Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 907–916

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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

A review on hybrid renewable energy systems

K. Shivarama Krishna, K. Sathish Kumar n
School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamilnadu, India

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The world is witnessing a change-over from its present centralized generation to a future with greater
Received 23 March 2015 share of distributed generation. Hybrid energy systems are inter-connected with wind power, photo-
Received in revised form voltaic power, fuel cell and micro-turbine generator to generate power to local load and connecting to
27 July 2015
grid/micro-grids that decrease the dependence on fossil fuels. The hybrid system is a better option for
Accepted 29 July 2015
construction of modern electrical grids that includes economic, environmental and social benefits. An
overview of different distributed generation technologies has been presented. This paper puts forward a
Keywords: comprehensive review of optimal sizing, energy management, operating and control strategies and
Distributed generation integration of different renewable energy sources to constitute a hybrid system. The feasibility of the
Renewable energy sources
different controllers such as microcontroller, proportional integral controller, hysteresis controller and
Energy management system
fuzzy controller are presented. The controller is a closed loop feedback mechanism used for power
Superconducting magnetic energy storage
Maximum power point tracking technique regulation which achieves zero steady state error and the output signal generated from the controller
and photovoltaic produces desired output response.
& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
2. Modeling and analysis of grid connected hybrid energy system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908
3. Modeling and analysis of stand-alone/islanded/off-grid hybrid energy system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910
4. Design and implementation of grid-connected and stand-alone hybrid energy system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912
5. Optimal sizing and energy management system for hybrid energy system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915
Acknowledgement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916

1. Introduction the CO2 level that leads to the global warming. There is a need to
utilize the renewable energy sources, the main problem with
Energy demand is increasing day by day due to increase in renewable energy sources is dependency on environmental condi-
population, suburbanization and industrial development. Since the tions like wind speed and solar irradiance, the individual energy
rate of energy consumption is high and the supply from the energy sources cannot provide continuous power supply to the load
sources is not sufficient to meet the load demand which leads to because of the uncertainty and intermittent nature. So renewable
energy shortage. The large-centralized power generation utilizes energy sources, like wind, solar, hydro, biogas and fuel cells can be
conventional energy sources which are not only limited and integrated to form a hybrid system which is more reliable and
inadequately distributed on earth's crust. Due to the rapid depletion environmental friendly. This type of renewable energy sources are
of the fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas, these conventional energy named as distributed energy sources and the generation is termed
sources show more impact on the environment with the increase in as distributed generation [1], which is shown in Fig. 1.1.

n
Corresponding author. Tel.: þ 91 9443623508.
E-mail addresses: shivarama.krishna@vit.ac.in (K. Shivarama Krishna), kansathh21@yahoo.co.in (K. Sathish Kumar).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.187
1364-0321/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
908 K. Shivarama Krishna, K. Sathish Kumar / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 907–916

Hybrid system is defined as the combination of two or more which provides highest efficiency and it is more flexible compared
renewable/non-renewable energy sources. The basic components of to the earlier configurations [2].
the hybrid system include energy sources (AC/DC), AC/DC power
electronic converters and loads as shown in Fig. 1.2. There are
different types of DC–DC converters, but most commonly used are 2. Modeling and analysis of grid connected hybrid energy
buck, boost and buck–boost converters. The possible configurations system
of the hybrid system are namely DC coupled, AC coupled and
Hybrid coupled system. Based on the application, particular config- The authors proposed new integration scheme for wind/photo-
uration will be selected. For instance, DC coupled systems consists voltaic (PV) hybrid system which uses both the rotor and grid-side
of DC sources and DC loads in which the main advantage is no need converters of doubly fed induction generator to inject the power
to synchronize the system that can be used for DC micro-grid. The into the grid from the PV array. The proposed method improves
AC coupled systems are further categorized into two types namely the system efficiency by blocking the circulating power during
power frequency AC coupled system and high frequency AC coupled sub-synchronous condition and also maintains the system stabi-
system which can be used for AC micro-grid and defence applica- lity, leading to a cost effective solution for PV-grid integration [3].
tions respectively. In power frequency AC coupled system both the In this paper, a single DC–DC converter has been implemented
sources and loads are AC which results in ease of protecting the for both the sources instead of two power converters. In general, at
system whereas the high frequency AC coupled system consists of full load condition the maximum efficiency of the DC–DC con-
AC sources operating at different frequencies and high frequency verter is about 95% but in the proposed scheme, the remaining 5%
loads which leads to high efficiency of the system. Hybrid coupled loss in efficiency has been eliminated by removing an additional
systems comprises sources and loads that can be AC as well as DC power conversion stage. The wind/PV hybrid system is grid-
connected in which maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
controller and hysteresis controller are used to track maximum
Solar
power from the renewable energy sources (RES) and to trigger the
power converter respectively. The operation of these controllers is
performed at different conditions and the performance of the
Wind
system is evaluated for steady state and transient conditions
through experimental and simulation results [4].
Renewable Hydro The authors investigated a hybrid system with PV and fuel cell
technology, the power generated from the fuel cell is used to
Bio-mass support the photovoltaic generation. A grid connected PV-fuel cell
hybrid system is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink environment. In this
Tidal system, using real data from a commercial PV module, a 160 W
power PV module has been developed. A 5 kW fuel cell has been
Micro-turbine designed to support hybrid system DC bus. The output voltage
Distributed obtained from the PV system is an unregulated DC power. The DC–
generation DC boost converter has been used to control and maintain constant
Combustion
Non-Renewable
turbine DC power [5].
The authors suggested a hybrid system which consists of PV,
Gas-turbine
fuel cell, battery and a super capacitor system in order to get
consistent power from the source and to maximize the reliability.
Fly-wheel The buck converter is used to regulate the output voltage of each
component using type III compensator. The tracker determines the
Storage Batteries output voltage which is regulated via a compensator, to provide a
fixed voltage level. The proposed topology has advantages like
SMES simple management system and inexpensive system controller. A
prototype is developed and simulated, due to its effectiveness it is
Fig. 1.1. Distributed generation. implemented on an emulator of real system [6].

