Module 1: Fundamental Integration Formulas 1

TLO addressed by the module:

TLO1: Identify the general concept of integration and its

properties.

TLO2: Use the appropriate integration formulas in

evaluating integrals.

This module contains the introduction, and

bridging of differential calculus to integral calculus. It
should be understood that all the differentiation
formulas you learned in differential calculus are also the
same formulas that you will need to integrate functions Source: Sketches in Stillness.com
correctly.

Also, the first set of basic integration formulas are included in this module, and how
you can use them to integrate common functions. There is a proper procedure for solving
each type and they are clearly demonstrated here.

Engage

Write ALL the differentiation formulas (that you learned in differential calculus) in the
first two (or more) pages of your notebook. Review the formulas as you go on with writing
them.

Explore

Unit I Lesson 1. Integration, the Indefinite Integral

Student learning time: 2 hours

The concept of Antidifferentiation:

Just as addition and subtraction are inverse operations, and so are multiplication and
division, raising to a power and extracting roots.

In the same manner, the inverse operation of differentiation is called

antidifferentiation, which involves the computation of the antiderivative.

In succeeding sections, antidifferentiation will be called integration, and the

antiderivative will be called the integral.

Antidiferentiation, or integration, is the process of finding the function F(x), whose

de a e F ( ) f( ) ca e f .

Example:
Find the antiderivative of f(x) = cosx + 2x,

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 With our previous knowledge in differential calculus, we know that cosx is the derivative of
sinx, and that 2x is the derivative of x2.

Hence F(x) = sinx + x2 + C

Where: f(x)
= derivative of F(x)
F(x)
= antiderivative (or integral) of f(x)
= the function where the derivative f(x) was taken from
C = arbitrary constant
= any constant assumed to be present in F(x), but disappeared in f(x)
since the derivative of a constant is zero.

Here, it is assumed that any function value which is given by sinx + x2 + C, where C is
any constant, is an antiderivative of f(x).

Theorem:

If F is a particular antiderivative of f, then every antiderivative (or integral) of f is given

by:

𝐹 𝐶
Read a : The integral of f of x dx is equal to capital F of x plus C”

Where: ∫ 𝑏 𝑎 𝑎
= this symbol prompts you to integrate (or antidifferentiate) f(x) to find
F(x)
𝑎
dx = differential of x, where x is the variable in the function f(x)

If 𝐹 𝐶 is the set of all functions whose differentials are f(x)dx, it is also called the
set of all functions whose derivatives are f(x). Antidifferentiation (or integration) therefore, is
the operation of finding the set of all functions having a given derivative.

Properties of the indefinite integral:

Indefinite integral: an integral with no specified upper and lower limit

1. In the expression ∫ 𝐹 𝐶 ,
F ( ) = f( )
And d(F(x))= f(x)dx

Differentiating the integral function F(x) should give us the function f(x).

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 2. ∫ 𝐹 𝐹 𝐶

This equation states that when we integrate the differential of a function, we obtain
that same function plus an arbitrary constant (since integration and differentiation are
inverse operations).

Theorems of Integration:

Because integration is the inverse operation of differentiation, integration theorems

are obtained from those on differentiation. Thus the following theorems can be proved from
the corresponding differentiation theorems.

1. 𝐶

2. 𝑎 𝑎
The integral of a constant times a function is the constant times the integral of that
function

3. If f, g, h, a e def ed he a e e a , he
⋯…… ⋯ ..
This states that the integral of the sum (or difference) of two or more functions equals
the sum (or difference) of the integrals of the functions.

4. The Simple Power Formula

If n is a rational number,

𝐶 ; 1
1
Proof:
1
1 1

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 Concept check: Answer in the space provided after each question.

