THEORY OF MACHINES II

Submitted to: Engr Umer Ishaq

FAISAL MAQSOOD | 2017-ME-527
ENGINE
Definition: An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one form
of energy into mechanical energy.
Heat engines, like the internal combustion engine, burn a fuel to create heat which is
then used to do work. Electric motors convert electrical energy
into mechanical motion, pneumatic motors use compressed air, and clockwork
motors in wind-up toys use elastic energy. In biological systems, molecular motors,
like myosins in muscles, use chemical energy to create forces and ultimately motion.

Types of Engine
Basically the engines are of two types, and these are
1. External combustion engines
2. Internal combustion engines.

The I.C. engines are classified on the following basis:

1. Types of Design
I. Reciprocating engine
II. Rotary engine
2. Types of Fuel used
I. Petrol engine

II. Diesel engine

III. Gas engine

3. Cycle of Operation
I. Otto cycle engine
II. Diesel cycle engine
III. Dual cycle engine or semi-diesel cycle engine
4. Number of Strokes
I. Four stroke engine
II. Two stroke engine
III. Hot spot ignition engine
5. Type of Ignition
I. Spark Ignition engine
II. Compressed ignition engine
6. Number of Cylinders
I. Single cylinder engine
II. Double cylinder engine
III. Multiple cylinder engine
7. Arrangement of Cylinders
I. Vertical engine
II. Horizontal engine
III. Radial engine
IV. V-engine
V. W type engine
VI. Opposite cylinder engine
 8. Valve arrangement
I. L-head engine
II. F-head engine
III. I-head engine
IV. T-head engine

9. Types of Cooling
I. Air cooled engines
II. Water cooled engines

But, here we are discussing only about Radial and V- engine.

Radial Engine
The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in
which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a
wheel. It resembles a stylized star when viewed from the front, and is called a "star
engine"
It is used mainly in small airplanes, in which the cylinders (ranging from five to as many
as 28, depending on engine size) are mounted in a circle around the crankshaft,
sometimes in banks of two or more. Once the dominant piston-engine type, radials are
now in only limited production; most new requirements are met by remanufacturing
existing stock.

Balancing of Radial Engines

The method of direct and reverse cranks is used in balancing of
radial or V-engines, in which the connecting rods are connected to a
common crank. Since the plane of rotation of the various cranks (in
radial or V-engines) is same, therefore there is no unbalanced primary
or secondary couple.

Fig. Reciprocating engine mechanism

Consider a reciprocating engine mechanism as shown in Fig. Let
the crank OC (known as the direct crank) rotates uniformly at 
radians per second in a clockwise direction. Let at any instant the
crank makes an angle  with the line of stroke OP. The indirect or
reverse crank OC , the image of the direct crank OC, when seen
through the mirror placed at the line of stroke. A little consideration
will show that when the direct crank revolves in a clockwise direction,
the reverse crank will revolve in the anticlockwise direction. We shall
now discuss the primary and secondary forces due to the mass (m) of
the reciprocating parts at P.
Considering the Primary Forces,
 We have already discussed that primary forces is m.2.r
cos . This force is equal to the component of the centrifugal force
along the line of stroke, produced by a mass m , placed at the crank
pin C. Now let us suppose that the mass m of the reciprocating parts
is divided into two parts, each equal to m / 2.

Fig. Primary forces on reciprocating engine mechanism.

It is assumed that m / 2 is fixed at the direct crank (termed as primary
direct crank) pin C and m / 2 at the reverse crank (termed as primary reverse
crank) pin C as shown in Fig.

We know that the centrifugal force acting on the primary direct and reverse
crank
= m / 2 2 .r

 Component of the centrifugal force acting on the primary direct crank

2
 m / 2   .r cos . . . (in the direction from O to P)

and, the component of the centrifugal force acting on the primary reverse crank
2
 m / 2   .r cos . . . (in the direction from O to P)

 Total component of the centrifugal force along the line of stroke
 2  m / 2  2 .r cos   m.2 .r cos  = Primary force, Fp

Hence, for primary effects the mass m of the reciprocating parts

at P may be replaced by two masses at C and C each of magnitude
m/2.
Note : The component of the centrifugal force of the direct and reverse cranks, in a
direction perpendicular to the line of stroke, are each equal to m/2  2 .r sin  . But
opposite in direction. Hence these components are balanced.

Considering Secondary Forces,

We know that the secondary force
r
 m / 4  (2)2  cos 2  m.2 . r  cos 2n
 In the similar way as discussed above, it will be seen that for the
secondary effects, the mass (m) of the reciprocating parts may be
replaced by two masses (each m / 2) placed at D and Dsuch that OD
= OD= r/4n. The crank OD is the secondary direct crank and rotates
at 2 rad/s in the clockwise direction, while the crank OD is the
secondary reverse crank and rotates at 2rad/s in the
anticlockwise direction as shown in Fig.

Fig. Secondary force on reciprocating engine mechanism.