Fig. 1.2. Basic components of hybrid system.

 K. Shivarama Krishna, K. Sathish Kumar / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 907–916 909

The authors presented the dynamic models for hybrid wind, Table 2.1
photovoltaic and hydro system. The excitation system for hydro Parameters of wind and photovoltaic module.
turbine, a battery unit for PV system and appropriate power electronic
Wind turbine Number of blades 3
interface systems are developed in electro-magnetic transient pro-
gram (EMTP)/alternative transient program (ATP). Case studies had PMSG Blade radius 2
been carried out in the distribution system to evaluate the perfor- Nominal power 3.850 kW
mance of the micro-sources under steady state and fault conditions. Number of pole pairs 4
Stator winding resistance 0.82 Ω
Control strategies based on the active and reactive power/voltage Stator winding inductance 15.1 mH
droops for energy control of inverter are developed [7]. Permanent magnetic rotor flux 0.45 Wb
This article presents an algorithm for power flow management of Inertia 99:10  4 Kg m2
PV system which is connected to the grid and the PV system is Friction coefficient 10  3 N m s rad
1

supplying power to both AC and DC loads. The bi-directional PVG Number of modules in series 6
converter has three different modes of operation. In rectifier and Number of modules in parallel 1
Number of cells in series 36
inverter mode of operation, the output current of the converter is
Number of cells in parallel 1
regulated by using a hysteresis control strategy where as in voltage Maximum power/module 130 W
control mode of operation, the inverter output voltage is regulated Open circuit voltage/module 22.1 V
by the converter and it supplies reactive power to the grid. The Short circuit current/module 8.06 A
dynamic behavior of the bi-directional converter was studied under
transient state conditions, where the power factor close to unity was
obtained in both the inverter and rectifier mode of operation [8]. Vdc,ref is the reference value of the dc bus voltage;
The authors considered a hybrid system which comprises wind iac,ref(n) is amplitude of current command for the present
power, diesel-engine and solar PV modules. The significant contribu- 60 Hz cycle;
tion of this paper is an intelligent controller has been designed which iac,ref(n þ1) is command for the next 60 Hz cycle;
includes radial basis function network integrated with the solar array k is the constant value which is proportional to value of
to achieve maximum power and an improved Elman neural network injected ac current and
controller is to control the pitch angle of the wind turbine [9]. Δi is the current command adjustment.
In [10], the evaluation of the harmonic content in d-q reference
frame for voltage source inverter was presented. Experimental The power management strategies for a grid connected wind/
results were obtained for a 2.2 kVA prototype inverter which is PV and flywheel energy storage hybrid system was discussed, it is
operated at different operating conditions, including current based on load shedding and peak limiting. The proposed strategy
harmonic compensation. A software control method was imple- gives a cost effective power supply from the hybrid system and to
mented to evaluate the harmonic content and comparative study select the optimum control technique for grid-connected residen-
was made between the proportional integral (PI) controller with tial applications [14]. The parameters for wind and PV module are
harmonic content and without harmonic content. listed in Table 2.1.
The authors proposed a controlled energy generator concept The authors considered a 30 kW wind/solar hybrid system
based on RES. These RES are integrated to form a hybrid system along with Energy Storage System (ESS) which has been modeled
with energy storage. The authors suggested two operating strate- in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The MPPT technique is used to
gies, one is to ensure the exchange of constant power under extract maximum power from the PV array and variable speed
sensitive periods with the grid and the other is to take action control method to obtain maximum energy from the wind turbine.
against the unscheduled power created by the grid operator [11]. The simulation results evaluates that the proposed method is
The work done in [12] dealt about the hybrid system which feasible option for micro-grid which employs current source
contains wind, PV and fuel cells. The main purpose of this research inverter with multi-input (Cuk/Sepic) converter, that reduces the
article is to provide uninterrupted supply to the load, it is achieved production cost of the system to significant extent [15]
by using fuel cell which operates at rated power of 10 kW, in the In [16] the dynamic behavior and performance of the hybrid
event of worst environmental conditions where there is no system is evaluated. The hybrid system consists of wind and PV
generation from wind and PV resources. The proposed system is resources and the system is grid-connected. The overall system
simple, easy to control and low cost. consists of DC–DC converter, grid interface inverter, hybrid system
The significant contribution of this paper is to develop an and appropriate power control strategy, which draws maximum
improved DC bus voltage regulation strategy for a grid-connected power from the wind turbine by using a variable speed control
hybrid system. The proposed operating strategy not only decreases method and extracts maximum energy from the PV array using
the fluctuations in the DC bus voltage but also reduces the size of MPPT technique. The simulation models are developed in PSCAD/
the DC bus capacitor bank. In order to validate the possibility of EMTDC environment and the results showed very good perfor-
the proposed operating strategy, a 1.2 kW prototype system is mance of hybrid system in response to variations in solar irra-
designed and the performance of the proposed system is verified diance and wind speed.
through experimental results [13]. The constant adjustment In this paper [17], the authors introduced a new multi-input
between the reference and actual voltage value is maintained by inverter for grid connected wind/PV hybrid system. The main
following Eqs. (2.1)–(2.3). advantage of this paper is the power generated from the wind
turbine and PV system can be directly supplied to the grid either
if V dc Z V dc:ref then k ¼ 1; ð2:1Þ
simultaneously or individually. The MPPT technique was realized
for both wind and PV energy system. The circuit protection and
if V dc Z V dc:ref then k ¼  1; ð2:2Þ
desired control functions are achieved using analog circuits and
digital signal processor.
iac:ref ðn þ1Þ ¼ iac:ref ðnÞ þ ðkÞΔi ð2:3Þ
The hybrid system comprises of wind, PV and battery storage
where which is connected to the grid with flexible power transfer. A 30 kW
hybrid system model is developed in EMTDC/PSCAD environment
Vdc is the measured dc bus voltage; and a supervisory control has been developed for the hybrid system
910 K. Shivarama Krishna, K. Sathish Kumar / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 907–916