1. What is F(x)? Define it from your understanding. Is it the same as f(x)?

2. What is he he e f eg a ?

3. Wha C a d h eeded he eg a ?

Unit I Lesson 2: THE POWER FORMULA

Student learning time: 4 hours

I. The Simple Power Formula

If n is a rational number,

𝐶 ; 1
1
Proof:
1
1 1

Important habit before integrating any expression:

For fractions, always check if the fraction is proper (meaning, the degree of the numerator
is less than the degree of the denominator). Otherwise, the fraction is improper (when the
degree of the numerator the degree of the denominator); then you need to divide the
numerator by the denominator using long division, or any proper means.

Solved exercises are shown below to illustrate how the simple power formula can be applied
to evaluate simple integrals. The theorems of integration in Module 1 are also applied in the
solutions.

1. 3 3 𝐶
4 1
3 8
2. 2 3 8 2 3 8 2 𝐶
2 1 3 1

3. 2 2 2

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 2
𝐶 𝐶
6 10 3 13
3 1 3
1 2 1
4. 2 2 𝐶
√ 4 1 3 1
2 1 4 1

2 𝐶
3 1 3
2 4
2 1 2
5. 2 2 𝐶
9 5 1
2 2 2

Note: the integrand of no.5 is improper, so we need to divide numerator by denominator

first before applying any integration.

Concept Check: Evaluate the following integrals:

5
1. 3 2
2
2
2. √
√
4 4
3.

II. The General Power formula

If u is a differentiable function, and n is a rational number,

𝐶 ; 1
1
Where u is the base of the power, which is a function
du is the differential of the function u
n is the power of the function u

The general power formula is applied when the base variable is a function (binomial
or polynomial) and not merely x or y. If the base variable is merely x or y, the simple power
formula can be applied.

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 Example 1. Evaluate:
√3 4
Solution:

To apply the general power formula, we first write

√3 4 3 4
And observe that if
1
3 4 3 𝑎
2

We can only use the general power formula if du is complete. Therefore we need a factor 3
to go with dx to give undu. Hence we write

1
3 4 3 4 3
3

Note that the reciprocal of 3 which is 1/3 was written before the integral sign since we put a
3 together with dx to complete the du. We call this the correcting factor (CF).

Since the integrand above is already in the form , we can proceed integrating using
the general power formula.
1 1 3 4
3 4 3 𝐶 4 3
3 3 3
2
Important note: You can only put a constant term as a correcting factor, but NOT a variable.
Hence the needed variable in the du must be present since it cannot be added as a
correcting factor.

Example 2. Evaluate:
5 2
Solution:
Observe that if u = 5 - 2x3 then du = - 6x2dx ; n = 8

Because 5 2 5 2

We need a factor -6 to go with x2dx to give du. Therefore we write

1
5 2 5 2 6
6

In the same manner, we write -1/6 before the integral sign as a correcting factor since we
wrote -6 before x2dx to complete the du.

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 Since du is now complete, we can apply the general power formula:

1 1 5 2
5 2 5 2 6 𝐶
6 6 9

Concept Check: Evaluate the following integrals:

1. 5 6

2
2. 1
3

3. 3 5

Explain

For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the following
topics:

1. F he b The Ca c h A a c Ge e b Le h d, d he f g
topics: Antidifferentiation, Theorems of Antidifferentiation, The General Power Formula on
pages 314-319

2. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville, study:

Chapter 8: Integration; The Indefinite Integral; General Properties of Indefinite Integrals; The
Power Formula on pages 94-99

Elaborate

Do the concept check at the end of the unit. This is for your formative assessment.

Evaluation

You will have a quiz at the end of Module 1. Unit 1 will cover Part 1of the quiz. Please click
on the link that will be provided in Google classroom.

Unit 2 TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAS

Student learning time: 6 hours

Engage

Review your differentiation formulas for trigonometric functions, as the integration formulas
have been derived from here. Review also the common trigonometric identities as they are

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 used in simplifying functions. Pay attention specifically to the algebraic signs of the
derivatives, so that you will not be confused with the signs later on.

Explore

Integrals of the trigonometric functions.

These integrals can be thought of as formulas, and have been directly derived from the
derivatives of the trigonometric functions from differential calculus.

