BIO F4 Extra Class - F4 C6 (ENGLISH) 2020

BIOLOGY F4 EXTRA CLASS

F4 C6 – CELL DIVISION
(ENGLISH)
by
-DAVIN-

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Mitosis
Chromosomes and Chromosomal Numbers

They are thread-like structures in the nucleus which is made of

DNA that contains genetic information

Chromosomal Number

Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

Maternal Paternal
Chromosomes Chromosomes

Homologous
Chromosomes

Consist of pairs of paternal and

maternal chromosomes which
carries the same type of genes
(Same structural characteristics)

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Mitosis
What is Mitosis?
Process of nuclear division which results in the
formation of two genetically identical daughter cell

Cell division is involves two tages: -

 Karyokinesis (mitosis) – involves the division of nucleus
 Cytokinesis – involves the division of cytoplasm
`

Importance of Mitosis in humans

• To repair or replace dead cells.

• Allows growth and development

Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is divided into two major phases Interphase and M phase.

G2
Mitosis
 Cell continues to grow 1) Prophase
 Cell accumulates energy and 2) Metaphsae
prepare for cell division 3) Anaphase
4) Telophase

 DNA undergoes replication

 Chromosomes multiplies G1
(duplicate) into two sister
chromatids  Growth – Growth and metabolic rate
of cell is high
 Synthesis – proteins and new
organelles are being synthesised
 Chromatin – chromosomes are
extremely fine and are known as
chromatin

Sister chromatids

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Mitosis

Phases Events
Prophase  Chromatins shortens and thickens to from

nucleolus Centriole chromosomes

 Spindle fibre begins to form
 Nucleolus disappears

nuclear  Nuclear membrane disintegrates

membrane

chromosome

Metaphase
 Centioles move to ___________________
 Chromosomes align randomly at the _____________
 Spindle fibres attaches to ___________

Anaphase  Sister chromatids separates at centromere

 Spindle fibres __________ and _______ sister chromatids
towards ___________________

Telophase  sister chromatids are now known as

___________________
 ______________ disappears
 _______________ reappear
 _______________ reforms

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Meiosis I

Phases Events
Prophase I  Homologous chromosomes come together to form pairs
of bivalent through a process called synapsis
 During synapsis, crossing over between non-sister
chromatids occur
 Whereby exchange of genetic materials occur which
result in new genetic combination

Metaphase I
 Homologous Chromosomes align as ______________
at the _______________
 Spindle fibres are attached to ________________ of
homologus chromosome

Anaphase I
 Spindle fibres _____________and ________
homologous chromosomes towards _______________
 Sister chromatids do not separate at _____________

Telophase I  Chromosomes reaches the opposite poles

 ___________________ disappears
 _________________ and
__________________reforms
 2 ___________ cells are formed

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Meiosis II

Phases Events
Prophase II  Spindle fibre begins to form
 Nucleolus disappears
 Nuclear membrane disintegrates
 Centioles move to opposite poles

(Similar to mitosis)

Metaphase II  Chromosomes align randomly at equator

 Spindle fibres are attached to centromere of
chromosome

Anaphase II  Sister chromatids separates at centromere

 Spindle fibres contracts and pulls sister chromatids
towards opposite poles

Telophase II  Chromosomes reaches the opposite poles

 Spindle fibre disappears
 Nuclear membrane reforms
 Nucleolus reforms
 4 haploid cells are formed (genetically different form
parent cell)

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Changes in Chromosome Number throughout Mitosis and Meiosis

Metaphase / Metaphase I /
Metafasa Metafasa I

Anaphase I /
Anaphase /
Anafasa I
Anafasa

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Cytokinesis

What is Cytokinesis?
Process of cytoplasm dividing following the events
in mitosis

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Microfilaments form around equator Vesicles gather at the equator between the
between the two of cell two cells

Microfilaments constricts forming a

cleavage furrow Vesicles fuse together to form a cell plate

The microfilaments progressively constricts New cell walls and plasma membrane are
until the two cells eventually splits. formed from the contents of cell plate until
the cells eventually splits

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Uncontrolled Mitosis (Cancer cells)