to operate the system in different modes. The extreme usage of The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and PV array
battery storage system was relieved by introducing the modified are integrated to form hybrid system. The MPPT technique was
hysteresis control strategy. The individual components of the hybrid used to track maximum output power from the PV array, as the
system were effectively coordinated in such a way that the system is generation of power from PV array depends on environmental
able to generate maximum power, irrespective to the modes of conditions and cannot meet the load demand, fuel cell system is
operation of hybrid system and dynamic behavior of grid inverter. incorporated to meet the deficit power. Two operating modes
The averaging technique has been introduced to smoothen power were presented, one is unit power control mode and the other is
fluctuations which finally mitigate the current and voltage harmonics feeder-flow control mode. The proposed control strategy improves
at the point of coupling [18]. the system performance, enhances the system stability, reduces
The authors presented an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference the number of operating mode changes and specifies the control
system (ANFIS) to hybrid wind and PV system as the primary mode. The objective is achieved by using hysteresis which reduces
energy sources and fuel cell and battery as the secondary source, the variation of hybrid power. The hybrid system generation is
connected to the grid. The supervisory control based on ANFIS maximized when the load demand is high which decreases the
determines when the power should be generated/stored by the load shedding area and when the load demand is low, unit power
battery to meet the load demand. The active and reactive power is control mode will be selected [24].
regulated, by controlling the three phase inverter using ANFIS The different types of converters and controllers implemented
based controller. The new Energy Management System (EMS) is in grid connected hybrid system have been listed in Table 2.2.
compared with the classical EMS based on PI controllers. The
simulation results evaluated that the ANFIS based inverter control
has better dynamic response when related with the proportional 3. Modeling and analysis of stand-alone/islanded/off-grid
integral (PI) controller [19]. hybrid energy system
The authors in this paper presented a grid connected hybrid
system which consists of wind energy conversion system, PV The authors proposed a novel single-stage single-phase three-
system and fuel cell system to provide continuous power to load input DC–AC boost converter for stand-alone PV/fuel cell/ultra
with better reliability compared to an individual energy source. A capacitor hybrid system. The proposed converter has single power
MPPT technique was used to track maximum power output from conversion stage which needs only six power switches to step up
the photovoltaic and wind system, while the controller of fuel cell the input DC voltage to desired output AC voltage and it does not
has the function of load power fluctuation compensator. The fuel need any output filtration stage. A power management strategy
cell system is used not only to meet the load demand when there is has been developed for fuel cell and ultra-capacitor to operate at
deficit power from the primary energy sources but also to decrease optimal working conditions [25].
the output power fluctuations from the hybrid system [20]. The significant contribution of this paper is a new off grid hybrid
In [21], the application of super conducting magnetic energy system consisting of three RES such as wind, PV, hydro sources have
storage (SMES) and grid code compliance to hybrid system was been considered for the first time to electrify particular remote area.
presented. When the grid operates under abnormal conditions like This type of hybrid system provides a cost effective solution for the
surge conditions and instantaneous outages, the hybrid system remote areas where the electric supply from the utility grid is quite
must be able to withstand current and reactive power fluctuations, expensive. Long term data and potential of each RES have been
otherwise the system and critical loads would damage. In order to collected in order to make suitable decisions prior to the design and
overcome these disadvantages, SMES was implemented to implementation of the hybrid system [26].
enhance the dynamic security of distributed power system and it The authors presented a semi-isolated multi-input DC–DC
increases the fault ride through capability of hybrid system which converter for hybrid wind/PV power charger system which is
decreases the irregular currents at the point of coupling, to capable of supplying continuous power to the load and it over-
increase power quality of the system. The simulation model and comes the high voltage transfer ratio problem. In this paper, four
dynamic behavior of the system is evaluated in PSCAD/EMTDC isolated pulsating voltage source cells and three isolated pulsating
environment. current source cells have been developed based on topology of five
The authors in this paper described the operation and control basic isolated DC–DC converters. In addition, the controller design
strategy of hybrid system connected to the grid with static and small signal ac model has been derived for the proposed semi-
compensator (STATCOM). The STATCOM is used to increase the isolated multi-input DC–DC converter and its performance is
dynamic performance of the system under grid disturbances and verified from the experimental results [27].
faults, which aids the hybrid wind and fuel cell system to remain The authors proposed multi-input DC–DC converter topology
in service during the abnormal conditions. The output power of for hybrid energy system which can be operated in boost, buck and
the system is maintained at the nominal value using pitch control buck–boost modes. To design the controller, small signal model
and the reactive power is supplied by the STATCOM to support the has been derived based on state space averaging which is used to
grid voltage. The system is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink envir- extract transfer function of the converter. Moreover, a power
onment, the results shows that the STATCOM is able to enhance management strategy has been developed for the proposed con-
the transient voltage stability of the system [22]. verter. The proposed converter is proficient for energy diversifica-
The authors presented the use of battery energy storage system tion from the RES either individually or simultaneously and its
(BESS) with doubly-fed induction generator connected to the grid dynamic behavior is validated from the experimental results [28].
and the optimization technique implemented is Bacterial Foraging The authors presented the PV-fuel cell stand-alone hybrid
Technique. In order to maintain constant grid power the dc link system for telecom applications. The power conditioning system
capacitor is replaced with the BESS and it is used not only to store/ is used to co-ordinate the PV panels and fuel cells. The automatic
release the surplus power in case of lower/higher wind speed but control has been introduced for power management unit that
also reduces the uncertainty of the power supplied by the wind provides coordination between the fuel cell and PV panels. The
energy system. The effective operation of the system is maintained hybrid system was modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink
by changing the reference signal of the controller from Vdc to Pgrid. environment [29].
The simulation results show the effectiveness of the BESS in The output power generated from the wind turbine has high
maintaining the grid stability under fault conditions [23]. fluctuations due to changes in the wind speed, which leads to the
 K. Shivarama Krishna, K. Sathish Kumar / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 907–916 911

