43 320 838 107 163 4.55 13.9 40500
159 1900 287 748 96.2 146 4.51 13.8 35600
145 1710 677 87.3 133 4.47 13.7 31700

AMERICAN INS m u r e OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

54
=LEXURAL DESIGN TAB!
Note: application for Problem AISC-Page 3.25
No. 27 is shown.

Py = 50 ksi
Table 3-2 (continued)
W Shapes
Selection by Z x
z
BF fti. / n i- %vm
kips
L, L, 1* iiips Ups
! Steps kip-ft kip-ft kip-ft kip-ft kips
I ASO ! i li '1 ASO iron _ A®0... MiW ft ft £il.' 430 "fi'in"
W2!xS§ 126 314 473 191 1 10.8 10.3 6.11 17.4 1140 158 214
W14x74 I ''b 314 -496 4 5.34 8.76 31.0 79.". 181
IV 18x80 I '''< 307 Ki'i 189 2IM 9,64 i 5.93 18.2 ! I i 227
W12x79 I I'J 297 410 187 •Oi 3.77 •).:•/ 10.8 39.9 6G2 i K. 175
W14x66 i i !i 287 431 180 270 5.20 / .0 1 8.88 29.3 r/A < !• 1/5
'.Vlti- ::8 i i:i 282 *124 175 830 2 68 3.0' > 9.29 51.1 534 131 197
wisxss 112 278 •120 172 -53 9.28 13.0 5.90 17.5 : ! 141 212
W21x5fl t (•:> 274 4i3 IBS me 12.2 OB. 3 4.59 13.® 904 158 237
W 12x72 i U:i 269 40!) 180 'An1 > 3.72 10.7 37.4 597 105 158
W21x4a* "lOT J»S 117 244 9.76 i ^ •/ 6.09 16.6 959 144 217
WU>xb7 II! > 267 NT; 161 54 2 7.98 18.0 5,85 18J 7GH 14! 212
W14WI IOP 254 o:;:! 161 242 4.96 7.40 8.85 27.5 040 104 156
W18x50 ill i 252 8/0 155 8;ri 6.69 18. i 5.83 17.0 800 (28 192
VV 10x77 244 800 1 SO 883 A.5'3 8.90 9.18 45.2 405 112 169
W12x85* fiii.f; m "50 154 88 i 3 60 5.*1 i 11.9 38.1 533 94.5 142
W21x44 65.4 238 368 8 i4
143 11.2 le.n 4.48 13.0 64.1 14ft 117
W10x50 fl.'.O 230 8.1.5 81'!
141 7.59 11A 5.82 17.2 659 124 185
W 10x40 11' I. 226 310 20/
138 0.71 14.0 4.56 13J 7i (30 195
W14x53 is/.l 217 501
13S 6.27 /.':.; 8.78 22.2 541 103 155
VV 12x58 fiCi.-: 216 32-1 80'.
136 3.76 5.00 8.87 29.9 475 87.0 132
W10x§8 85.3 213 350 HiO
132 2.57 3.00 9.15 40.8 394 97.8 147
W 10x45 205 OO'J i 0 i Iflll
l?7 iO.il 5.55 16.5 586 ill 167
W18x40 7:i 186 201 tlllll 180 OS. 13.3 4.49 13.1 612 ' !' 168
W 14x46 /J.-! 196 801 lllll Kil 5.10 7.00 6.75 21.1 484 93.8 141
VV 12x53 77.9 194 ','tiy MM 100 3.65 5.40 8.76 28.2 425 83,2 125
VV 10x60 74.1 i 186 800 11B I/O 2 5=J a.ao 9.08 36,8 341 85.8 128
V/10x40 >.:.0 182 274 113 i 70 KM
6.69 5.55 15.8 518 07.7 148
VV 12x50 7 1.0 I7P 8 70 1 12 100 , 0/
3.97 6.92 23.9 391 90.2 135
W8-67 70.1 175 803 105 100 8.0(1
! 73 7.49 47.7 272 103 154
W14x43 ;V) i; 174 801 103 10 4 %MM-4 7.84 6.68 20,0 428 88.1 125
W10x54 8;;.o 166 250 105 ir.a 2.10 .8.74 9.04 33.7 303 74.7 112

i
i
l
t... . -

ASO WW ' Ship# exceed* compact limit tor flexure will F = 50 tel.

i r * • 1.M
1.67 o.ijo
<>.. l.w

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF Sim. CONSTRUCTION, INC.

i 1I i 1 i|
Fully Braced 55
FLEXURAL DESIGN TABLES
AISC-Page 3.29

Table 3-3 (continued)

W Shapes 1
Selection by lx X

L
X 4
X 4
X
1*
X
Shape Shape Shape Shape
In.4 In.4 in.4 In.4

W3Qx90 3810 W24x68 1830 W21x44 843 W16x26 301

W12x305h 3550 W21x83~ 1830 W12x96 833 W 14x30 291
W24x117 3540 W18x97 1750 W18x50 800 W12x35 285
W18x175 3450 W14x1*45 1710 W14x74 795 W10x49 272
W14x257 3400 W12x170 1650 W16x57 758 W8x67 272
W27x94 3270 W21x73 1600 W12x87 740 V/10x45 248
W21x132 3220 W14x68 722
W12x279h 3110 W24x62 1560 W10x112 716 W14x26 245
W24x104 3100 W 18x86 1530 W18x46 712 W12x30 238
W18x158 3060 W14x132 1530 W12x79 662 W8x58 228
W14x233 3010 W16x100 1490 W16x50 659 W10x39 209
W24x103 3000 W21x68 1480 W14x61 640
W21x122 2960 W12x152 1430 W10x100 623 W12x2® 204
W14x120 1380
W27x84 28S0 W18x40 612 W14x22 199
W18x143 2750 W24x55 1360 W12x72 597 W8x48 184
W12x252h 2720 W21x62 1330 W 16x45 586 W10x33 171
W24x94 2700 W18x76 1330 W14x53 541 W10x30 170
W21x111 2670 W16x89 1300 W10x88 534
W14x211 2660 W14x109 1240 W12x65 533 W12x22 186
W18x130 2460 W12x136 1240 W8x40 146
W21x101 2420 W21x57 1170 . W16x40 518 W10x26 144
W12x230h 2420 W18x71 1170
W14x193 2400 W18x35 510 W12x19 130
W21 >:55 1140 W14x48 484 W8x35 127
W24x84 2370 W16x77 1110 W12x58 475 W10x22 118
W18x119 2190 W 14x99 1110 W10x77 455 W8x31 110
W14x176 2140 W18x65 1070 W16x36 448
W12x210 2140 W12x120 1070 W14x43 428 W12x16 103
W14x90 999 W12x53 425 W8x28 98.0
W24x78 2100 W10x68 394 W10x19 96.3
W21x93 2070 W21x50 984 W12x50 391
W18x106 1910 W18x60 984 W14x38 385 W12x14 88.6
W14x159 1900 W8x24 82.7
W12x190 1890 W21x48 989 W16x31 375 W10x17 81.9
W16x67 954 W12x45 348 W8x21 75.3
W12x106 933 W10x60 341 W10x15 68.9
W18x55 890 W14x34 340 W8x18 61.9
W14x82 881 W 12x40 307
W10x54 303 W10x12 53.8
W8x15 48.0
W8x13 39.6
W8x10 30.8

h Flange thickness greater than 2 In. Special requirements may apply per AISC Specification Section A3.1c.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