Causes of growth of cancer cells

1. Exposure to radiation such as X-Ray, Gamma ray, UV ray
2. Smoking cigarette because it contains carcinogenic compounds
3. Eating too much food that contains preservatives, additives or fats

Formation of cancer cells

1. When there is disruption to the DNA that controls the cell cycle
2. Cells begin to divide by uncontrolled mitosis and form cancer cells

Consequence of cancer cells

1. Cancer cells will accumulate to form a tumour
2. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of body through bloodstream and lymphatic system
3. If not treated early, cancer cells can disrupt the vital function of body and can be fatal
4. For example, tumour formed at lungs will cause lung cancer and will disrupt the breathing
mechanism

The cancer cells spread through the

lymph vessels and blood vessels to
other parts of the body

A new tumour develops in other

organs

Normal Cells vs Cancer Cells

Normal cells Cancer cells
Controlled mitosis occurs Uncontrolled mitosis occurs
Has normal chromosomal number Has abnormal chromosomal number
Cells are differentiated to carry out specific Cells are not differentiated and do not have specific
functions functions

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Down Syndrome

1. During anaphase I or II in meiosis, ____________ fail

to function at the _____chromosome
Semasa anafasa I or II dalam meiosis, ____________
__________ gagal berfungsi pada kromosom ______
2. As a result, chromosome fail to_______________
Oleh itu, kromosom tidak _________________

3. Gametes will have an _________________ of chromosomes

gamet-gamet akan mempunyai nombor kromosom yang
__________________
4. If fertilisation occurs between gamete with ___ chromosome
and a gamete with normal chromosome. a zygote with __
chromosome is produced
5. The child has ___________
Apabila pesenyewaan berlaku antara gamet nromal dengan
____________ and extra
gamet yang mempunyai ___ kromosom, zigot dengan ___
chromosome is present in ___ pair
kromosom terbentuk
Bayi tersebut mempunyai
___________________ dan
terdapat kromosom berlebihan Symptoms of Down Syndrom
pada set ke____ Simptom Sindrom Down

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Question 1

Diagram 5.1 below shows the structure of a chromosome.

Rajah 5.1 menunjukkan struktur kromosom

Diagram 5.1
a) Name the parts labelled A and B. [2m]
Namakan bahagian berlabel A dan B
A:______________________
B:______________________

b) The chromosomes become arranged at the equatorial plane during metaphase. Name and describe the
stage of mitosis that follows metaphase. [3m]
Kromosom menjadi tersusun di satah khatulistiwa semasa metaphase. Namakan dan terangkan
peringkat mitosis yang mengikuti metaphase [3m]

c) Explain the significance of the stage in (b). [1m]

Terangkan kepentingan peringkat di (b) [1m]

d) Diagram 5.2 below shows some stages of mitosis in an animal cell

Rajah 5.2 di bawah menunjukkan beberapa tahap mitosis dalam sel haiwan

Diagram 5.2
(i) Name the stages A, B and C respectively. [3m]
Namakan peringkat A, B dan C [3m]

A:______________________
B:______________________
C:______________________

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(ii) Using the letters A, B and C, arrange the stages in the correct order.[1m]
Menggunakan huruf A, B dan C, mengatur peringkat dalam susunan yang betul [1m]

(iii) Identify structures X, Y and Z. [3m]

Mengenal pasti struktur X, Y dan Z [3m]
X:______________________
Y:______________________
Z:______________________

e) In the cell cycle, mitosis occurs after the cell has been in interphase stage. Explain the significance of
this stage in the cell cycle. [2m]
Dalam kitaran sel, mitosis berlaku selepas sel telah berada di peringkat interfasa. Terangkan
kepentingan tahap ini dalam kitaran sel [2m]

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Question 2

Diagram 2 shows the phase of chromosome behaviour of cell A and cell B in two types of cell division.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan fasa pelakuan kromosom pada sel A dan sel B dalam duajems pembahagian sel.