Table 2.2
Types of converters and controllers implemented in grid connected hybrid system.

Sources DC–DC Controllers Grid- Highlights Reference

converter connected
(GC)

Wind/PV Boost Hysteresis GC The hybrid system is connected to grid using single DC–DC converter followed by an inverter. [4]
PV/fuel cell/ Buck Microcontroller GC The buck converter is used to regulate the output voltage of each component using type III [6]
battery/ compensator.
supercapacitor
Wind/PV/diesel- Boost PI GC The intelligent controller is able to attain fast and stable response for real power control. [9]
engine
Wind/PV/battery Boost/ PI GC The proposed system behaves as a grid service provider and two operating strategies are [11]
buck provided for grid management.
Wind/PV/fuel cell Boost PI GC The hybrid system can produce 35 kW power when it is operated at rated capacity and [12]
minimum of 10 kW power under worst environmental conditions.
Wind/PV/ Boost PI GC A power management strategy has been designed for residential applications, which is able to [14]
flywheel satisfy load demand while maintaining an efficient energy storage system.
Wind/PV Cuk PI GC To integrate wind and PV sources with the DC bus a current source interface multi-input DC–DC [15]
converter has been used. The power converter size can be reduced by avoiding the non-
essential redundant components which can decrease its production cost.
Wind/PV Boost PI GC The power control strategy has been implemented to extract maximum power from the RES [16]
considering both the changes in wind speed and solar irradiance.
Wind/PV Buck/ PI GC The multi-input inverter is capable of delivering generated power either simultaneously or [17]
boost individually from wind and PV sources directly to the grid.
Wind/PV/battery Boost PI/hysteresis GC The supervisory control strategies for versatile power transfer of hybrid system have been [18]
presented.
Wind/PV/fuel cell/ Buck/ ANFIS/PI GC An ANFIS based EMS has been presented for hybrid system which has the ability of injecting [19]
battery boost more power into the grid.
Wind/PV/fuel cell Boost PI GC The proposed system is able to deliver power with an enhanced reliability compared to [20]
individual source.
Wind/PV/SMES Boost PI GC The SMES system is effective in enhancing the fault ride through capability of the hybrid [21]
system.

