Integral Calculus Module 1 PDF
Integral Calculus Module 1 PDF
Also, the first set of basic integration formulas are included in this module, and how
you can use them to integrate common functions. There is a proper procedure for solving
each type and they are clearly demonstrated here.
Engage
Write ALL the differentiation formulas (that you learned in differential calculus) in the
first two (or more) pages of your notebook. Review the formulas as you go on with writing
them.
Explore
Just as addition and subtraction are inverse operations, and so are multiplication and
division, raising to a power and extracting roots.
Example:
Find the antiderivative of f(x) = cosx + 2x,
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With our previous knowledge in differential calculus, we know that cosx is the derivative of
sinx, and that 2x is the derivative of x2.
Where: f(x)
= derivative of F(x)
F(x)
= antiderivative (or integral) of f(x)
= the function where the derivative f(x) was taken from
C = arbitrary constant
= any constant assumed to be present in F(x), but disappeared in f(x)
since the derivative of a constant is zero.
Here, it is assumed that any function value which is given by sinx + x2 + C, where C is
any constant, is an antiderivative of f(x).
Theorem:
𝐹 𝐶
Read a : The integral of f of x dx is equal to capital F of x plus C”
Where: ∫ 𝑏 𝑎 𝑎
= this symbol prompts you to integrate (or antidifferentiate) f(x) to find
F(x)
𝑎
dx = differential of x, where x is the variable in the function f(x)
If 𝐹 𝐶 is the set of all functions whose differentials are f(x)dx, it is also called the
set of all functions whose derivatives are f(x). Antidifferentiation (or integration) therefore, is
the operation of finding the set of all functions having a given derivative.
1. In the expression ∫ 𝐹 𝐶 ,
F ( ) = f( )
And d(F(x))= f(x)dx
Differentiating the integral function F(x) should give us the function f(x).
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2. ∫ 𝐹 𝐹 𝐶
This equation states that when we integrate the differential of a function, we obtain
that same function plus an arbitrary constant (since integration and differentiation are
inverse operations).
Theorems of Integration:
1. 𝐶
2. 𝑎 𝑎
The integral of a constant times a function is the constant times the integral of that
function
3. If f, g, h, a e def ed he a e e a , he
⋯…… ⋯ ..
This states that the integral of the sum (or difference) of two or more functions equals
the sum (or difference) of the integrals of the functions.
𝐶 ; 1
1
Proof:
1
1 1
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Concept check: Answer in the space provided after each question.
2. What is he he e f eg a ?
3. Wha C a d h eeded he eg a ?
If n is a rational number,
𝐶 ; 1
1
Proof:
1
1 1
For fractions, always check if the fraction is proper (meaning, the degree of the numerator
is less than the degree of the denominator). Otherwise, the fraction is improper (when the
degree of the numerator the degree of the denominator); then you need to divide the
numerator by the denominator using long division, or any proper means.
Solved exercises are shown below to illustrate how the simple power formula can be applied
to evaluate simple integrals. The theorems of integration in Module 1 are also applied in the
solutions.
1. 3 3 𝐶
4 1
3 8
2. 2 3 8 2 3 8 2 𝐶
2 1 3 1
3. 2 2 2
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2
𝐶 𝐶
6 10 3 13
3 1 3
1 2 1
4. 2 2 𝐶
√ 4 1 3 1
2 1 4 1
2 𝐶
3 1 3
2 4
2 1 2
5. 2 2 𝐶
9 5 1
2 2 2
𝐶 ; 1
1
Where u is the base of the power, which is a function
du is the differential of the function u
n is the power of the function u
The general power formula is applied when the base variable is a function (binomial
or polynomial) and not merely x or y. If the base variable is merely x or y, the simple power
formula can be applied.
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Example 1. Evaluate:
√3 4
Solution:
We can only use the general power formula if du is complete. Therefore we need a factor 3
to go with dx to give undu. Hence we write
1
3 4 3 4 3
3
Note that the reciprocal of 3 which is 1/3 was written before the integral sign since we put a
3 together with dx to complete the du. We call this the correcting factor (CF).
Since the integrand above is already in the form , we can proceed integrating using
the general power formula.
1 1 3 4
3 4 3 𝐶 4 3
3 3 3
2
Important note: You can only put a constant term as a correcting factor, but NOT a variable.
Hence the needed variable in the du must be present since it cannot be added as a
correcting factor.
Example 2. Evaluate:
5 2
Solution:
Observe that if u = 5 - 2x3 then du = - 6x2dx ; n = 8
Because 5 2 5 2
1
5 2 5 2 6
6
In the same manner, we write -1/6 before the integral sign as a correcting factor since we
wrote -6 before x2dx to complete the du.