56
IAXI MUM TOTAL UNIFORM Note: application for Problem AISC- Page 3.61
No. 21 is shown.

I
Table 3-6 (continued)

50 ksi
Maximum Total
Uniform Load, kips
W Shapes W18—W16
W18x W16x
Shape
55 50 48 35 100
Design ! S-jlr I ' • F
A • 1
mi tRFpptiMB u
!
8
7 I • I !
* : - ! • • J ^ - l
8
§ i '-3 ^ |
'v>7
It . 0 1 a I •
11 1 i : - =
12 •!•• 280 p^pl 253
13 !»ilpfl 258 pi^M 233
14 i u j
15 ! | i •••
18 ! • . ' ) ! -'T i
17 ' | 1 ' ! '• j ; * 1 ' i ' ; 1 i
18 • ' i 12-7 | i .18
19
2® . ! ,:i.< | •••.. |
• - ! 1,, I ; 159

21 j i50 > •=- :i j 144

22 i i ;l !, i"M
• r\ 1i • - >k *• • . '; 1f »13 Q8 '.1!
4r 23 : :6 I / : 132 i- -1 !
t£ 24 i j 1 4) i.-U- i i 6
25 t | • :4 i " .i i
26 ! f "f | iu
27 . ; • 4 \ !i" i 1
28 i • •:)
29 • • | if.-. 1 : 4
30 ; , ; M < - ' i M'<
31 , 1 ! '(On - - • ! . . 7 ! • •: l",y
32 : i 105
- -
'• < '* "
j
! lit
.i
in-
33 1 HI,- '-1 - | ' 13. ino
34 I HH.I! t
35 — —£XjLi~£:x—
1 /o
38 . • • ! »-• i . 4, ., j S.4 O

37 !- 1 T14 ;
3S .... - | • * 1 ' /
39 I n
40 "• i j M.o 1 *
42 1 .H.CJ - i • 141
44 - , * • . • ,i «H" ' \•
—

!14 4 I I
1

Fully Braced

57
MAXIMUM TOTAL UNIFOI Note: application for Problem AISC-Page 3.126
No. 23 (ASD solution) is shown.
50 ksi
Table 3-10 (continued)
«>§f„ W Shapes
kip-ft
Available Moment vs. Unbraced Length

6 8 10 12 14
Unbraced Length (0.5-fi increments)

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC.

58
 Note: application for
Fro1Diem
F*fc f TkT -4 1_ __
jno. M.4 is snown.
/% •

mam ATQP — Pncrp

/\iov/ A 11 Qy
r age h-
lauie •+- 1 \uuMMiiueu;

L
Available Strength in
Fy =
Axial Compression, kips HI
W-Shapes W12

Shape W12x

Ih/ft 96 87 79 72 66
P„l flB &Pn Pn/(le «Pn P„/Qe %Pn P„/Qc tycPn Pntth tyePa
ueusgii
M0 IRF0 ASD' LRFD ASD LRFD ASD' LRFD ASD LRFD

0 844 ; 1270 766 1150 695 1040 632 949 572 859
1 811 1220 736 1110 667 1000 606 911 549 825
7 800 ! 1200 726 1000 657 988 597 898 540 • 812
i i e
O 8 787 1100 714 1070 646 971 587 883 531 798
P i 772 • 1160 700 1050 634 953 576 866 521 783
bi 10 756 1140 685 1030 620 932 564 047 510 766
0 739 1110 670 1010 606 910 550 827 497 : 747
11
3
12 720 1080 653 901 590 887 538 800 ' 484 728
s 13 701 1050 635 954 574 802 521 783 470 707
% 14 680 1020 616 925 556 036" 505 759 456 685
i0 15 659 990 596 896 538 809 489 735 441 663
16 637 957 570 805 520 781 472 709 426 640

HI 1
• /
17
18
614
591
923
888
555
534
034
802
501
481 '
753
723
455
• 437
083
056
410
393
616
591
£ 19 567 • 852 512 770 462 094 419 629 377 567
! ! 20 543 816 490 737 442 664 401 60? 360 ' 542
'£ 22 495 . 744 440 671 402 604 364 547 327 ' 492
24 447 072 403 605 362 544 328 493 294 442
28 401 002 300 541 323 406 292 440 262 394
'30
28 350 535 f -z-JJtO =.286 430 259 OOfl
oikJ 231 348
-j£ 30 ='4>l 200 421 LJ250- 370 226 340 202 304
<£3 32 274 413 240 370 220 331 ' 199 209 178 267
U
1 34 243 365 210 327 195 293 170 205 157 ' 236
tXj 1
38 217 320 194 292 174 261 157 230 .140 211
30 195 293 174 202 156 234 . 141 212 126 189
40 176 264 157 237 141 212 127 191 114 171
Pr<i i ii::-!

i 'Vi, kips 138 206 121 182 101 156 91.0 137 78.0 117
| kipa/ln, 18.3 27.5 17.2 25.8 I.6.7 23.1i 14.3 21.5 13.0 19.5
1 Pyti, klpg 296 445 243 365 105 278 142 213 103 159
t/'n kips 152 228 123 185 101 152 84.0 126 68.5 103
10.9 10.8 10.8 10.7" 11.9
46,7 43.1 39.9 37.5 35.1
Bori?" 28.2 25.6 23.2 21.1 19.1
•! h in
1
833 740 662 597 533
ill.1 ; 270 241 216 195 174
: f,,iri i 3.05 3.04 3.02
1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
J, MU'.k-ln/ 23800 21200 18900 17100 15300
/1111,1; i„. 7730 6180 5580 4980

LRFD

I.li/ <t>c = 0.90

Example: For W12x87, and 30 ft effective length in y-direction, you read

strength of 280 and 421 kips for ASD and LRFD, respectively and — = 1.75 ry

Compressive strength of other shapes (round, square, rectangular,..) are

given in the remaining Tables of Chapter 4.

