Answers to Structure Questions

Question Answer Marks

1 (a) (i) B: Balmer series 1
C: Lyman series 1
(ii) Visible light 1
(iii) 2

(b) (i) 1

= 1
= 1313 kJ mol-1 1
(ii) The energy required is much higher because the nuclear 2
charge of He+ ion is higher
10

2 (a) (i) -log10 of the molar hydrogen ions, H+ concentration 1

(ii) [H+] = 10-3.2
= 6.31 x 10-4 mol dm-3 1
(b) 1

Macid = 0.11 mol dm-3 1

(c) (i) Orange juice is a weak acid 1
Dissociates partially in water 1
(ii) Acid dissociation constant, Ka 1
(iii) 6.31 x 10-4 = [Ka(0.11)]1/2 1
Ka = 3.62 x 10-6 mol dm-3 1
(d) Strong alkali and weak acid titration 1
10

3 (a) (i) 1

(ii) (8 x 2 x 1/8) + (6 x 2 x ½) = 8 1
(b) (i) A set of temperature and pressure values where solid, 1
liquid and gas exist in equilibrium
 (ii) 3

(iii) Because its triple point occurs at a pressure above the 1

normal atmospheric pressure
(iv)

1
= 30.9 kPa 1
Pt = 30.9 + 93.7 = 124.6 kPa 1
10

4 (a) (i) PV = nRT 1

500 x 103 x 20.0 x 10-3 = (1.5 + x + 1.2) x 8.31 x 298 1
x = 1.3 1
(ii) 1

(b) (i) N: 1s22s22p3 1

(ii) 1

(c) (i) Relative molecular mass of propanone is higher, therefore 2

stronger Van der Waals forces of attraction exist between
molecules compared to ether
(ii) Ether: sp3 1
Propanone: sp3, sp2 1
10

5 (a) (i) Same proton numbers (number of protons), different 1

nucleon number (number of neutrons)
(ii) 2

(iii) 1

= 55.9 1
(b) (i) 2.25 x 105 – 1.50 x 10-5 = 7.50 x 104 kPa 1
 (ii) Assume ideal gas, pV = nRT, n = m/Mr 1
1

= 20.0 g 1
(iii) 1

10

6 (a) [H+][OH-] = 1.00 x 10-14 and [H+] = [OH-] = 1.00 x 10-7

Nitric acid is a strong acid/ HNO3  H+ + NO3- 1
Total [H+] in nitric acid = 1.00 x 10-8 + 1.00 x 10-7 1
pH = -log [H+]
= -log (1.00 x 10-8 + 1.00 x 10-7)
= 6.96 1
(b) (i) pH = 10.5, pOH = 14 – 10.5 = 3.5
[OH-] = 3.16 x 10-4 mol dm-3 1
(ii) Mg(OH)2(s) ↔ Mg2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) 1
[Mg2+] = ½[OH-] = 1.58 x 10-4 mol dm-3 1
Ksp = [Mg2+][OH-]2
= (1.58 x 10-4)(3.16 x 10-4)2 1
= 1.58 x 10-11 mol3 dm-9 1
(iii) Solubility of magnesium hydroxide decreases 1
Concentration of OH- increases 1
Equilibrium position shifts to the left/ less magnesium 1
hydroxide ionises
10

7 (a) (i) 1

(ii) Bent/V-shaped 1
(iii) 2

(b) (i) O is more electronegative than S/ bonding pair electrons in 1

the O-H bond are drawn closer to the O atom compared to
the bonding pair electrons in the S-H bond
Repulsion between bonding pair electrons – bonding pair 1
electrons in H2O > H2S
bond angle H-O-H > bond angle H-S-H 1
(ii) van der Waals forces between H2S molecules 1
Hydrogen bond between H2O molecules 1
Hydrogen bonds are stronger than van der Waals forces 1
10
9 (a) (i) 154: C3H435Cl79Br+, C3H479Br35Cl 1
156: C3H435Cl81Br+, C3H481Br35Cl+, C3H437Cl79Br+, 1
C3H479Br37Cl+
158: C3H437Cl81Br+, C3H481Br37Cl+ 1
(ii) 154: 35Cl79Br: (3x1)2 = 6 or 3 3
156: 35Cl81Br: (3x1)2 = 6
37 79
Cl Br: (1x1)2 = 2
8 or 4
158: 37Cl81Br: (1x1)2 = 2 or 1
(b) (i) 1s22s22p63s23p3 1
(ii) PCl3: sp3 1
PCl5: sp3d 1
(iii) Nitrogen cannot form a pentachloride 1
Nitrogen does not have d orbitals 1
10

