Proper
Wiring
Method
3.2 OBJECTIVES OF GROUNDING 127
Utilizing
S ervice E nt rance P a ne l B o a r d Equipment
Circuit Power
Breaker Fuse Receptacle
Phase ("hot") Line Fault
F
Neutral ("return") Line Load
N N N
Safety ("ground") Line
G G G
Power Utility Earth Equipment
Connection at the Ground
Service Entrance
Figure 3.9. Power and safety grounding circuits (115/230 VAC single-phase configura-
tion).
Z1 + Z 2
l across Z2 could reach hazardous levels, enough to cause a(a)shock hazard.Safety Ground Conductor
Why
hazardous
Condi/on?
No Electrical
tant point to consider is that floating the system does not eliminate poten-
Hazardous Condition
azards. At first glance, it would seem that floating is an ideal solution,
Equipment Enclosure Accidental
Equipment Enclosure Accidental
Short
Short
230V
230V
Phase
Phase
Neutral Neutral
Ground at
Service Ground at
to Return Ground to Safety GND
Entry Service
Entry
(a) No Electrical Safety Ground Conductor (b) Electrical Safety Ground Conductor Protection
Hazardous Condition Safe Condition
Figure 3.10. The electrical safety ground conductor (ESGC) shunts the
Equipment Enclosure to the earth.
Accidental
2.50.1.2 Definitions
• Ground
Fault
– An
inten/onally,
electrically
conduc/ng
connec/on
between
an
ungrounded
conductor
of
an
electric
circuit
and
the
normally
non-‐current
conductors,
metallic
enclosures,
metallic
raceways,
metallic
equipment,
or
earth.
• Short-‐circuit
– A
conduc/ng
connec/on,
whether
inten/onal
or
accidental,
between
any
of
the
conductors
of
an
electrical
system
whether
it
is
from
line-‐to-‐line
or
from
the
line-‐to-‐grounded
conductor.
Short-‐Circuit
&
Ground-‐Fault
Condi/ons
Basic diagram of a short-
circuit condition Basic diagram of a ground-
fault condition
Electric
Shock
Electric Shock
• Electric Shock Severity
1. Path of Current
through Body
2. Length of Time
Current Flows
3. Amount of Current
through Body
Effects
of
AC
Electric
Shock
ELCB!!!
Level (in milliamperes) of current through the body
Electric
Shock
Human in parallel with equipment
Human completing the path grounding conductor during ground
for current the earth fault
“Grounding Principle”
Poten/al
Difference
Potential difference between a grounded
Water pipe and an ungrounded motor.
Poten/al
Difference
Motor ground-fault. A hazard now
exists.
Poten/al
Difference
The hazard results in an electric shock.
Poten/al
Difference
Another shock hazard exists.
Poten/al
Difference
Shock hazard eliminated by installing
a bonding jumper. (“Bonding Principle”)
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter
q GFCI
–
A
device
intended
for
the
protec/on
of
personnel
that
func/ons
to
de-‐energize
a
circuit
or
por/on
thereof
within
an
established
period
of
/me
when
a
current
to
ground
exceeds
the
values
established
for
a
device.
q The
GCFI
does
not
protect
someone
against
receiving
a
electrical
shock,
but
it
does
limit
the
/me
hazards
exists.
Hazard
exist
only
during
period
of
/me
fault
is
there.
Ground
Fault
Circuit
Interrupter
240 - V
240 V – Line Source
Solid-state Test
Shunttrip circuitry switch
J
Toroidal
coil Receptacle
* /
Eoualcurrent Equalcurrent
A
to
c
c
G
a
6.0 A m
R
5.994to 5.996A h
c
0.004to 0.006A returnsoutsidethecoil c
-{F -<l}
FIGUREl-29 GFCIPrinciplesof operation.(@CengageLearnin
Video
on
GFCI
Ground
Fault
Circuit
Interrupter
Ground
Fault
Circuit
Interrupter
Ground
Fault
Circuit
Interrupter
A GFCI is designed to protect persons against electric shock.
It operates on the principles of monitoring the unbalanced current
Between the ungrounded and the grounded neutral conductor.
Ground
Fault
Circuit
Interrupter
GCFI CAN ELIMINATE THIS!
GFCI
Protec/on
for
Personnel
1. Dwelling Bathroom Receptacle
and /or 250 V
GFCI
Protec/on
for
Personnel
2. Dwelling Garage Receptacle
GFCI
Protec/on
for
Personnel
2. Dwelling Garage Receptacle
All 15 and 20 A, 125/250 V receptacles in accessory
buildings and similar work areas must be GFCI protected.