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Since du is now complete, we can apply the general power formula:
1 1 5 2
5 2 5 2 6 𝐶
6 6 9
2
2. 1
3
3. 3 5
Explain
For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the following
topics:
1. F he b The Ca c h A a c Ge e b Le h d, d he f g
topics: Antidifferentiation, Theorems of Antidifferentiation, The General Power Formula on
pages 314-319
2. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville, study:
Chapter 8: Integration; The Indefinite Integral; General Properties of Indefinite Integrals; The
Power Formula on pages 94-99
Elaborate
Do the concept check at the end of the unit. This is for your formative assessment.
Evaluation
You will have a quiz at the end of Module 1. Unit 1 will cover Part 1of the quiz. Please click
on the link that will be provided in Google classroom.
Engage
Review your differentiation formulas for trigonometric functions, as the integration formulas
have been derived from here. Review also the common trigonometric identities as they are
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used in simplifying functions. Pay attention specifically to the algebraic signs of the
derivatives, so that you will not be confused with the signs later on.
Explore
These integrals can be thought of as formulas, and have been directly derived from the
derivatives of the trigonometric functions from differential calculus.
1. 𝐶
2. 𝐶
3. sec 𝑎 𝐶
4. csc 𝐶
5. 𝑎 𝐶
6. 𝐶
Trigonometric identities are often used when computing integrals involving trigonometric
functions. The following identities are commonly used in simplifying expressions:
1. 1 5.
2. 1 6. cos sin 1
3. 𝑎 1 7. tan 1 sec
4. 𝑎 8. cot 1 csc
2. 2 𝑎 5 csc 2𝑎 5 𝐶
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2 3 sin sin 1
3. 2 3 2 3
2 3 2 3 𝐶
4. tan cot 4
Note that for this integral, the integration formulas for trigonometric functions cannot
be applied directly to tan2x and cot2x. There are no direct integration formulas for these
two functions. Hence we use the identities to transform them to an expression that we
know how to integrate.
An extension of these set of formulas can be applied when the angle of the trigonometric
function is itself a function.
1. 𝐶
2. 𝐶
3. sec 𝑎 𝐶
4. csc 𝐶
5. 𝑎 𝐶
6. 𝐶
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Solved exercises. Evaluate the integrals:
1. 4
In this case, the angle u of the cosine function is 4 , hence we need to use the extension of
the trigonometric formula here.
If u = 4 , then du = 4d
As in the power formula, we need to write a correcting factor 4 before to complete the
differential, and its reciprocal, ¼ before the integral sign. Hence we can use the formula
1
4 4 4
4
u du
2. ∫ 6
u = x3 , du = 3x2dx
∫6 6∫ 6 ∫ 3
u du
1
6 6 6 3
3
2 𝐶
3. 2 √1
Notice that while there are trigonometric functions here, the function (1 + cosx) is raised to
a power 1/3. Hence we cannot directly use the trigonometric formula here.
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Rather, we test the conditions of the general power formula if they will apply here (since
we have a base function raised to a power). Hence from the general power formula, we
need to see if the integrand has all the function values of undu.
The expression sinx is present in the integrand, and can therefore be used as part of du. We
just need to insert a correcting factor of -1, ee a - g c e e he d ffe e a ,
and put the reciprocal of -1, which is also-1 ( - ), bef e he eg a g .The e
write properly:
∫2 √1 2∫ 1
un du
2 √1 2 1
2 1
𝐶
4
3
4. cos 2 2
This integrand is similar to that of no.3, where a base function is raised to a power. Hence
we can try checking the conditions of the power formula.
Since du is present in the integrand, we can use the power formula (just put the correcting
factor -2 before sin2tdt and-1/2 before ∫ )
1
cos 2 2 cos 2 2 2
2
1 1 cos 2 𝐜𝐨𝐬
cos 2 2 cos 2 2 2 𝐶
2 2 4
4
5.
1
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If the denominator is function raised to a power that is not equal to 1, it is worthwhile to
transfer it to the numerator to enable us to examine if the power formula will apply here.
4
4 1
1
Examine the terms if it will fit undu:
u = 1+ cosx du = -sinxdx n = -2
Since the du is present in the integrand, we can use the power formula:
4 1
4 1 4 𝐶
1 1
1
𝑎 𝑎 𝐶
𝑎
1
𝑎 𝑎 𝐶
𝑎
1
sec 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝐶
𝑎
1
csc 𝑎 𝑎 𝐶
𝑎
1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝐶
𝑎
1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝐶.
𝑎
Concept Check 3 Evaluate the following integrals and simplify your answers.
1. 4 2 sec
3𝑎 4 cos
2.
1
3.
2
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