59
 Note: application
for Problem No.
28 is shown.

0.0- 0.5 0.0

AISC - Fig. C-A-7.1 Alignment Chart for braced frames (sidesway inhibited)
Page 16.1-512
. « f.r.J. HLl I list

Gji K GB

100.0 —
50.0 —
^i:8 — 100.0
= 50.0
30.0 — — 5.0 — 30.0
20.0 — — 4.0 — 20.0

10.0 = — 3.0 —10.0

-
8.0 — — 8.0
70 — — 7.0
6.0 — — 6.0
5.0 — — 5.0
4.0 — — 2.0 — 4.0

3.0 — — 3.0

2.0 — - — 2.0
— 1.5

1.0 — -- — 1.0

_
0.0 — — 1.0 — 0.0

AISC - Fig. C-A-7.2 Alignment Chart for moment frames (sidesway uninhibited)
Page 16.1-513

60
 Appendix II
Summary of Equations

Statics & Structural Analysis

• Snow Load

p f = 0.7C e C t Ip g

Where: C e and C t are exposure and thermal factors, I is the importance factor
and p^is the ground snow loads.

• Determinacy of Structures

•> Trusses: n=b+r-2j

Where b is number of bars, r is number of reaction forces, and j is number of
joints.

• Beams or Frames: n=3m+r-3j~c

Where m is number of members, r is number of reaction forces/moments, j is
number of joints, and c is number of releases. If number of members
connected to a hinge is n', then c=n'-l.

Possibilities: n=0 —>• Determinate, n>0 —• Indeterminate, n<0 —• unstable

• Zero Force Members

4) If only two non-collinear members are connected to a joint without any

external force at that joint, both members carry zero forces.
5) If three members are connected to a joint without external force and
two of the members are collinear, the force in the non-collinear
members is zero.
6) If four members are connected to a joint without any external force,
and members are collinear in pairs, the forces in collinear members are
equal.

• Beam Analysis
dV dM

61
 Positive Sign Convention

• Bearing Stress under Footings

In that case the maximum and minimum bearing stresses (compression
assumed positive) are calculated as:
_ P \M\
°max — ^ + —

_ P \M\
Cmin-J —

Where, A=BxH and S = —.

' 6
M H
The above equations are valid if e = — < — where "e" is eccentricity of the
6
load.

Analysis of Slabs on Continuous Supports

Beams in shorter direction carry larger loads:
w(P4)
wae~24774

w(L4)
WcD ~ B 4 + L 4
Above equations are valid for two way slabs, that is when L/B<2.

Mechanics of Materials

• Stresses Caused by Axial Force

P
a = A'
Aj
E=T ' a = E e (Hook's Law),
PL
At= —

• Stresses by Direct Shear Force

Shear strain caused by shear stress is shown by angle y (measured in

radians). The relationship of shear stress and shear strain (at elastic level) is
written as:
62
 E
Where G is the shear modulus and can be written as G — ———
2(l+i9)
and v is the
Poisson's ratio that is: d = - £lateral
e axial

• Stresses Caused by Bending (Flexural)

My MC M
<7 — — and o'mdx j or a max — whcve S I/C
bh 3 h bh 2 6M
I= ^ &nd C = — —> 5" = —g— cind <rmax —

• Stresses caused by Shear Force

r = —• ana a = ——
It H I

Stresses by Torsion

Tr
T-max = ~~j~
j _ nr 4
^ ~~ 2

• Stress Transformation

If the right vertical face of the element is rotated by clockwise angle 0 (x —•

x), the stresses will vary and one type may contribute to another type. The
following equations are used to calculate stresses on a plane rotated with a
clockwise angle 0 (shown by normal axis x):

63
 Ov + (xw (Jy <7-w
oQ = — 1 —cos(20) + rsin(20)
2
*6 = ~ sin(20) + tcos(20)

Maximum/Minimum axial stresses and maximum shear stress are called

principal stresses and are calculated as:
ox + a'y
%
CT,max,min + Tr

= JC —)2 _(_ t2

REFER TO TABLE 1 FOR DEFLECTIONS OF BEAMS.

Concrete Properties (covered in Materials-II)

- E\ (Modulus of Elasticity or Young's Modulus) = - in elastic region

E c = 570004fi (Psi )
Where f'c is the 28-day compressive strength of concrete cylinders when
tested in compression.

v: Poisson's Ratio = - Elateral

} where the member is under axial force in
^axial
the x-direction Poisson's ratio can be used to calculate strain in the y
and 0 directions.

G: Shear Modulus =
2(l+v)

If bending moment is applied to a reinforced concrete member the

tensile stress that causes cracking of the concrete is called modulus of
rupture (/^.According to ACI 9.5.2.3 for normal weight concrete:
fr = , and for a beam the cracking moment is calculated as:
frig
MCr
yt

64
 Member Design (Concrete)

Bar Nominal Nominal

size, diameter, area, in.2
No. in.
3 0.375 0.11
4 0.500 0.20
5 0.625 0.31
6 0.750 0.44
7 0.875 0.60
8 1.000 0.79
9 1.128 1.00
10 1.270 1.27
11 1.410 1.56
14 1.693 2.25
18 2.257 4.00

Note: Units of "lb", "in" and "psi" are used bv ACI.

• Load Combinations
The following load combinations are used for concrete design:
U=1.4D
XJ-1.2D+1.6L+0.5(Lr or S)
U=1.2D+1.6(Lr or S)+1.0L
• Resistance Factor (<p):
Resistance factor is given as:
cp-0.9 Tension-controlled Bending (most of the times)
<p=0.75 Members with Spirals Reinforcement
<p=0.65 Other Reinforced Members
<p=0.75 Shear/Torsion

Beam Analysis:
The general design equation is written as M u < 0M n

/?! = 0.85 if < 4000 psi

fl - 4000
ft = 0.85 - 0.05 > 0.65 if /c' > 4000 psi

a = 0 85bf M" = As^d ~ 0,5a-)

/'

65
Beam Design Depth.
0.85f' c bd V0.723f'lb 2 d 2 - 1.7f' c bM n
As~~f^± fy
0.85/' Mid
6S= 0.003( 1)
™sJy

• Balanced Conditions: The beam is in the balanced condition if at

ultimate state tension reinforcement strain reaches to e y =f y /E&
0.002, when maximum strain of concrete in compression is at assumed
ultimate strain of 0.003.

• Compression-controlled: If the net tensile strain in extreme tension

steel (£t) is equal to or less than 0.002 (st < 0.002), when concrete
strain reaches 0.003 (at ultimate state).

• Tension-controlled: If the net tensile strain in extreme tension steel

(£it) is equal or greater than 0.005 (st > 0.005), when concrete strain
reaches 0.003 (at ultimate state).