1. 𝐶

2. 𝐶

3. sec 𝑎 𝐶

4. csc 𝐶

5. 𝑎 𝐶

6. 𝐶

Trigonometric identities are often used when computing integrals involving trigonometric
functions. The following identities are commonly used in simplifying expressions:

1. 1 5.

2. 1 6. cos sin 1

3. 𝑎 1 7. tan 1 sec

4. 𝑎 8. cot 1 csc

Solved exercises: Apply the trigonometric formulas to evaluate the integrals.

1 1
1. 3 3 𝐶
2 2

2. 2 𝑎 5 csc 2𝑎 5 𝐶

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 2 3 sin sin 1
3. 2 3 2 3

2 3 2 3 𝐶

4. tan cot 4

Note that for this integral, the integration formulas for trigonometric functions cannot
be applied directly to tan2x and cot2x. There are no direct integration formulas for these
two functions. Hence we use the identities to transform them to an expression that we
know how to integrate.

tan cot 4 sec 1 csc 1 4 sec csc 2

An extension of these set of formulas can be applied when the angle of the trigonometric
function is itself a function.

1. 𝐶

2. 𝐶

3. sec 𝑎 𝐶

4. csc 𝐶

5. 𝑎 𝐶

6. 𝐶

Where u =function with a differential du

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 Solved exercises. Evaluate the integrals:

1. 4

In this case, the angle u of the cosine function is 4 , hence we need to use the extension of
the trigonometric formula here.

If u = 4 , then du = 4d

As in the power formula, we need to write a correcting factor 4 before to complete the
differential, and its reciprocal, ¼ before the integral sign. Hence we can use the formula

1
4 4 4
4

u du

2. ∫ 6

Here, we can recognize that

u = x3 , du = 3x2dx

for simplicity purposes we write

∫6 6∫ 6 ∫ 3

u du

Hence we can use the formula

1
6 6 6 3
3
2 𝐶

3. 2 √1

Notice that while there are trigonometric functions here, the function (1 + cosx) is raised to
a power 1/3. Hence we cannot directly use the trigonometric formula here.

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 Rather, we test the conditions of the general power formula if they will apply here (since
we have a base function raised to a power). Hence from the general power formula, we
need to see if the integrand has all the function values of undu.

If u = 1 + cosx ; du = -sinxdx and n = 1/3

The expression sinx is present in the integrand, and can therefore be used as part of du. We
just need to insert a correcting factor of -1, ee a - g c e e he d ffe e a ,
and put the reciprocal of -1, which is also-1 ( - ), bef e he eg a g .The e
write properly:

∫2 √1 2∫ 1

un du

and we can use the power formula: ∫ 𝐶

2 √1 2 1

2 1
𝐶
4
3

4. cos 2 2

This integrand is similar to that of no.3, where a base function is raised to a power. Hence
we can try checking the conditions of the power formula.

u = cos2t du = -2sin2tdt n=3

Since du is present in the integrand, we can use the power formula (just put the correcting
factor -2 before sin2tdt and-1/2 before ∫ )
1
cos 2 2 cos 2 2 2
2

Then apply the general power formula:

1 1 cos 2 𝐜𝐨𝐬
cos 2 2 cos 2 2 2 𝐶
2 2 4

4
5.
1

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 If the denominator is function raised to a power that is not equal to 1, it is worthwhile to
transfer it to the numerator to enable us to examine if the power formula will apply here.

4
4 1
1
Examine the terms if it will fit undu:

u = 1+ cosx du = -sinxdx n = -2

Since the du is present in the integrand, we can use the power formula:

4 1
4 1 4 𝐶
1 1

We can also conclude:

1
𝑎 𝑎 𝐶
𝑎
1
𝑎 𝑎 𝐶
𝑎
1
sec 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝐶
𝑎
1
csc 𝑎 𝑎 𝐶
𝑎
1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝐶
𝑎
1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝐶.
𝑎

Concept Check 3 Evaluate the following integrals and simplify your answers.

1. 4 2 sec

3𝑎 4 cos
2.

1
3.
2

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