fluctuations in the frequency and voltages causing stability problems The hybrid system presented in [35] consists of wind, PV and
in micro-grid. In order to overcome these problems, energy storage fuel cell, the static var compensator has been used to regulate the
capacitor and fuzzy logic pitch controllers are developed to smoothen output voltage of the hybrid system and to supply the reactive
the wind turbine output power. The performance of the proposed power. The proposed intelligent controller consists of two algo-
controllers is compared with the conventional proportional integral rithms, one is radial basis function network sliding mode algo-
(PI) pitch controller. The simulation results showed that the two rithm used to obtain optimal turbine speed in order to track the
operating strategies are effective in improving the dynamic perfor- maximum power from the wind turbine and the other is general
mance of the micro-grid under islanded mode of operation [30]. regression neural network with PSO algorithm which has been
The significant contribution of this paper is to develop a dynamic used to evaluate the performance of the photovoltaic system.
model for a stand-alone based PV, fuel cell and ultra-capacitor The hybrid system consists of wind energy system, battery
hybrid system and the integration of the RES with fuel cell systems storage and super capacitor which have been developed for stand-
using short and long-term storage strategies with suitable power alone operation. The entire remote area power supply system is
controllers are presented [31]. simulated, considering over generation condition using synchro-
An experimental study was conducted for a PV and diesel- nous condenser and under generation using dump load covering
engine hybrid system without energy storage under constant the extreme operating conditions. The control algorithm extracts
loads. In order to increase the reliability of the hybrid system the maximum power output from the wind turbine and the system is
rated power generated from the diesel-engine should be equal to capable of controlling both the frequency and voltage levels during
the peak load. The system is simulated under small and higher fluctuating wind and variable load conditions. The performance of
loads to evaluate the performance of the hybrid system. It has the battery system is also improved by using a super capacitor
been observed that the working of hybrid PV/diesel generator was which absorbs the ripples and high frequency power components
efficient and reliable for higher radiations and higher loads [32]. of demand generation [36]. The active and reactive power balance
In this paper [33], the authors presented modeling and control of is achieved from following Eqs. (3.1)–(3.5).
photovoltaic/wind/fuel cells hybrid generating system. The overall
dEKE dΣ J ω2
work is divided into two parts. In the first part the authors focused on ΣP Sources  ΣP Sinks ¼ ¼ ¼0 ð3:1Þ
dt dt
each subsystem and different parameters are identified for each
subsystem. The second part dealt with the design and installation ΣP Sources ¼ ΣP Sinks ð3:2Þ
of various equipment which includes voltage and current sensors, the
data acquisition is made possible by using National Instruments cards P wind 7 P batt 7 P supercapacitor ¼ P load þ P dump load ð3:3Þ
which allowed to obtain real time data in LabVIEW environment.
In [34], the authors presented the modeling, analysis, control ΣQ Sources ¼ ΣQ Sinks ð3:4Þ
and power management strategies for a hybrid system supplying
Q inverter þ Q sync ¼ Q load ð3:5Þ
power to an electrical vehicle. Here, the hybrid system comprises
of PV, fuel cell and battery storage which are used to produce where
power without any interruption. The main contribution of this
paper is mathematical modeling and power management strate- P wind ; P batt and P supercapacitor are the output power of wind,
gies with battery bank for a hybrid system. battery and super capacitor respectively;
912 K. Shivarama Krishna, K. Sathish Kumar / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 907–916

Table 3.1
Types of converters and controllers implemented in stand-alone hybrid system.

Sources DC–DC Controllers Standalone Highlights Reference

converter (SA)

Wind/PV/fuel cell/ Buck/ Fuzzy/PI SA Energy storage capacitor and fuzzy logic pitch controllers are used to smoothen the wind [30]
flywheel/micro- boost turbine output power.
turbine
Wind/PV/fuel cell Boost GRNN/ SA The static var compensator has been used to supply the reactive power and to regulate the [35]
RBFNSM/ output voltage of the hybrid system.
PI
Wind/battery/ Boost PI SA The entire remote area power supply system is simulated, considering over generation [36]
supercapacitor condition using synchronous condenser and under generation condition using dump load that
covers the extreme operating conditions.

P load ; P dump load are the active power demand and dump system were presented. The proposed control strategy using state
load power; flow chart approach permitted to compare three different PV panel
Q inverter ; Q sync are the reactive power from the inverter and technologies were discussed. The main contribution of this paper
synchronous condenser respectively; is a high level control strategy has been developed which operates
Q load is the reactive power demand from the main load; in grid-connected/stand-alone mode of operation.
EKE is the kinetic energy of the system; The authors presented an integrated PV-wind and battery
J is the moment of inertia; storage hybrid system which has reduced power electronic inter-
ω is the angular velocity. face. The power management strategy enables rapid control of the
hybrid output power and allows safe transition from off-grid mode
In [37], the authors proposed a multi-level inverter to be an to grid-connected mode and vice-versa. The proposed hybrid
effective and practical solution to reduce the harmonics of an AC system is modeled and simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC environment
waveform and to increase the power demand. The novel hybrid [40]. The set point vrPV is determined from following Eq. (4.4).
modulation technique is the combination of variable frequency
inverted sine pulse width modulation technique and the funda- vrPV ½n þ 1 ¼ vPV ½n þ sgn½nΔV ð4:4Þ
mental frequency switching scheme. The effect of this hybrid
(
modulation technique on harmonics and device switching losses 1 if ΔP PV ½nΔvPV ½n Z 0
has been compared with the conventional phase disposition pulse sgn½n 9 ð4:5Þ
1 if ΔP PV ½nΔvPV ½n o 0
width modulation technique. The different types of converters and
controllers implemented in stand-alone hybrid system have been where
listed in Table 3.1.
n is the sampling step;
vrPV is the set point at which the PV array voltage is regulated;
4. Design and implementation of grid-connected
vPV is the PV array voltage;
and stand-alone hybrid energy system
ΔV is a control variable;
sgn½n is a binary variable of signum function;
The authors proposed an inverter which is capable of working
ΔP PV ½n ¼ vPV ½niPV ½n  vPV ½n  1iPV ½n  1 and
either in grid-connected or in stand-alone mode of operation. The
ΔvPV ½n ¼ vPV ½n vPV ½n  1.
hybrid system consists of wind and solar system along with
battery storage, where the technical descriptions and control
principles for each component are presented. The EMS was In [41], a new family of universal control and management
implemented to control energy flux between the storage devices strategies has been introduced. The management and control
and local loads, in order to maintain stable operation of the strategies are proposed for micro-grids, this strategy facilitates
complete system without any disturbances and other fluctuations parameter selection and dynamic study of the micro-grid. The
[38]. main contributions of this paper are the proposed strategies can
Mode 1: grid operating without injection be implemented to either a voltage source converter/current
V batt oV f eed  in : charge battery source converter. A hybrid polar-vector control was developed to