Column (Compression) Design:

The general design equation is written as Pu < 0Pn where:

P n = 0.85[0.85/c'(.A g — A st ) + f y A st ] If Spiral is used

Pn = 0.80[0.85^ (Ag — ^4st) + fyAst]

fc If ties are used

Shear Check:

The general design equation is written as Vu < 0Vn

The nominal shear strength for beams of normal-weight concrete is given as

(ACI 11.1):
V n = K + Ks
Vc = 2Vs = < 84Tibwd

66
 Factored Shear Vu 0.5(pV c < Fu Vu > <PVC
< 0.5(pV r <<pV r
Required A v None 50b w s/f y (Vu ~ (pV c )s
/(<pf y d)
Requirements Required - (Avfy) ((pf y A v d)/(V u
for Stirrup Spacing /C50i>w) ~(pV r )
Spacing (s) ACI Minimum - - 4 in.
Recommended
ACI d/2 or 24" ...IF
Maximum (vu - <pvc)
Recommended d!2 or 24 in.
^ A(pyUfb w d
whichever
d/4 or 12" ...IF
smaller
(vu - <pvc)
^ 4(p-\J f c b w d

Member Design (Steel)

Units of "kiv", "in" and "ksi" are used by AISC

Two distinct methods of Allowable Stress Design (ASD) and Load and
Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) are allowed and tables of AISC include
design information for both methods. The following summarizes governing
load combinations for each of the two methods:

• Load Combinations-LRFD
U=1.4D
U=1.2D+1.6L+0.5(Lr or S)
U=1.2D+1.6(Lr or S)+(0.5L or 0.5W)
• Load Combinations-ASD
U=D
U-D+L
U=D+(Lr or S or R)

Tension Members:
Maximum tension force applied to a steel member is calculated as:
LRFD : P u = smaller of [0.9F y A g & 0.75i^4e]
FyA.p FuAe
ASD: Paa = smaller ofJ [——— & ——]J
1.67 2
For Plates: A e = A net
V s2
Anet = tWnet, Where w net = w- n(D h ) + ^ 4^"

67
Dh = Width of the hole for effective width calculations =
Nominal dimension of the bolt + 1/8"

Slenderness ratio (L/r) of tension members should preferably be limited to

300 (AlSC-Section Dl).

Columns (Compression Members)

Use Table 4-1. W-Shapes (page 4-10 to 4-21) and Table 4-2 HP-Shapes (page
4-22 to 4-23) all for Fy=50 ksi.

Maximum force applicable to a column is given based on (KL)y. However the

effective length in the x direction must also be considered. The larger value of
(KL)y and (KL)y.eq must be used, where:
n - lEk

::.
( K
K^^Jy-eq — rx
Ty
r

Refer to Bottom of the Tables for the ratio of —.

To calculate K refer to the following table for co' .umns with end supports.
Column End
Conditions

Theoretical K 0.5 0.7 2.0 1.0

Design Value 0.65 0.8 2.10 1.0
(Recommended)

68
 For columns in a frame calculate Ga and Gb:
Yrr (columns)
q = —

Y~ (Beams)
Refer to Charts to calculate K for braced/unbraced columns.

Beam Design

Three cases are possible:

• Table 3-6 (page 3-33 to 3-77) provides maximum TOTAL uniform load
(kips) that can be resisted by the specified braced W shape (F y =50 ksi).
Tables can be used for design of braced simple span beams under
uniformly distributed loads
• Table 3-2, (page 3-11 to 3-19) provides yield strength (-^ or (p b M vx ) for
LLfo
W shapes and can be used for selection by Z x (compact & braced
sections) for Fy=50 ksi. Tables can be used for design of braced beams
under any type of loads.
• Table 3-10 (pages 3-96 to 3-131) provides strength (M u and M a ) for W
shapes with different un-braced lengths. Tables have been developed
for Cb= 1 and Fy=50 ksi.

Deflection Check
Deflection under service live load must be checked to serviceability
requirements. Use Tables 3-23 (pages 3-211 to 3-225) to calculate maximum
deflections of beams.
Table 3-3, (page 3-20 to 3-21) provides 1% for W shapes. Ix may be needed for
deflection calculations

Shear Design
The nominal shear strength, Vn, is given as: Vn=0.6F^Aw

General design equation for shear is written as:

V u < V n (LRFD) OR Vu<~ (ASD)
A is the cross sectional area of the web.
w

69
•

Retaining Walls

FED:

Free Body
Diagram *
Surcharge
Lateral =Kaqs

KaqsH

F a = 0.5 K a yH :
F P = 0.5 K P yH

Active

1 — sin(p
K a = tan 2 (45 ~j)=j
+ sin(p
(p\ 1 + sincp
K P = tan 2 (45 +-) =-
sincp

Checks for Overturning and Sliding:

FS=(Resisting Moment about Toe)/(Sliding Moment about Toe)

FS=(Resisting Force/Sliding Force)

70
 Appendix III

Multiple Choice Questions

A two-story building has a 80ft by 140ft rectangular floor plan. Steel

columns spaced at 20 ft apart carry the following loads from the roof and
the second floor. Live load reduction is not permitted.
Roof DL=15 psf, Roof LL=25 psf, Floor DL=15 psf, and Floor LL=55 psf.
What is the total service load on an interior first floor column?

a) 2.2 kips
b) 14 kips Column
c) 44 kips
d) 66 kips

A 20 ft simple beam carries a uniform load of 350 lb/ft that is applied from
the left support to the mid-span of the beam. Measured from the left
support, the point of zero shear is most nearly at:
a) 3.75 ft
b) 7.5 ft
c) 10 ft
d) 20 ft

3. What is the degree of indeterminacy of the truss?

a) -1
b) 0
c) 1
d) 2

4. In the following truss, how many zero force members can be identified
without any calculations?

71
 G
h/2

h/2

h h h h
a) None
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3

5. In problem No.4, the force in member AH is most nearly:

a) 168 lb (comp.)
b) 168 lb (tension)
c) 336 lb (comp.)
d) 336 lb (tension)

6. What is the deflection at the free end of the cantilever beam, if I=1000in4
and jE^OOOOksi?.

1=8 ft

a) 0.15 in.
b) 0.26 in.
c) 0.52 in.
d) 0.92 in.

7. The external wall of a single-story industrial building is constructed of 8

in. concrete masonry. The wall has a 5 foot opening in the center as shown
in the drawing. A steel lintel beam spans the opening with 4 in. of bearing
length on each side. The unit weight of the wall is 150 pcf. What is the
maximum moment in the lintel beam? Assume that nominal and effective
widths of the masonry wall are the same.
Hint: assume that failure planes are shown by 45-degree lines and weight
of the wall under the failure lines is supported by the lintel beam.