(a) (i) Which cell undergoes meiosis? [1m]

Sel yang manakah mengalami meiosis? [1m]

(ii) State the reasons for your answer in (a)(i). [2m]

Nyatakan alasan bagi jawapan anda pada (a)(i).[2m]

(iii) Name stage at cell B [1m]

Namakan peringkat sel B[1m]

(b) (i) Draw the chromosomal behaviour of cell A and B after each phase in Diagram 2
Lukiskan perlakuan kromosom sel A dan B selepas setiap fasa dalam Rajah 2

(ii) Explain a difference in chromosome behaviour drawn in b(i). [2m]

Terangkan satu perbezaan perlakuan kromosom yang dilukis dalam b(i) [2m]

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(c) Cell A undergoes 3 times of cell division.

Sel A mengalami 3 kali pembahagian.

(i) State the number of chromosomes in the daughter cell. [1m]

Nyatakan bilangan kromosom dalam sel anak. [1m]

(ii) State the number of daughter cell produces. [1m]

Nyatakan bilangan sel anak yang terbentuk. [1m]

(d) Ali has five siblings from the same parent. But their face and attitude are different. Explain how the
differences can occur in Ah's siblings.[3m]
Ali mempunyai lima orang adik beradik dari ibu dan bapa yang sama Tetapi wajah dan
perangai mereka adalah berbeza. Terangkan bagaimana perbezaan boleh berlaku pada adik beradik
Ali. [3m]

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Question 3

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Question 4

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Question 5
Diagram 7 shows a meiotic division of an animal cell
Rajah 7 menunjukkan pembahagian meiosis dalam sel haiwan

Diagram 7
a) Name phase S and membrane U [2m]
Nama fasa S dan membran U [2m]

b) (i) Explain the chromosomal behaviour during phase S. [2m]

Terangkan perlakuan kromosom semasa fasa S. [2m]

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(ii) Explain how the chromosomal behaviour in (b)(i) contributes to the survival of an animal species.
[2m]
Terangkan bagaimanakah perlakuan kromosom di (b)(i) menyumbang kepada kehidupan spesies
[2m]

c) Explain the chromosomal behaviour during phase T. [2m]

Terangkan perlakuan kromosom pada fasa T. [2m]

d) (i) Complete diagram 7 of the daughter cell. [2m]

Lengkapkan rajah 7 untuk sel anak. [2m]

(ii)Explain problem leading to formation of gamete V and W and the genetic disease that will occur if
the problem arises in the 21st pair chromosome? [3m]
Terangkan masalah yang menyebabkan pembentukan gamet V dan W serta pneyakit genetik yang
akan berlaku jika masalah ini termuncul dalam kromosom set ke-21 [3m]

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Question 6

Diagram 2.1 shows cell R and S are undergoing two different type of cell division.
Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan sel R dan S sedang menjalani dua jenis pembahagian sel yang berlainan.

(a) (i) State the types of cell divisions of R and S. [2m]

Nyatakan jenis pembahagian sel untuk sel R dan sel S. [2m]
P: _________________________
Q: _________________________

(ii) State two differences between the cell division in cell R and S. [2m]
Nyatakan dua perbezaan antara pembahagian sel dalam sel R dan S. [2m]

(iii) Diagram 2.2 shows a lizard has removed the tail to protect itself from predator. However, the
lizard's tail will be regenerated.
Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan cicak telah menanggalkan ekornya untuk melindungi dirinya daripada
pemangsa. Walau bagaimanapun, ekornya akan dibentnk semula

Explain how a new tail can be formed. [3m]

Terangkan bagaimana ekor barn boleh dibentuk [3m]

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(b) State a chromosomal number in parent cell and the daughter cells.
Nyatakan bilangan kromosom dalam sel induk dan sel - sel anak.

State a chromosomal number in parent cell and the daughter cells. [3m]
Nyatakan bilangan kromosom dalam sel induk dan sel - sel anak.