 prevent the instabilities due to improved integration and interac-
I hybrid ¼ I batt I grid ¼ 0 ð4:1Þ tion of synchronous generators and DG units. In autonomous
Mode 2: grid operating with injection mode of operation, the frequency and angle loops provides
synchronizing power as well as damping for micro-grid when it
I hybrid ¼ I batt þ I grid ð4:2Þ
is grid-connected. The proposed controllers are flexible to operate
Mode 3: grid power outage supply emergency loads in all directions without the need of reconfiguration.
In [42], a new control strategy for a current source converter
I hybrid þ I batt ¼ I load ð4:3Þ
based wind turbine with SMES, which improves the operating
where performance of the system not only in islanded mode but also in
I hybrid ; I batt , I grid and I load is the current of hybrid system, grid connected mode has been proposed. The main contribution of
battery, grid and load respectively. this work is to design active power controller and ac bus voltage
V batt , V f eed  in is the voltage of the battery and feed-in controller, which provides better smoothing when the wind farm
respectively. experiences low voltage. The robust operation in grid connected
In [39], the possible topologies and power flow control strate- mode of operation is attained. The capacitor voltage scheme is
gies under grid-connected and stand-alone operation of the hybrid implemented for islanding mode of operation.
 K. Shivarama Krishna, K. Sathish Kumar / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 907–916 913

Table 4.1
Types of converters and controllers implemented in grid connected/Stand-alone hybrid System.

Sources DC–DC Controllers GC– Highlights Reference

converter SA

Wind/PV/ Buck PI GC– The proposed inverter is capable of working either in grid-connected or stand-alone mode of operation. [38]
battery SA
Wind/PV/ Boost PI GC– The power management strategy enables rapid control of the hybrid output power and allows safe transition [40]
battery SA from off-grid to grid-connected mode and vice-versa.
Wind/SMES Boost PI GC– A new control strategy for a current source converter based hybrid system has been proposed to improve the [42]
SA operating performance of the system during islanded as well as grid connected mode of operation.
Wind/PV/fuel Boost PI GC– The topology of retrofitting hybrid power system with dc motor-synchronous generator set for buildings has [43]
cell/battery SA been proposed which improves power quality, reliability and ensures stable plant operation.
Wind/PV/ Boost PI GC– A hybrid AC/DC micro-grid has been proposed to decrease multiple AC–DC–AC transformations and vice [45],
battery SA versa, in a single AC/DC grid.

In this work, the authors introduced the topology of retrofitting the right hand side of below equation and the intensification
hybrid power system for buildings. The hybrid system may be the process is represented by the second and third terms
combination of different RES that is connected to dc motor-  
synchronous generator set instead of inverter. The use of dc motor- uðl þ 1Þ ¼ uðlÞ þ r 1 :c1 ypbest ðlÞ  yðlÞ þ r 2 :c2 ðygbest ðlÞ yðlÞ ð5:2Þ
synchronous generator set can improve the reliability of the supply,
where
power quality and ensures stable plant operation, compared to inverter.
During loss of synchronism, the proposed energy management and
r1 and r2 are the random numbers with uniform distribution
control unit is able to separate the system from utility grid [43].
between 0 and 1;
The microcontroller based power management strategies for
c1 and c2 are the coefficients of particle acceleration.
online operation of stand-alone micro-grids equipped with battery
storage was presented. The hybrid system consists of PV and
The objective function and the constraints are given in follow-
PEMFC connected to low voltage ac node, which makes use of
ing Eqs. (5.3)–(5.11), the minimum of objective function is given as
power inverters with definite functionalities. In stand-alone mode
the function ðpbattery ; pf uel cell ; pbattery ; pelectrolyzer Þ
of operation, the critical parameter is to approximate battery state-
of-charge. The automatic power management system provides the min f OF ¼ f ðpbattery ; pf uel cell ; pelectrolyzer Þg ð5:3Þ
micro-grid monitoring and the fuel cell power scheduling both in
islanded and grid-connected operating conditions [44]. 0 o pf uel cell o pmax
f uel cell g with pnet Z 0 ð5:4Þ
In [45], the authors proposed hybrid AC/DC micro-grid to avoid
multiple AC–DC–AC transformations and vice versa, in a single AC/ 0 opbattery o pmax
battery;discharge g with pnet Z 0 ð5:5Þ
DC grid. In order to achieve it, AC sources and loads are connected
to AC network whereas the DC sources and loads are connected to pelectrolyzer ¼ 0 with pnet Z 0 ð5:6Þ
the DC network. The proposed control algorithm not only
pbattery þ pf uel cell ¼ pnet with pnet Z 0 ð5:7Þ
smoothen power transfer between the AC and DC links but also
maintain the system stability during various generation and load
0 o pbattery o pmax
battery;charge g with pnet o 0 ð5:8Þ
conditions. The hybrid system is composed of PV, wind, fuel cell
and ultra-capacitor has been considered. The system is modeled
0 o pelectrolyzer o pmax
electrolyzer g with pnet o0 ð5:9Þ
and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment and the results
evaluates that the hybrid AC/DC grid is able to operate both in
pf uel cell ¼ 0 with pnet o 0 ð5:10Þ
grid-connected and stand-alone mode. The different types of
converters and controllers implemented in grid connected/stand-
 pbattery  pelectrolyzer ¼ pnet with pnet o 0 ð5:11Þ
alone hybrid system have been listed in Table 4.1.
where