72
 Roof

6ft
Lintel

6 ft

8ft 5ft 8ft

What is the design moment (ASD) on the lintel?

a) 320 ft-lb
b) 640 ft-lb
c) 950 ft-lb
d) 1280 ft-lb

8. In the concrete column and footing shown below, the footing is 6 ft wide.
The loads applied to the footing are:
Column DL=100 kips, Column LL=120 kips, Moment due to wind=300 ft-
kips.
What is the minimum footing length (L) required for the entire footing to
be effective in carrying the un-factored loads?
a) 7.7 ft
b) 8.2 ft
c) 8.7 ft
d) 9.5 ft

so
L
9. A simple span steel beam is a W16x31 beam and carries uniform deal load
of 700 lb/ft and uniform live load of 800 lb/ft. What is the maximum
deflection of the beam? E=29000 ksi.

73
 DL+LL

a) 0.21 in
b) 0.51 in
c) 0.63 in
d) 0.71 in

10. The following T-shaped beam carries a 150 lb shear load. The shear stress
at the location of web-to-flange connection is most nearly:

2>f 2" 2"

—i 1—i
0.85"

6.15

a) 6.5 psi
b) 8.1 psi
c) 11.4 psi
d) 17.8 psi

11. Which of the following statement(s) is NOT true (when using AISC for
design of tension members)?
a) The slenderness of tension members is limited to 300.
b) Both gross and effective areas are considered in design of bolted
members.
c) In calculation of net area diameter of the hole is assumed 1/8 in. larger
than diameter of the bolt.
d) Net and effective areas are always the same.

74
12. A steel column supports a concentric dead load of 170 kips, and live load of
350 kips. The effective length with respect to the major axis is 32 ft., and
with respect to minor axis is 18 ft. Using AISC-2005, what is the lightest
ASTM A992 W shape that can be used for the column, if the depth of the
column can not exceed 12 in. (nominal)?
a) W12x87
b) W12xl36
c) W12xl70
d) W12x252

13. A 15-ft simply supported steel beam has continuous lateral supports and
is made of W12x87, with Fy=36 ksi. Per AISC-2005, The maximum
uniformly distributed load that can be applied to this beam is most nearly:
a) 8.4 k/ft (ASD) or 12.6 k/ft (LRFD)
b) 9.2 k/ft (ASD) or 13.8 k/ft (LRFD)
c) 10.2 k/ft (ASD) or 15.3 k/ft (LRFD)
d) 11.4 k/ft (ASD) or 17.1 k/ft (LRFD)

14.Assuming F]y=50 ksi, and Fu=15 ksi, what is the maximum axial tension
force that can be applied to the 0.75 in. thick plate (per AISC 2005). Bolts
are 7/8" diameter.

8in.
• •

a) ASD: 180 kips, LRFD: 270 kips

b) ASD: 168 kips, LRFD: 253 kips
c) ASD: 200 kips, LRFD: 300 kips
d) ASD: 224 kips, LRFD: 337 kips

75
15. A circular spiral concrete column supports a 250 kip dead load and a 300
kip live load. The concrete compressive strength is 4000 psi, and the yield
stress of reinforcement is 60000 psi. If the maximum reinforcement is
used, the cross sectional area of the column is most nearly:
a) 110 in2
b) 130 in2
c) 160 in2
d) 210 in2

16. What is the nominal flexural capacity of a reinforced concrete rectangular

beam with d=26", and b=15". The Compressive strength of the concrete is
4000 psi, and the yield stress of steel reinforcement is 60000 psi. The
beam is reinforced with 6.5 in2 of steel.

a) 480 k-ft
b) 600 k-ft
c) 720 k-ft
d) 950 k-ft

Total area of steel=6.5 in2

17. In problem 16, the beam can be assumed as:

a) In balanced condition
b) In tension-controlled zone
c) In compression-controlled zone
d) In transition zone

18. In problem 16, what is the nominal shear strength of the beam if it is
reinforced with #4 stirrups at 12" spacing?. The area of #4 rebar is 0.2 in2.
a) 49 kips
b) 52 kips
c) 101 kips
d) 120 kips

19. Which of the following cross sections of the continuous beam most likely
does not show the correct reinforcement location?

* * * * >E Mr Mr I Mr y Mr \l'

Jt

76
 a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D

20. Angle of rotation under twisting moment (torsion) depends on:

a) Shear modulus (G)
b) Modulus of elasticity (E)
c) Poisson's ratio (v)
d) All of the above

21. Select an ASTM A992 W-shape for a fully braced beam with a simple span
of 35ft. Limit the member depth to 18 in. The nominal loads are a uniform
dead load of 0.45 kip/ft and uniform live load of 0.75 kip/ft.
a) W18x55
b) W18x50
c) W18x46
d) W18x40

22. In Problem 21, if the live load deflection is limited to L/360, what section
can be used?
a) W18x55
b) W18x50
c) W18x46
d) W18x40

23. Rework problem 21, if the beam is braced at the ends and third points as
shown.

D=0,45 k/ft, L=0.75 kip/ft

i • •. i M *4 35 ft
v 1
Lateral Braces

a) W18x55
b) W18x50
c) W18x46
d) W18x40

24. What is the degree of indeterminacy of the following frame?

77
 a) 0
b) 3
c) 6
d) 9

25. The weight W is hanging by a steel cable as shown. If the downward

elastic displacement at the location of the weight is 0.5 in., how heavy is
the weight?. The cross sectional area of the cable is 1.5 in2, and E=29,000
ksi.

W
a) 673 kips
b) 250 kips
c) 93 kips
d) 35 kips

26. Select the diagram that shows bending moment variations in the following
beam.

78
27. Select the lightest W-shape beam to support a uniform distributed dead
load and concentrated live load shown in the following drawing. Assume
that the beam is continuously braced and the maximum dead and live
load moments at the center of the beam are 10 k-ft and 240 k-ft,
respectively.

a) W21x48
b) W14x61
c) W16x57
d) W18x50

28.Member "ab" is used in a braced frame (no side-sway). The E I / L ratios

for members connected to joints "a" and "b" are shown. What is the
effective length factor "K' for member "ab"?

79
 a) 1.2
b) 1.5 a
c) 0.71
d) 0.85

29. In problem 10, assume that the beam is made up of connecting flange and
web using one row of shear studs spaced at 18 in. What is the shear force
resisted by each stud?.
a) 2281b
b) 4101b
c) 8201b
d) 10501b

30. In the following reinforced concrete beam that carries a uniformly

distributed load, in which points of the beam is the closest (tightest)
spacing of shear stirrups expected?

A B C D E F

I Z Z »
a) A, C, E
b) A, B, C
c) A, C, D
d) B, D, F

31. In the sign structure shown, what is the moment at the support A caused
by the 100 psf wind pressure acting on the 5'x5' sign?

