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Fluid Properties

1. The document discusses properties of fluids including kinematic, thermodynamic, and miscellaneous properties. 2. Key miscellaneous properties discussed include pressure, density, temperature, viscosity, specific gravity, and surface tension. Pressure, density, and temperature are examples of intensive properties that do not depend on amount of material. 3. Viscosity represents the internal resistance of a fluid to motion and is a measure of a fluid's fluidity. Surface tension is the unbalanced force at the interface between two fluids or a liquid and gas.

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44 views10 pages

Fluid Properties

1. The document discusses properties of fluids including kinematic, thermodynamic, and miscellaneous properties. 2. Key miscellaneous properties discussed include pressure, density, temperature, viscosity, specific gravity, and surface tension. Pressure, density, and temperature are examples of intensive properties that do not depend on amount of material. 3. Viscosity represents the internal resistance of a fluid to motion and is a measure of a fluid's fluidity. Surface tension is the unbalanced force at the interface between two fluids or a liquid and gas.

Uploaded by

Tokki Tokki
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MIDDLE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

TECHNICAL ENGINEERING
MATERIAL DEPARTMENT

FLUIDS PROPERTIES
By

Aya Majid jassim

1
INTRODUCTION:

•Mechanics is the oldest physical science that deals with both


stationery and
moving boundaries under the influence of forces. The branch of
the mechanics
that deals with bodies at rest is called statics while the branch
that deals with
bodies in motion is called dynamics.

•Fluid Mechanics is the science that deals with behavior of


fluids at rest (fluid
statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics) and the interaction of
fluids with solids or
other fluids at the boundaries.

•A substance in liquid/ gas phase is referred as 'fluid'.


Distinction between a solid
& a fluid is made on the basis of substance's ability to resist an
applied shear
(tangential) stress that tends to change its shape. A solid can
resist an applied
shear by deforming its shape whereas a fluid deforms
continuously under the
influence of shear stress, no matter how small is its shape. In
solids, stress is
proportional to strain, but in fluids, stress is proportional to
'strain rate."

2
FLUIDS

Several concepts are needed to provide a description of fluid


properties that can be used for geosciences and engineering
calculations. Some of the most fundamental concepts of fluid
properties are temperature, density, and composition. Mass
and volume are examples of extensive properties, which are
properties that depend on the amount of material. Density,
temperature, and pressure are examples of intensive
properties. An intensive property is a fluid property that is
independent of the amount of material. For example,
subdividing a cell of gas with volume into two halves by a
vertical partition. If the gas was initially in an equilibrium state,
the gas in each half of the cell after inserting the partition
should have the same pressure and temperature as it did
before the partition was inserted. The mass and volume in each
half of the cell will be one half the original mass and volume,
but their ratio—the density—will remain unchanged. The
composition of fluid is determined by the types of molecules
that comprise the fluid. A pure fluid consists of a single type of
molecule, such as water or methane, whereas a fluid mixture
contains several types of molecules.

3
FLUID CONTINUUMN

Fluids are aggregations of molecules; widely spaced for a gas


and closely spaced for liquids.
Distance between the molecules is very large compared
.to the molecula diameter
The number of molecules involved is immense and the
.separation between them is normally negligible
Under these conditions, fluid can be treated as continuum
and the properties at any point can be treated as bulk
.behavior of the fluids
For the continuum model to be valid, the smallest sample
of matter of practical interest must contain a large
number of molecules so that meaningful averages can be
.calculated
In the case of air at sea-level conditions, a volume of
10"mm' contains 3x10 molecules
In engineering sense, this volume is quite small, so the .
.continuum hypothesis is valid
In certain cases, such as, very-high-altitude flight, the
molecular spacing becomes so large that a small volume
contains only few molecules and the continuum model
.fails
For all situations in these lectures, the continuum model
.will be valid

4
FLUID PROPERTIES

 : Kinematic propertie

properties related to fluid motion, like velocity and


.acceleration

:Thermodynamic properties

properties which describe the thermodynamic state of a fluid.


These include temperature, pressure, density, internal energy,
.specific entropy, specific enthalpy, etc

: Miscellaneous properties

properties which do not fall into either of the above


.categories

5
Miscellaneous Properties of Fluid

Any characteristic of a system is called property. It may either


be intensive (mass
.independent) or extensive (that depends on size of system)
The state of a system is
described by its properties. The number of properties required
to fix the state of the
system is given by state postulates. Most common properties
:of the fluid are

:)p (Pressure.1

.It is the normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area


In SI system the unit and
.dimension of pressure can be written as,( N/m)

:Density .2

The density of a substance is the quantity of matter contained


in unit
volume of the substance. It is expressed in three different ways;
mass density

p p=mass/volumee

; specific gravity (Sp) & specific weight are

SG=p/p water

6
:Temperature(T) .3

It is the measure of hotness and coldness of a system. In


thermodynamic sense, it is the measure of internal energy of a
,system. Many a times
the temperature is expressed in centigrade scale (°C) where the
freezing and boiling
.point of water is taken as 0°C and 100°C, respectively
In SI system, the temperature
is expressed in terms of absolute value in Kelvin scale (K = °C+
.273)

:Viscosity (u) .4

,When two solid bodies in contact, move relative to each other


friction force develops at the contact surface in the direction
opposite to motion. The
situation is similar when a fluid moves relative to a solid or
when two fluids move
relative to each other. The property that represents the
internal resistance of a fluid to
motion (i.e. fluidity) is called as viscosity. The fluids for which
the rate of deformation
is proportional to the shear stress are called Newtonian fluids
and the linear
relationship for a one-dimensional system
.The shear stress(Ţ)

7
Specific Gravity .5
Specific gravity is the ratio of specific weight of the given fluid
to the specific weight of standard fluid. It is denoted by the
.letter ‘S’. It has no unit

Specific gravity may also be defined as the ratio between


.density of the given fluid to the density of standard fluid

8
5. Surface Tension (ó):

9
When a liquid and gas or two immiscible liquids are in
contact, an unbalanced force is developed at the interface
stretched over the entire
fluid mass. The intensity of molecular attraction per unit length
along any line in the
surface is called as surface tension. For example, in a spherical
liquid droplet of radius
(r), the pressure difference (delta P) between the inside and
outside surface of the
droplet is given by,

2Ó
delta P=
r

10

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