5. Optimal sizing and energy management system for hybrid pf uel cell ; pelectrolyzer are the amount of power to be generated by
energy system the fuel cell and electrolyzer, respectively;
pbattery is the amount of power to be generated/stored by the
In [46], the authors presented a long term optimization based battery;
on particle swarm optimization (PSO) for a grid connected hybrid pnet is the amount of power to be stored/ provided by the ESS;
f uel cell ; pbattery;discharge; pbattery;charge
pmax max max
system. The system evaluates three EMSs based on PSO. The first and pmax
electrolyzer are the
EMS is used to minimize the ESS utilization cost, the second EMS is maximum powers to be generated/absorbed by the fuel cell,
used to maximize the efficiency of the ESS and the third one is battery and electrolyzer, in the next simulation step.
used to optimize the life time of energy storage devices. The EMS
of the hybrid system is shown in Fig. 5.1. The authors proposed optimal sizing for grid-connected wind/
The PSO consists of a population formed by the particles, each PV hybrid system following different multi-criteria decision ana-
particle represents a possible solution for the problem. The lysis optimization algorithms whose sensitivity is examined by
particle position and its behavior is governed by Eq. (5.1). considering different weighting criteria techniques which includes
varying input conditions like irradiation and wind speed. The
yðl þ 1Þ ¼ yðlÞ þ uðl þ1Þ ð5:1Þ
proposed study has provided a road map for the evaluators and
The PSO equation for traditional velocity is given in Eq. (5.2), in decision makers by giving merits and de-merits for optimal sizing
which the diversification process is represented by the first term of techniques [47].
914 K. Shivarama Krishna, K. Sathish Kumar / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 907–916

Fig. 5.1. Energy management system for wind, PV and fuel cell hybrid system.

 
The weighted sum method (WSM) is the most commonly Minimize cost APV ; Awind ; P capbatt ; ψ ð5:15Þ
used method in multi-criteria decision analysis which is given
where
in Eq. (5.12)

X
n Ii is the initial cost;
WSMscore ¼ wj :r ij ð5:12Þ OMi is the operational and maintenance cost of the
j¼1
components;
Apv, Awind are the surface area of PV and wind footprint area
8 0 1
> respectively;
>
>
>
> B C P Cap _Batt is the battery capacity and
>
> B xij  Min C
>
> B Max MIn C 8jAJ Ψ is the ratio of imported power from grid to load.
>
> @ A
>
> 
< i i
r ij ¼ 0 1 ð5:13Þ The initial and operation-maintenance cost of PV, wind and
>
>
>
> B C battery are given in following Eqs. (5.16)–(5.21).
>
> B xij  Min C
>
> B C 8 j A J1
>
> I PV ¼ λPV  APV ð5:16Þ
>@
>
Max Min A
>
: 
i i
N 
X
1þυ i
OMPV ¼ OMYearly  APV  ð5:17Þ
where i¼1
1þγ

rij is the generic element of normalized X; I wind ¼ λwind  Awind ð5:18Þ

xij is the performance of ith alternative against jth criterion;
N 
X
J is performance evaluation vector of benefit criterion; 1þυ i
J1 is performance evaluation vector of cost criterion and OMwind ¼ OMyearly  Awind  ð5:19Þ
1þγ
i¼1
n is the number of criteria.
I Batt ¼ λBatt  P Cap_Batt ð5:20Þ
The authors gave general sizing model that has been developed
Tb 
X ½ N
in which not only the size but also the desired availability and cost 1 þ υ i  1 Batt
OMBatt ¼ OMyearly  Batt  PYearly  Batt  ð5:21Þ
function of hybrid system are considered. The hybrid system is i¼1
1þβ
optimized using a multi-objective genetic algorithm (GA) that uses
high temporal resolution data which is taken at the data rate of The cost of power imported from the grid is given in Eq. (5.22)
10 s, in order to evaluate the effect of RES with temporal sampling X
T
and to compare with the less temporal resolution data that cG ¼ P grid:t  λGrid ð5:22Þ
i¼1
normally uses hourly data rate. The proposed method ensures
reliable supply at low cost, as the optimization for the available where
source is done based on the certain and uncertain conditions of
the RES [48]. The total cost of the system and its objective are P grid :t is the power purchased from grid at time t;
given in Eqs. (5.14) and (5.15) respectively. λGrid is price of grid power;
λPV , λwind and λBatt are the price of PV, wind and battery power
Σ ½Ii þ OMi  respectively;
i ¼ pv; Wind; Batt T is the duration of operation;
Total cost ¼ CostGrid þ ð5:14Þ
N υ is the escalation rate;
 K. Shivarama Krishna, K. Sathish Kumar / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 907–916 915

