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Electron Configurations of Ce3+ and Pr3+

This document discusses the electron configurations and oxidation states of cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), and neodymium (Nd). It provides the electron configurations of Ce3+, Pr3+, and Nd3+ by removing electrons from the 6s and 5d orbitals to the 4f orbital. It then uses Hund's rule to calculate the orbital angular momentum, spin, and total angular momentum quantum numbers to determine the term symbols of the ground states of Ce3+, Pr3+, and Nd3+. The document also discusses magnetic susceptibility, Curie paramagnetism, Pauli paramagnetism, and the difference between the two types of paramagnetism. Curie paramagnet

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Lethargic Azadhirachta
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68 views5 pages

Electron Configurations of Ce3+ and Pr3+

This document discusses the electron configurations and oxidation states of cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), and neodymium (Nd). It provides the electron configurations of Ce3+, Pr3+, and Nd3+ by removing electrons from the 6s and 5d orbitals to the 4f orbital. It then uses Hund's rule to calculate the orbital angular momentum, spin, and total angular momentum quantum numbers to determine the term symbols of the ground states of Ce3+, Pr3+, and Nd3+. The document also discusses magnetic susceptibility, Curie paramagnetism, Pauli paramagnetism, and the difference between the two types of paramagnetism. Curie paramagnet

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Lethargic Azadhirachta
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Solution 1:

Electron Configuration:
Ce (58) =[Xe]4f26s2
Ce3+ = [Xe]4f1
 In Ce3+ three electrons are less than their actual atomic numbers. Means
Ce3+ has 55 electrons. Here only one electron is present in 4f orbital. In
Ce3+ two electrons are remove from 6s2 orbital and one electron from
5d1 because 6s2 and 5d1 are the lower energy level than 4f.
Pr (59) = [Xe] 4f36s2
Pr3+ = [Xe] 4f2
 Same logic as Ce3+
Nd (60) =[Xe]4f46s2
Nd3+ =[Xe]4f3
 Same logic as Ce3+

Orbital and Spin states of 3d transition metal ions at ground states:

n
mL Ce3+ Pr3+ Nd3+

+3

+2

+1

0
-1
-2
-3
Calculation by using Hund’s rule:
a.Ce3+ =»
S= |- 1 |= 1
2 2
L=3
J =|3- 1 | = 5
2 2

Symbol of ground state: (2s+1) = (2* 1 +1) =»2


2
So, Symbol is = 2 F 5
2

b.Pr3+ =»

S= |- 1 - 1 |=1
2 2
L=5
J =|5-1| =4
Symbol of ground state: (2s+1) = (2*1 +1) =»3

So, Symbol is =3 H 4

c.Nd3+ =»

S= | −1 − 1 - 1 |= 3
2 2 2 2
L=6
J =|6- 3 | = 9
2 2

Symbol of ground state: (2s+1) = (2* 3 +1) =»4


2
So, Symbol is = 4 I 9
2

Solution 2:
Magnetic susceptibility: Magnetic susceptibility, quantitative

measure of the extent to which a material may be magnetized in relation to a given


applied magnetics field. The magnetic susceptibility of a material, commonly
symbolized by χm, is equal to the ratio of the magnetization M within the material to the
applied magnetic field strength H, or χm = M/H. This ratio, strictly speaking, is the
volume susceptibility, because magnetization essentially involves a certain measure of
magnetism (dipole moment) per unit volume.

Curie Paramagnetism: According to the curie’s law, for low levels of


magnetization, the magnetization of paramagnets follows what is known as Curie’s law,
at least approximately. This law indicates that the susceptibility, χ ,of paramagnetic
materials is inversely proportional to their temperature, i.e. that materials become more
magnetic at lower temperatures. The mathematical expression is:

c
M = χH = H
T

Pauli Paramagnetism: For some alkali metals and noble metals,

conductions electrons are weakly interacting and delocalized in space forming a Fermi
gas. For these materials one contribution to the magnetic response comes from the
interaction between the electron spins and the magnetic field known as Pauli
paramagnetism.

Reason Behind the difference Between both Paramagnetism:


Paramagnetic materials, such as platinum, increase a magnetic field in which they are
placed because their atoms have small magnetic dipole moments that partly line up with
the external field. Paramagnetic materials have constant, small positive susceptibilities,
less than 1/1,000 at room temperature, which means that the enhancement of the
magnetic field caused by the alignment of magnetic dipoles is relatively small compared
with the applied field. Paramagnetic susceptibility is inversely proportional to the value
of the absolute temperature. Temperature increases cause greater thermal vibration of
atoms, which interferes with alignment of magnetic dipoles.
On the other hand, magnetic susceptibility of Pauli Para magnetism depends on the
number of electrons is unbalanced by magnetic field. So, it is temperature independent.

Advanced Solid-State Physics


Assignment

Submitted By
Name: AHMED MD ROMAN
Student ID:51832701
Faculty: Engineering
Dept: Electrical and Electronic Engineering

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