80
 100 psf

15 ft

a) 7.5 k-ft
b) 15 k-ft
c) 25 k-ft
d) 37.5 k-ft

32. In problem 31, an 18"xl8" base plate connects the post to the footing using
four bolts with a symmetrical layout. What is the tension force resisted by
each bolt assuming that moment is fully resisted by the bolts (no contact
bearing stress)?

a) 16 kips
b) 32 kips
c) 21 kips
d) 42 kips

33. In design of a reinforced concrete beam, which of the following modes of

failure is preferred?

a) Crushing of concrete followed by yielding of steel

b) Yielding of steel followed by crushing of concrete
c) Shear failure of the beam followed by yielding of steel
d) Buckling of beam followed by yielding of steel

34. The concrete slab "abc" is hung by three cables shown in the figure. What
is the force resisted by the cable connected to "6"? The weight of the slab
is 45 psf.

81
 a

a) 1021b
b) 681b
c) 1351b
d) 2031b

35.The 5 in.xlO in. bridge bearing plate is supported on a flexible elastic pad
(thickness of 2 in.) with E=9000 ksi and poisson's ratio of 0.25. If a shear
force of 1000 kips is applied to the plate, what is the horizontal movement
of the rigid plate?

^ 1000 kips

a) 0.006 in.
b) 0.011 in.
c) 0.022 in.
d) 0.044 in.

36. The 5'x5' square gate is resisting hydrostatic pressure shown in the
following drawing. What is force "F" required to open the gate?

82
 a) 1.3 kips
b) 2.6 kips
c) 5.2 kips
d) 10.4 kips

37. Where is the location of maximum shear and moment (respectively) in the
beam shown below?

V V V J ill
A B C D

a) D and B
b) D and A
c) C and B
d) C and A

38. Which of the named members of the following truss will most likely carry
maximum tension force?

vA >f B >£ f D >t E > fF \f

\\
>

J \ y'K M / N

83
 a) JK and KM
b) AI and NG
c) AH and PG
d) both answers "a" and "b"

39. What is the moment of inertia of rectangle about Y axis?

a) 378 in4
b) 176 in4 Y A 3"
c) 105 in 4

1
d) 13.5 in4
6"
A

X
40. The following sound wall is under wind pressure of 50 psf. The wall is
pinned at the base and it is supported by braces spaced at 10 ft center to
center. What is the compression force supported by each brace caused by
wind pressure?

50psf

6 ft

a) 10.4 kips
b) 8.4 kips
c) 5.2 kips
d) 4.2 kips

41. The following simply supported slab has a length to width ratio of 2.5
and supports a uniform distributed load. Which of the following is the
most likely layout for flexural reinforcement?

84
 a) Reinforcement in both directions
b) Reinforcement parallel to Y
c) Reinforcement parallel to X
d) No reinforcement is needed

- In the following retaining wall, assume that yearth-95 pcf, fea=0.37, W;=7600
lb/ft, W^=4600 lb/ft, and W3=2900 lb/ft as shown in the Figure. Answer
questions 42-43.

42- What is factor of safety against overturning? Ignore the soil on the toe
side.
a) 2.0
b) 2.2
c) 2.4
d) 2.6

43- If the coefficient of friction between soil and concrete is assumed 0.40,
what is factor of safety against sliding?. Ignore effect of soil on the toe
side.
a) 0.9
b) 1.06
c) 1.14
d) 1.26

85
44- A 12'x20' flat slab supported on masonry walls is under total gravity load
of 100 psf. What is the bending moment (per unit width) that should be used
for design of reinforcement placed in the long direction of the slab?.
a) 574 lb.ft/ft
b) 672 lb.ft/ft
c) 756 lb.ft/ft
d) 890 lb.ft/ft

45- In the following truss what is axial force in members KE and KL? Assume
that all angles are 45 or 90 degrees.
5 kips 5 kips

\\
_u
UL
A B , C D

/ I J K L
/ M iJpN
L A
a) 0, 5 Tension b) 0, 5 Compression
c) 5 Compression, 5 tension d) 5 Compression, 5 Compression

46- In problem 45 what is force in member NG?

a) 5 Tension b) 5 Compression c) 10 Tension d) 10 Compression

47 - In a reinforced concrete beam, V u = 67 kips and (pV c = 50 kips. The

minimum spacing of shear stirrups (per ACI 318-11) is:
a) 4 in.
b) 8 in.
c) 12 in.
d) Shear reinforcement is not needed.

48 - In problem 47, for V u = 38 kips and shear depth of 21 in. the maximum
allowable spacing of shear stirrups (per ACI 318-11) is nearly:
a) 24 in.
b) 21 in.
c) 18 in.
d) 10 in.

49 - In the following drawing joist EF sits on girders AB and CD. Assuming

that weights of all members are negligible, bending moment at point G is
most nearly:

86
 a) 3.5 kip-ft
b) 6.3 kip-ft
c) 8.1 kip-ft
d) 10.4 kip-ft

50 - The maximum (buckling) force that can be applied to a 25-ft long column
with pin connections at both ends with r x = 5.21 in.,r y = 2.95 in., A = 12.5 in 2 ,
L=25 ft, and E =30000 ksi, is most nearly:
a) 287 kips
b) 311 kips
c) 357 kips
d) 392 kips

51 - A steel girder is simply supported on two masonry walls and resists

uniformly distributed force of 1.4 kip/ft. The length of the seat on each side is
8 in. and width of the flange is 6 in. The bearing stress between the flange
and masonry wall is most nearly:

1.4 kip/ft
a) 132 psi
b) 198 psi L v ± ±.
c) 264 psi
d) 396 psi

> 8in.
9 ft

87
 Appendix IV

Solutions of Multiple Choice Questions

1.

>20'x20'

Interior column

wl = (0.5)(20) + (0.5) (20) = 20 ft

w2 = (0.5)(20) + (0.5) (20) = 20ft
Tributary Column Area A = (20)(20) = 400/t2
w uniform = (15 + 25) + (15 + 55) = 110 psf

P = wuniformA = (110)(400) = 44000 lb = 44 kips

350 lb/ft

875 lb

875

x 2625
x = 7.5 ft
10 2625 + 875
3. d
n=b+r-2j=15+3-2(8)=2

4. c : Members DF and FC

88
 ^Fy = 0 AH sin(26.56) = 150 Therefore AH = 336 lb

6.
PL 3 wL 4 _ 1 /20(83) 2(84)
3£7 8£7 EI\ 3 8
4473
A= ——kip. ft 3 , EI = 201388 /t2, therefore A= 0.022' = 0.26"
EI

7. b
The lintel is a simple beam that spans from center to center of bearings that
is:
L=5 ft+0.5(4+4)/12=5.33 ft.
The weight of masonry wall resisted by the lintel is a triangular load as
shown below.