10 (a) The power to which the concentration of a substance is 2

raised in an experimentally determined the rate equation
(b) Rate = k[H2O2] 1
(c) (i) Rate = (3.42 x 10-3)(1.25 x 10-2)
= 4.28 x 10-5 mol dm-3 s-1 1
(ii) Rate = ½ x (4.28 x 10-5)
= 2.14 x 10-5 mol dm-3 s-1 1
(iii) Half life = ln 2/k 1
= 0.693 / (3.42 x 10-3)
= 202.6 s 1
(d) 3

10

11 (a) (i)
( )

( )
-7
= 1.097 x 10 (1 – 0.25) 1
u = 8.228 x 106(3.00 x 108)
= 2.47 x 1015 s-1 1
(ii) For one electron
E = hu
= 6.63 x 10-34 x 2.47 x 1015
= 1.64 x 10-8 J 1

For (0.50 x NA) or 3.01 x 1023 electrons,

E = 1.64 x 10-18 x 3.01 x 1023
= 494 kJ 1
 (iii) 3

12 (a) Graph:
Labelled axes 1
Points and curve 1
2 half-lives similar – reaction is first order with respect to 1
NO or t1 = t2
Half-life = 5 min 1
(b) The concentration of fluorine is decreased by 1.5/1.0 = 1.5
times
AND
The half-life is increased by 7.5/5.0 = 1.5 times 1
Order with respect to fluorine is 1 1
(c) To save energy or money (by allowing process to run at 1
lower temperature)
Goes faster/save time/allows the process to run 1
continuously
(d) Gold is a heterogenous catalyst 1
Lowers the activation energy/ adsorbs the reactants on its 1
surface
10

13 (a) (i) Gas X is hydrogen/ gas X is helium 1

The molecular size of H2 (or atomic size of He) is small 1
Hence only weak intermolecular van der Waals forces 1
occur
(ii) 2
(iii)

25
(b) (i) Mg+ 1
(ii) No of protons = 12 1
Number of neutrons = 12, 13 and 14 respectively 1
Ar of magnesium =
1
= 24.3
10
14 (a) (i) The element X contains isotopes 1
(ii) Let the percentage abundance of 79X be x% 1
Percentage abundance of 81X = (100 – x)%
79.99 =
1
x = 50.5
Percentage abundance of isotope 79X is 50.5%
81 1
X is 49.5%
1
(iii) 2

(b) (i) At low pressure, the molecules are far apart 1

Repulsive forces between the molecules of CO2 1
(ii) Positive deviation 1
(iii) Forces of repulsion between the H2 molecules 1
which causes the speed of H2 molecule collisions with the 1
vessel wall to increase
So the pressure of H2 is higher, causing pV/RT >1
10

15 (a) (i) 4s1 3d5 or 3d4 4s1 1

(ii) 3d3 1
(b) (i) 2

(ii) 1

(iii) Hund’s rule – when electrons are placed in a set of 1

degenerate orbitals, the electrons must occupy them singly
with parallel spins before they occupy the orbitals in pairs
(iv) 1

(c) 3

10

16 (a) (i)

= 0.48 1
1
Units = = mol-3 dm9 s-1
 (ii) 2

(b) (i) Compound Ksp Solubility Solubility 4

AgCl 1.34 x 10-5 1.93 x 10-3

-8 -4
CaCO3 9 x 10 3.00 x 10
(ii) Salt Sodium nitrate Sodium chloride 2
Effect No effect Decreases
Explanation No common ion Common ion effect
10