V-Engine
A V engine, or Vee engine is a common configuration for an internal
combustion engine. The cylinders and pistons are aligned, in two separate
planes or 'banks', so that they appear to be in a "V" when viewed along the
axis of the crankshaft. The Vee configuration generally reduces the overall
engine length, height and weight compared with an
equivalent inline configuration.

The 2-cylinder ‘V’, is also known as the ‘V-Twin’. The manufacturers

typically employ them for high-end sports bikes and cruisers. On the other
hand, high end super-bikes use V-4 design. The high-end cars such as saloons,
 sports-cars and SUVs commonly employ the ‘V6’ and ‘V8’ and ‘V12’ designs.

Balancing of V-engines
Consider a symmetrical two cylinder V-engine as shown in Fig.
The common crank OC is driven by two connecting rods PC and QC.
The lines of stroke OP and OQ are inclined to the vertical OY, at an
angle a as shown in Fig.
Let m = Mass of reciprocating parts per cylinder,
l = Length of connecting rod,
r = Radius of crank,
n = Ratio of length of connecting rod to crank radius = l / r

2α = V-angle i.e. angle between lines of strokes of two

cylinders.

q = Inclination of crank to the vertical at any instant,

 = Angular velocity of crank.

Fig. Balancing of V-engines.

We know that,

 Primary unbalanced force in single cylinder engine is,

Fp = mr. ω2.cosθ

 Secondary unbalanced force in single cylinder engine is,

𝑐𝑜𝑠2 θ
Fs = mr . ω2.
𝑛

Considering the primary forces FP

Primary forces in individual cylinders:

F P1 = mrω2 .cos(α-θ)
 F P2 = mrω2 .cos(α+θ)

Total primary force along Y axis (F PV ):

F PV = F P1 .cosα + F P2 .cosα
(∵ Both components F P1 .cosα and F P2 .cosα are acting in same direction)
= mrω2 .cos(α-θ) cosα + mrω2 .cos(α+θ) cosα
= mrω2 cosα [cos(α-θ) + cos(α+θ)]
= mrω2 cosα (2 cosθ cosα)
= 2 mrω2 cos2 α cosθ

Total primary force along X-axis (F PH ):

F PH = F P1 .sinα - F P2 .sinα
(∵ Both components F P1 .sinα and F P2 .sinα are acting opposite to each other)
= mrω2 .cos(α-θ) sinα - mrω2 .cos(α+θ) sinα
= mrω2 sinα [cos(α-θ) - cos(α+θ)]
= mrω2 sinα 2 sinθ sinα
= 2 mrω2 sin2 α sinθ

Resultant primary force (F p ):

=
Fp √ (F PV )2 + (F PH)2
= √ (2 mr ω2 cos2α cosθ)2 + (2 mr ω2 sin2α sinθ)2
= 2 mrω2 √ ( cos2α cosθ)2 + ( sin2α sinθ)2

The angle made by resultant primary force with vertical axis is;
βP = tan
PV

= tan

Now,

Considering the Secondary forces Fp

Secondary forces in individual cylinder:
 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (α−θ)
G S1 = mrω2 . 𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (α+θ)
F S2 = mrω2 .
𝑛

Total secondary force along Y axis (F SV ):

F SV = F S1 .cosα + F S2 .cosα
(∵ Both components F S1 .cosα and F S2 .cosα are acting in same direction)
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (α−θ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (α+θ)
= mr ω2 . cosα + mr ω2 . cosα
𝑛 𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (α−θ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (α+θ)
= mr ω2 cosα [ + ]
𝑛 𝑛
𝑚𝑟ω2 𝑐𝑜𝑠α
= [2 cos2θ cos2α]
𝑛
𝟐
= (mrω2 cosα cos2α cos2θ)
𝒏

Total secondary force along X-axis (F SH ):

F SH = F S1 .sinα - F S2 .sinα
(∵ Both components F S1 .sinα and F S2 .sinα are acting opposite to each other)
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (α−θ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (α+θ)
= mr ω2 . sinα - mr ω2 . sinα
𝑛 𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (α−θ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (α+θ)
= mr ω2 sinα [ - ]
𝑛 𝑛
mr ω2 𝑠𝑖𝑛α
= 2 sin2θ sin2α
𝑛
𝟐
= (mrω2 sinα sin2α sin2θ)
𝒏

Resultant secondary force (F S ):

F S = √ (F SV )2 + (F SH)2

=
𝟐
= mrω2 √ (cosα cos2α cos2θ)2 + (sinα sin2α sin2θ)2
𝒏
The angle made by resultant secondary force with vertical axis is;

𝐹𝑠ℎ
βS = tan−1 ( )
𝐹𝑠𝑣

2
(mrω2 sinα sin2α sin2θ)
𝑛
= tan−1 ( 2 )
(mrω2 cosα cos2α cos2θ)
𝑛

= tan−1 (tanα tan2α tanθ )

The End