5.33/2

5.33 ft

w veak = \j^) (150)(5.33/2) = 267 lb/ft

n (267)(5.33)(0.5) _ „
R= = 356 lb
2
(2.67\ (2.67\
Mmax = (356)(2.67) - (267) (—j — = 633 ft. lb = 640 ft. lb

8. b
Per section 2.6.3:
M 300 L
e — — __——— = 1.36 Jft = - therefore, L = 8.18 Jft « 8.2 }ft
P 100 + 120 6 J

9.

89
 AISC Tables for aW16 x 31:/ = 375 in 4 , w selfweight = 31 lb/ft
w = W D + W L + W self „ weight = 700 + 800 + 31 = 1531 lb/ft
„ 5wL4 (5)(1531)(204)(123) a n ri .
From Table 1: Amax
max = , Amax
mor= 0.51 in.
384F7 384(29 X 10 )(375)
6

10.

2" 2" 2"

i i l i
1 A1 | 0.85"

A2 6.15"

A,y lc + A 2 y 2c (5.1) (2f£) + (12.3)(^ + 0.85)

yc = = (5.1 + 12.3) = 2'9 in• (fr°m t0p)

6(0.853) 2(6.153)
I± =-±——- = 0.31,/2 = =38.8
i 12 2 12
0.85 , 6.15
l x = 0.31 + (5.1)(2.9 - —)2 + 38.8 + (12.3)(7 - — - 2.9)2 = 83.3 in 4
Ld L*
I °-85\,
Q = yA = (2.9 - —J (6 X 0.85) = 12.62 in 3
_ _ V Q _ { 150)(12.62) _ ^
T It (83.3) (2) ' pSl

11. d

The relationship of effective and net areas is shown as: A e = UA net where U=1
for plates but in general it can be less than 1 for flanged sections.

12. a
LRFD. Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L = (1.2)(170) + (1.6)(350) = 764 kips
ASD. P a = D + L = 170 + 350 = 520 kips
KL X = 32 ft, KL y = 18 ft
Enter AISC column tables with effective length of 18 ft and for W12 sections.
For (pcPn or Pn/Qc use un-dashed column to find W12x87 with capacity of 802
kips (LRFD) or 534 kips (ASD), respectively. From AISC Tables r x /r y =1.75,
and the equivalent length for x-axis is:
Lx 32
= 18.3 > 18 ft
1.75
ry

90
Therefore, check the capacity for KL=18.3 ft. By inspection W12x87 column
has capacity of 792 kips (LRFD), or 527 kips (ASD), and is OK.

13. a
W12 X 87: Z = 132 in 3

M vx FVZX 36 x 132
ASD: = = 237 k- Jft
nb ab 1.67 x 12
0.9(36 X 132)
LRFD: 0 b M p = — = 356k - ft
ql 2 q( 15)J 2
M = l— = = 237 (LRFD: 356), OR q = 8.4 (LRFD: 12.6)k/ft
8 8
/176\ /36>
'176\ /36\
Alternatively. From Table 3 — 6: F = 176 k (LRFD: 264), q = r-j—J f — l
)/
= 8 A (LRFD: 12.6) k / f t
Note: You may also directly read or 0 b MFv from bottom of the table.
ab

14. b
A g = 8(0.75) = 6 in 2 and A e = A net = (8 — 2 X 1)(0.75) = 4.5 in 2 < 0.85(6)

ASD: = 179.6 kips,= 168.7 kips, Use: 168 kips

LRFD: 0.9(iy4^) = 270 kips, 0.75(F u A e ) = 253 kips, Use: 253 kips

15. c
Per ACI 318, Section 10.9.1:
A s t — A s i max — 0.08A g 0 — 0.75
Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L = (1.2)(250) + (1.6)(300) = 780 kips
<pP n = 0.75(0.85)[0.85(/' c )(^ - A*) + A st f y \
780(1000) = 0.75(0.85)[0.85(4000)- 0.084fl) + 0.08^(60000)]
From above equation:
A g = 154 in 2

16. c
A s F y = 0.85ffab, that is 6.5(60000) = 0.85(4000)(a)(15), or a = 7.64"
M n = A s f y (d - = 6.5(60000) (2.6 - = 8648250 lb - in = 720 k - ft

17. b
a 7.64
fl = 7"64'C^ = 0^5=8-98

91
 Following strain diagram shows that strain in steel reinforcement at
ultimate state is equal to 0.0057, therefore the beam is in tension
controlled zone.
0.003

8.98

0.0057

18.
Vn = Vc + Vs, Vc = 2V4000(15)(26) = 49300 lb
(2x0.2) (60000) (26) 520 0 0 l b
Vs = - = < c = 197300 lb
4V

V n = 49.3 + 52 = 101.3 kips

19. a

Reinforcement is needed at locations of tensile stress. It means bottom

of the beam for positive moment regions, and top of the beam for
negative moment regions.
q

1
1<

\ t
c
OC

A D
Pos. Moment=B.
Rebar
Neg. Moment= T.
Rebar

20. d
Twisting angle (cp) depends on Shear Modulus (G) and G can be
expressed in terms of Modulus of Elasticity (E) and Poisson's Ratio (v).

21. d
ASD Solution: w u = 0.45 + 0.75 = 1.2^ Total = 1.2(35) = 42 kips
Refer to table 3-6 to find W18x40 that can resist 44.7 kips.
LRFD Solution:
w u = 1.2(0.45) + 1.6(0.75) = 1.74 kip/ft
Total Load = 1.74(35) = 60.9 kips
Refer to Table 3-6 to find W18x40 that can resist 67.2 kips.

92
22. b

D 75
5wL4 _ 5(^)(35 X 12)4
/ = = ±± = 746 in4
req 38417 384(29000)(1.17)

Referring to Table 3-3 select W18x50 (1=800).

23. b
The required flexural strength at mid-span is 184 kip-ft (ASD) or 266 kip-ft
(LRFD). 16=35/3=11.7 ft.
By inspection the middle section with Cb=1.01 (table 3-1) is the governing
part. Cb may be conservatively assumed as 1.0, therefore entering Table 3-10
for the point corresponding to an un-braced length of 11.7 and ^ = 184 kip —
ft or 0Mn = 266 kip. ft, read closest W18 on the right that is W18x50.

24. c
Using Tree Method, two sections are required to change the frame to tree-
shape frames, therefore n=2x3=6. Alternatively using equation: n=3b+r-3J-
c=3(8)+6-3(8)-0=6.

Tot.=6

25. c
a = 21.8°
Equilibrium at hanging joint: 2T(sin a)=P therefore T=1.35P

PL _ 1.35P(5.39X12)
= 0.002P T T
AE ~ 1.5X29000

0.5 (sin a) = 0.002 P (see drawing on next page)

P=92.8 kips P a

93
26. b
Calculate reaction forces and draw shear and moment diagrams without any
calculations.