(c) Diagram 2.4 shows normal cells develop to become cancerous cells.
Rajah 2.4 menunjukkan sel-sel yang normal berkembang menjadi sel-sel kanser

Explain the formation of cancerous cell. [4m]

Terangkan pembentukkan sel-sel kanser [4m]

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ANSWERS
Question 1
Question Answers
(a) A: Chromatid / kromatid
B: Centromere / sentromer
(b) Anaphase
Sister chromatids separates at centromere
Spindle fibres contracts and pulls sister chromatids towards opposite poles
Anafasa
Sentromer membahagi kepada dua dan kromatid kembar terpisah
Gentian gelendong mengecut dan menarik kromatid kembar ke kutub sel yang bertentangan
(c)(i) To maintain the diploid number of the cell
untuk mengekalkan bilangan diploid kromosom dalam sel
(d) Prophase / profasa
Chromatin shortens and thickens to form chromosome / Kromatin memendek serta menebal
dan untuk membentuk kromosom
(e)(i) A: Anaphase / anafasa
B: Prophase / profasa
C: Metaphase / metafasa
(e)(ii) B, C, A
(e)(iii) X: Centrioles / sentriol
Y: Spindle fibre / gentian gelondong
Z: Nuclear membrane / membrane nuklear
(f) In interphase, the DNA replicates, organelles, and other proteins are synthesised
Semasa interfasa, DNA mengalami replakasi, organel dan protein disintesis
Question 2

Question Answers
(a) Cell B / Sel B
(a)(ii) Homologous chromosome align as bivalent at equatorial plane
Spindle fibre attaches to pairs of homologous chromosome
Kromosom homolog tersusun sebagai bivalen pada satah khatulistiwa
Gentian gelondong melekat pada spasang kromosom homolog
(a)(iii) Metaphase I / Metafasa I
(b)(i) Cell A / Sel A
Sister chromatids is pulled by spindle fibre
Forming 4 chromatids moving towards opposite poles
Kromatid kembar ditarik oleh gentian gelondong
Membentuk 4 kromatid ke kutub yang bertentangan

Cell B / Sel B
Spindle fibre pulls homologous chromosomes apart
2 chromosomes moving opposite poles
Kromosom Homolog dipisahkan oleh gentian gelondong
2 kromosom bergerak ke kutub yang bertentangan
(b)(ii) In cell A, sister chromatids separates but does not separates in cell B
Number of chromosomes in daughter cells of cell A is 4 but in cell B is 2
Dalam sel A, kromatid kembar berpisah tetapi dalam sel B ia tidak berpisah
Bilangan kromosom dalam sel anak sel A ialah 4 tetapi dalam sel B ialah 2
(c)(i) 4 chromosome / 4 kromosom

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(c)(ii) 16
(d) During formation of gametes, crossing over occurs in prophase I of meiosis
Exchange of genetic materials occur between non-sister chromatid
Hence, producing genetic variation / new genetic combination in gametes
Semasa pembentukan gamet, pindah silang berlaku dalam profasa I meiosis
Pertukaran bahan genetic berlaku antara kromatid tidak seiras
Oleh itu, variasi genetic / kombinasi genetic baru terbentuk dalam gamet

Question 3

Question 4
Question Answers
(a) Phase S – prophase I / profasa I
Membrane U – nuclear membrane / membrane nuklear
(b)(i) Homologous chromosomes form bivalents through a process called synapsis
During synapsis, crossing over occurs between chromatids occurs
setiap kromosom homolog berpasangan dan membentuk bivalen atau tetrad melalui
sinapsis.
Semasa sinapsis, pindah silang antara kromatid- kromatid bukan seiras berlaku.
(b)(ii) Crossing over causes variation in species
This will enhance the ability to adapt in different environment
Pindah silang menybabkan variasi dalam spesies
Ini akan meningkatkan keupayaan spesies untuk menyesuaikan diri dalam persekitaran
yang berbeza
(c) Homologous Chromosomes align as tetrads at the equator
Spindle fibre attaches to centromere of homologous chromosome
Kromosom homolog disusun sebagai bivalen/tetrad di satah khatulistiwa
Gentian gelondong terikat pada sentromer dan menetap kromosom pada sata
khatulistiwa
(d)(i)

(d)(ii) Spindle fail to function during anaphase 2

Sister chromatids fail to separate
If the gamete with extra chromosome at 21st pair fertilises with a normal gamete the child
will have down syndrome

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Gentian gelondong tidak berfungsi
Kromatid kembar tidak berpisah
Jika persenyewahan berlaku antara gamet dengan kromsom berlebihan pada set ke-21
dengan gamet normal, simdrom down akan berlaku dalam anak tersebut.
Question 5

Question 6

Question Answers
(a)(i)

(a)(ii)

(a)(iii)

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(b)

(c)

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