GFCI
Protec/on
for
Personnel
3. Dwelling Outdoor Receptacle
GFCI
Protec/on
for
Personnel
4.
Dwelling
Basement
Receptacle
GFCI
Protec/on
for
Personnel
5. Dwelling Unfinished Basement
GFCI
Protec/on
for
Personnel
6. Kitchens for Countertop Appliances
GFCI
Protec/on
for
Personnel
6. Dwelling Laundry or Utility Sink
GFCI
Protec/on
for
Personnel
7. Dwelling Wet Bar Sinks
GFCI
Protec/on
for
Personnel
PEC-2.10.1.8 (a)
a) Dwelling Units
1. Bathrooms
2. Garages
3. Outdoors
4. Crawl spaces at or
below grade level
5. Unfinished
basements
6. Kitchens for
countertop
appliances
7. Wet bar sinks
Video
on
Tamper
Resistant
Outlets
Receptacles
Tamper-Resistant Receptacles in
Dwellings Unit (NEC 2008 - 406.11)
Why do you think it is a tamper-
resistant receptacle?
…..To increase safety for children.
…..maybe that your son, daughter, or
grandchildren that you will save…
Tamper-Resistant Receptacles
Insertion of an object in any one side does not open the shutter
(left), but a two-bladed plug or grounding plug compresses the
Spring and simultaneously opens both shutters (right)
Summary/Conclusion
• Proper
Grounding
System
eliminate
the
electrical
shock
hazard
condi/on.
• Equipment
grounding
conductor
provide
an
effec/ve
ground-‐fault
current
path
to
trips
the
circuit
breaker
for
ground
fault.
• Must
used
GFCI
for
wet
located
receptacles.
• Must
used
Tamper-‐
Resistance
Receptacles.
• Must
used
the
proper
color-‐conductor
in
electrical
wiring
installa/on
References
1. Na/onal
Electrical
Code
2011
Edi/on
2. Na/onal
Electrical
Code
2008
Edi/on
3. NEC
2008
Handbook.
11th
Edi/on
4. NEC
2011
Handbook,
12th
Edi/on
5. Soares
Book
on
Grounding
and
Bonding
10th
Edi/on
by
IAEI
6. Home
Electrical
Fires
by
John
R.
Hall
jr.,
NFPA-‐
Fire
Analysis
&
Research
Div.,
January
2012
7. Handbook
of
Interna/onal
Electrical
Safety
Prac/ces,
2010
Scrivener
Publishing
LLC
8. NFPA
70
B
Recommended
Prac/ce
for
Electrical
Equipment
Maintenance
2010
Edi/on,
NFPA
9. Electrical
Grounding
and
Bonding,
3rd
Ed.,
by
Phil
Simmons,
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10. Grounds
for
Grounding
by
Elya
B.
Joffe
&Kai-‐Sang
Lock,
2010,
IEEE,
Inc.
11. Electrical
Safety
Handbook,
3rd
by
Cadick,
Capelli-‐Schellpfeffer,
&
Neitzel,
McGraw
Hill
12. Understanding
the
Na/onal
Electrical
Code
Volume
1,
5th
Edi/on
by
Mike
Holt
13. NFPA
70E
Standard
for
Electrical
Safety
in
the
Workplace
2009
Edi/on
by
NFPA
14. Na/onal
Electrical
Code
2005
Edi/on
15. Na/onal
Electrical
Code
2002
Edi/on
16. NEC
2005
Handbook.
10th
Edi/on
17. Illustrated
Guide
to
Na/onal
Electrical
Code
4th
Edi/on
by
Charles
R.
Miller,
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18. Interpre/ng
the
Na/onal
Electrical
Code
7th
Edi/on
by
T.C.
Surbrook
&
J.
R.
Althouse,
C
19. Significant
Changes
to
the
NEC
2008
by
Thomson
Delmar
Learning
&
NJATC
2008
20. Elecrical
Grounding
6th
Edi/on
by
Ronald
P.
O’Riley
,Delmar
Thomson
Learning,
2002
21. The
Guidebook
for
Linemen
and
Cablemen
by
Wayne
Van
Soelen,
Thomson
Delmar
Learning,
2006
22. Some
pictures
courtesy
of
Engr.
Francis
V.
Mapile
GOOD Morning!
&
Thank You !!!!