-2.5

12.5

27. a
ASD solution:
Mibtai=240+10=250 k-ft
Refer to AISC Table 3-2 (also shown in handout): Select W2lx48 with
MP/Q=265>250 kip.ft
LRFD solution:
Mfactored=1.2(10)+1.6(240)=396 k-ft
Refer to AISC Table 3-2 (also shown in Appendix I): Select W21x48 with
(pWLb—398>396

94
28. c
1+1
Gb = -—- = 0.5
b 2+2

1+2
G a = -—- = 0.75
2+2
Refer to AISC Figure C-A-7.1 (also shown in Appendix I) to find i£=0.71

29. b
VQ 150(12.62)
q = —— = —— = 22.8 lb/in
H I 83.3 '

F = 22.8(18) = 410 lb

30. d
Closest spacing will be required at points with largest internal shear force,
that is at supports.

31. d
P = 100(5)(5) = 2500 lb

M = 2500(15) = 37500 ft. lb = 37.5 kip. ft

32. a
M = 37.5 kip. ft
Center to center of bolts = 18-2(2)=14 in.

37.5 /1\
p=ir(2)=16-07fcips

12
33. b
Ductile failure is preferred, that is yielding of the reinforcement and
opening of the flexural cracks followed by crushing of concrete.

34. b

3' \ Area of the plate is calculated as (3)(3)/2=4.5 ft2

X
3'
W = 45 x 4.5 = 202.5 lb

95
Equilibrium of moments about y axis:
202.5(1) = 7(3) 7 = 67.5 lb

35.
1000
T = sm = 20ksi

E 9000
G = —— = = 3600 ksi
2(1+v) 2(1.25)

r 20
yr = — = • = 0.0056 rad
G 3600

S = 2(0.0056) = 0.0112 in.

36.

Force intensity at top = 5(312)=1560 lb/ft =1.56 k/ft

Force intensity at bottom = 5(624)=3120 lb/ft= 3.12 k/ft
Moment equation about bottom hinge:
F(5)=1.56(5)(2.5)+1.56(5/2)(5/3)
F=5.2 kips

37. a
The point load goes mostly into the left support and does not produce much
bending moment, therefore like a simply supported beam the maximum
moment will be at the center. However, point load increase shear force right
next to the left support, therefore maximum shear will be at the vicinity of
the right support.

38. d
A truss supports loads similar to a simple beam. The bottom chord members
at center resist highest tension. Diagonal members at supports resist highest
tension, as these members resist shear force at those locations.

39. a
1 = + 6(3)(4'52) = 378 ™4

96
 YM a =O
500(10)(5)=0.6T(8)
T=5200 lb=5.2 kips

41. b
L / B = 2.5>2 therefore it acts as a one way slab and flexural reinforcement in
the short direction (parallel to Y) is needed. The slab may also need
temperature and shrinkage reinforcement in the X direction.

42. d
PmaaF(0.37)(95)(18)/1000=0.63 ksf
.Mbr=[(18)(0.63)/2](18/3)=34.02 k-ft/ft
Hfees=(2900)(5)+(4600)(4)+(7600)(7.5)=89900 lb-ft/ft= 89.9 k-ft/ft
FS=(89.9)/(34.02)=2.6

43. b
FRes=(Wl+W2+W3)(0A)=<o0i0 lb/ft= 6.04 k/ft
PsMiM=(0.63)(18/2)=5.67 k/ft
FS=(6.04)/(5.67)=1.06

44. a
Refer to your handouts for analysis of flat slabs. The reinforcement in
longitudinal direction is used for deign of longer beams, therefore:
wB4 100(124)
Bi + Li ~ i24 + 2 0 ^ -
w'ong ~ 1 1 A 1 Psf

wl2 11.47(l)(20z)
Mlong = — = —' 5 = 574 lb. f t / f t
8~_ 8

\:)

97
45. a
Reaction forces are calculated as 5 kips (symmetry also easily shows that
reactions are equal and each is 10/2=5 kips). Draw the section shown and
consider left side FBD. Using :

V Fy = 0 5 - 5 + KE sin 45 = 0 KE = 0

In same section: £ M E = 0 -> KL(a) + 5(3a) — 5(4a) = 0 -» KL = 5 Tension

46-b
As member NG is at a Joint with only two unknowns joints method is easier.
Draw FBD at Joint N and find NG as 5 compression.

47-a
As V u = 67 > (pV c = 50 -> S min = 4 in.

48-d
O.S(pV c = 25 < V u < (pV c = 50 -> S max = Min and 24j = Min{ 10.5, 24) = 10"

49 — a

Start solution by drawing FBD for the joist and calculation of reaction force
at E as shown below:

^ 1 |
2.4 kips

Reaction force at E is applied as external load to girder AB. Therefore using

FBD of AB you may find reaction at B and moment at point G:

98
 0.69(5)=3.45 kip-ft
G 0.69 k

1
50-c
The maximum slenderness ratio is calculated in y direction as (k =1):
kl 1(25 X 12)
= 101.7
r 2.95
The critical stress is calculated as:
nzE 7r 2 (30000)
kl
28.59 ksi
101.7 2
(702
The maximum force that can be applied without buckling:
F = FcrA=28.59(12.5)=357 kips.

51 - a

The total force acting on the beam is: P = 1.4(9) = 12.6 kips
Considering symmetry half of the load is supported by each wall, that is 6.3
kips.
6.3(1000)
Bearing stress is calculated as ab = - 132 psi.
8(6)

END of MCQs

99
 Appendix V - Units and conversion

Measurement U.S. Customary Units Conversion Formula

Length ft, in. 1 ft=12 in.

Area f t 2 , in 2 1/t2 = 144in2

Force lb, kip, ton 1 kip=1000 lb

1 ton=2000lbs
Linearly distributed kip/ft, lb/ft 1 kip/ft=10001b/ft
force
Stress psi, ksi, psf, ksf 1 ksf=1000 psf
1 ksi=1000 psi
1 ksi=144 ksf
Unit weight pcf -

2
Example: A 4-ft steel bar with cross sectional area of 4 in is under axial force of
120,000 lb. Assume that E=29000 ksi. Calculate stress in ksf and also elongation in
inches.
Solution: Change all units to kip and in.
L = 4 f t = 4 f t ( — ) = 48 in P = 120000lb = 120000/6 = 120 kips
J 1 \lftj VlOOO l b J r

P 120 /144 k s f
30 k s i = 3 0 k s i ( • 4320 k s f
= ^ 1 ksi )
PL 120(48)
A= —— 0.05 in
AE 4(29000)

100
References

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE 7-

10, American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010.
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI318-11) and
Commentary, American Concrete Institute, 2011.
Steel Construction Manual, 14th Edition, American Institute of Steel
Construction, 2011.

101