17 (a) N2 + O2  2NO 1
Kc = [NO]2/[N2][O2] 1
(b) As temperature increases Kc increases 1
Hence reaction is endothermic 1
(c) (i) 2NO + O2 ↔ 2NO2 1
(ii) Change in equilibrium position: displaced to the right 1
Change in rate constant: no change 1
(d) (i) B 1
C 1
(ii) Cresolphthalein or thymolphthalein 1
10

18 (a) (i) N: 1s22s22p3 1

(ii) 4

(iii) 3
 (b) 2

10

19 (a) (i) 0.88 – 0.50 – 0.10 1

= 0.28 mole He 1
(ii) 0.30 mole H2 and 0.28 mole He 1
(iii) 28 kPa 1
(iv) 2.4 + 28 + 30
= 60.4 kPa 1
(v) 2H2 + O2  H2O 1
(b) (i) n = 6 to n = 2 1
(ii) Visible light 1
Balmer series 1
(iii) 10 lines 1
10

20 (a) (i) 1

(ii) All carbons that have only single bonds are sp3 hybridized 1
The three carbons that have double bonds are sp 2 1
hybridized
(b) (i) Ionic: RbCl 1
Non-polar covalent: S8, F2 1
Polar covalent: PF3, SCl2, SF2 1
(ii) SCl2, SF2, PF3 1
(c) PCl5: trigonal bipyramidal, 90o and 120o 1
PCl4+ ion: tetrahedral, 109.5o 1
PCl6- ion: octahedral, 90o 1
10

21 (a) (i) Ksp = [Mg2+][OH-]2 1

(ii) Let [Mg(OH)2] = [Mg2+] = x
Ksp = 2.5 x 10-12 = 4x3
x = 8.55 x 10-5 mol dm-3 1
(iii) Less soluble 1
Due to common ion effect 1
(b) pOH = 14.0 – 9.0 = 5.0 1

[salt] = 0.35 mol dm-3

Mass of NH4Cl in 250cm3 = 0.35 x 53.5 x 250/1000
= 4.68 g 1
(c) (i) PA = XAPA0 = (70/100) x 56 = 39.2 kPa 0.5
 PB = XBPB0 = (30/100) x 34 = 10.2 kPa 0.5
Total pressure = 39.2 + 10.2 = 49.4 kPa 1
(ii) Dalton’s law
% of A in vapour = (39.2/49.4) x 100 = 79.4% 1
% of B in vapour = (100 – 79.4) = 20.6% 1
11

22 (a) (i) The presence of isotopes 1

(ii) Let the abundance of 63X be a %
The percentage abundance of 65X = 100 – a 1
Relative atomic mass = 1
a = 69.0%
1
The percentage abundance of 63X = 100 – 69.0
= 31.0%
1
Relative abundance of 63X:65X = 1:2
(iii) 2

(b) (i) Species Protons Neutrons Electrons 3

10 10 10
8 8 10
10

23 (a) (i) H2O2 + 2H+ + 2I-  2H2O + I2 1

(ii) Rate = k[H2O2][I-] 1
(iii) 0.2 1
0.1 1
(iv) Second order 1
(b) (i) 12 1
(ii) 1s22s22p63s2 1
(iii) +2, X has 2 valence electrons 2
(iv) X is a better electrical conductor 1
10

24 (a) HA ↔ H+(aq) + A-(aq) 1

(b) Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA] 1
(c) (i) Increase 1
(ii) Decrease 1
(iii) No change 1
(d) Sodium ethanoate or sodium hydroxide 1
Buffer solution 1
7

25 (a) (i) 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f 1

 (ii) 1

(iii) v = cRH (1/n12 – 1/n22) 2

= (3.0 x 108)(1.097 x 1017)(1/12 – 1/42)
= 3.09 x 1015 s-1
(b) (i) 2

(ii) 2

(iii) Substance Comment Explanation 2

MgCl2 mp and bp Ionic cpd
much higher strong ionic bonds
holding the ions
BeCl2 mp and bp Covalent cpd
much lower weak IMF holding the
molecules
10

*Question 8 does not have answer