N is the life cycle of the system; Xapa , XSps represent the number of type ‘a’ wind turbines and
β is the inflation rate and number of type ‘s’ PV panels that are placed at point ‘P’;
γ is interest rate. Xbpb ; Xipi represent the number of type ‘b’ batteries and
number of type ‘i’ inverters that are placed at point ‘P’;
The authors presented Markov based GA to determine the Xrpr ; XZpz represent the number of type ‘r’ battery charge wind
optimal sizes of stand-alone wind/PV/diesel hybrid system, which controllers and number of type ‘z’ battery charge PV controllers
are obtained by embedding the Markov models into the GA. In that are placed at point ‘P’.
order to cluster the operation states of PV, wind turbine generators
and system load, fuzzy-c-means technique has been employed. The authors proposed optimal sizing and EMS for PV-wind
This method not only considered the minimization of the cost stand-alone hybrid system based on differential flatness approach
function but also the reliability and CO2 emissions of the system. which finds the optimal number of units, such that the total
Further, the computational time has been greatly reduced when system cost for 20 years is minimized using GA. The cost function
compared with the traditional methods [49]. The objective func- of the system is minimized compared to conventional optimiza-
tion is given in following Eq. (5.23) tion algorithms [51]. The objective function of the wind-PV hybrid
  system is given in the following Eq. (5.30).
Min N w  C unit in unit
w þ C w þ N pv  C pv þ N d
  Minimize C T ¼ C cpt þ C Mtn ð5:30Þ
f uel
 C unit
d þ cin
d þ Cd ð5:23Þ where

Subject to constraints
C T is the total design cost;
N min max
w rN w r N w ð5:24Þ C Cpt is the total capital cost and
C Mtn is the total maintenance cost.
N min max
pv rN pv r N pv ð5:25Þ Subject to constraints :

N min
d rN d r N max
d ð5:26Þ X
24   X24   X
24  
P tPV  Δt þ P twind  Δt Z P tdmd  Δt ð5:31Þ
1 1 1
LOLP r LOLPmax ð5:27Þ
Total wattage installed r Σd P inv  N inv ð5:32Þ
CO2 r COmax
2 ð5:28Þ

where Photovoltaic maximum power r Σe P contr N Contr ð5:33Þ

P tPV ¼ N PV  P ts ð5:34Þ
Nw, Npv and Nd are the unknown numbers of wind, PV and
diesel generator respectively;
P twind ¼ N wind  P tw ð5:35Þ
C unit unit
w ; C pv and C d
unit
represent the cost per unit for wind, PV
and diesel generator respectively; where
f uel
d ; Cd
cin represent the installation cost and fuel cost for diesel
generator; P inv is the maximum power supplied by the inverter;
LOLP denotes the loss of load probability. Ninv represents number of inverters required;
P tPV is the power generated from the PV panel at time ‘t’;
In [50], authors presented a mathematical programming model P ts is the power generated from each solar panel at time ‘t’;
to optimize the design of wind/PV hybrid system. The mathema- P twind is the power generated from the wind turbine at time ‘t’;
tical model provides a solution for the location of the hybrid NPV ; N wind are a decision variable which is the number of solar
system and design of the micro-grid. The main criterion is to panel and number of wind turbine.
minimize the initial investment cost of the system. The proposed
scheme provides sufficient information to build efficient rural
electrification projects and the objective function minimizes the
initial investment cost of the system given in following Eq. (5.29), 6. Conclusion
while considering the generation and storage of the system.
In this paper a comprehensive review on different issues
X
P X
A X
P X
S X
P X
B
related to the modeling, analysis, optimal sizing, control and
½MINZ ¼ CAa : Xapa þ CSs :XSps þ CBb :Xbpb
p¼1a¼1 a¼1s¼1 p ¼ 1 b1 energy management strategies for hybrid system that are inter-
connected with wind power, solar photovoltaic, fuel cells, etc. have
X
P X X
C X
P X
I
been presented. The power generated from the hybrid system is
þ Lpd : CCc : XCpdc þ CIi :Xipi
supplied to the local loads present in the micro-grid and when
p ¼ 1 d A Qp c ¼ 1 p¼1i¼1
there is power surplus the excess power can be sold out to the
X
P X
R X
P X
Z X
P
main grid. The configuration of the hybrid systems, their advan-
þ CRr :Xrpr þ CZz :XZpz þ CM : xmp
p¼1r ¼1 p¼1z¼1 p¼1
tages and disadvantages has been studied. The heuristic optimiza-
tion techniques like particle swarm optimization [46,35], bacterial
ð5:29Þ
foraging algorithm [23], genetic algorithm [48,49,51], etc. are
where implemented to optimize the utilization cost and life time of the
energy storage devices and to maximize the efficiency. The
CAa, CSs, CBb, CCc, CIi, CRr, CZz and CM denote the cost of type ‘a’ integration of the fluctuating renewable energy sources with
wind turbine, PV panel, battery, wire, inverter, battery charge storage devices like battery and super conducting magnetic energy
wind controller, battery charge PV controller and electric meter storage devices improves the reliability of the system. The
respectively; feasibility of the different controllers such as PID controller
916 K. Shivarama Krishna, K. Sathish Kumar / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 907–916

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