R.N.I No.

KARENG/2013/51589

Quarterly Newsletter April - September, 2015 Issues - 2&3

Volume - 5

POWER SYSTEM STABILITY AND CONTROL

Inside This Issue Editorial Board

From MD's Desk……………………………………………........…………………..…………......….…. 2
Advisor:
Detailed Case Study to Understand the Concepts of Transient Stability Analysis Dr. R. Nagaraja
...……………………………………………………………..…………………………………… R. Nagaraja 4

Low Frequency Oscilla ons in Power Systems and their Mi ga on …….. Editor:
.......................................................................................................... K.R. Padiyar 13
M.M. Babu Narayanan
Enhancing Power System Stability and Control Using Special Protec on Systems
………………………………………………….……..... Nitesh Kumar. D and Faraz Zafar Khan 16 Members:
Stability Studies for Industrial Power Systems ..................................................... Faraz Zafar Khan
....................................................... Maheedhar Patnala and T. Guru Charan Das 20 Poornima T.R.
PRDC Provides LED Ligh ng Solu on for the Holy City of Puri ............................. 26 Venkatesh H.R.
Maheedhar Patnala
PRDC Annual Day - April 2015 ............................................................................... 27
Rajesh Kanchan
Our Exper se in Training ……………………………………………………………….………………... 28 Thimmappa N.

Indian Power Sector Highlights …………………………………………………..…………….…….. 29

About the Authors ................................................................................................ 30

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From MD's Desk

condi ons. However, its real behaviour frequency, voltage, line loading etc.
would be tested while performing and the response of the associated
t ra n s i e n t st u d i e s w h e re i n t h e control systems like AVR, turbine-
disturbances are applied to the power governor, FACTS, HVDC etc. during and
system, similar to subjec ng oneself to post disturbance periods.
treadmill test to ascertain the human
heart behaviour.
The first and foremost purpose of
transient stability study is to determine
The interconnected power system is the cri cal clearing me following a
analogous to a spring - mass problem. three phase fault in the power system.
Dear Friends,
The generators are masses and the Cri cal clearing me is defined as the
More o en than not, the electric power transmission lines behave as springs. me within which the fault should be
systems are subjected to faults of When we excite the spring-mass system detected and cleared so that the
various kinds, and hence it is with a disturbance, oscilla ons are seen associated synchronous machines do not
extremely important for power everywhere. The generator which is lose their synchronism. A power system
engineers to be well-versed with the close to the disturbance would swing is said to be secure if the voltage,
more and the generator away frequency and the line loadings are
stability condi ons of the power
from the disturbance would swing less. within the acceptable limits for the
system. Through this column, I thought
Here again, the machine with higher credible system con ngencies that are
of dwelling upon the various facets of
mechanical iner a will swing less, while most likely to occur. In line with this
power system stability and control while
the machine with lesser iner a will concept, the sta c system security
hopefully, readers would get a trea se
swing more. However, all the generators assessment is done using the
on the specific aspects of transient
in the system will swing with respect to con ngency analysis whereas the system
stability studies through the technical one another. dynamic security assessment is
ar cles in this special issue.
performed using the transient stability
studies. At mes, con ngency analysis
These types of oscilla ons in the performed using the steady state load
An electrical power system comprising electrical system, wherein the electrical flow analysis may give favourable results,
synchronous generators, transmission system transients are coupled with the but a dynamic security assessment will
& distribu on network and loads can be machine mechanical system dynamics only reveal the cri cality of the outage
analyzed for its steady state and transient are called electro-mechanical / con ngency. While designing and
behaviour. The steady state behaviour of transients. Power system transient se ng up of a new power plant,
the power system is fairly well stability program is the tool to analyze transient stability studies are done to
analyzed and understood as part of the behaviour of the power system finalize the combined iner a constant of
short term and long term planning during large disturbances, wherein the the generator and the turbine, various
studies and also through opera onal excursions of rotor angles of control parameters of the AVR and
studies using the load flow program. synchronous machines are studied with turbine-governor control systems.
Most of the power systems would respect to each other. This type of Sensi vity analysis performed using the
perform well during steady state studies also reveals varia ons in transient stability study iden fies the
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bandwidth of these control parameters connected on the grid-side would get secure, reliable and stable power system.
to give best system performance. affected. For grid connected CPPs,
transient stability studies are performed
to arrive at the proper se ngs for the I thank all those who have
Another typical applica on of the islanding relays and also devise scheme contributed to this issue of PRDC
transient stability study is the analysis for under frequency load shedding or Newsle er though their technical
of the behaviour of a cap ve power generator tripping as the case may be, ar cles. I wish all the readers, their family
plant (CPP) with its process load in case of excess load or surplus and friends a happy fes ve season
connected through one or two lines to genera on. ahead.
the U lity grid. Most of the CPPs are
synchronized with the grid mainly to
support their manufacturing processes Finally, the importance of stability studies Dr. R. Nagaraja
consis ng of me-varying or cyclic loads is emphasized in the context of Managing Director
wherein grid support is essen al viz., protec ve relay se ng based on cri cal PRDC, Bangalore
arc furnace loads, rolling mills; clearing me for ensuring system
processes where no interrup on of stability. Special protec ons schemes are
power is envisaged and cases wherein best designed with the help of stability
grid support provides enough system studies. Also, as a measure of preven ng
strength for star ng of large motors. In undesirable trippings during power
case of certain grid disturbances or swings in transmission lines, it is the
even failure of grid, the process of general prac ce to block the distance
disconnec ng the CPP from the U lity relay tripping when the power swing
grid is called islanding of the CPP. Grid enters zone 3 or zone 2 and allow the
islanding scheme consists of a single or tripping only when the power swing
a set of protec ve relays connected at enters zone 1. However, the best
the point of islanding (also called point of prac ce is to block all the zones for
common coupling) which will sense the power swings, as a distance relay should
disturbance in the grid and give a trip operate only during the fault condi on.
command to the islanding breaker A separate out-of-step protec on
whenever the set parameters exceeds scheme has to be designed to safeguard
the limit. By opening the islanding the system during unstable power
breaker, the CPP and CPP side loads are swings. Stability studies are performed
isolated from the grid for secure to determine the out-of-step relay
opera on of CPP with its cri cal loads. se ngs in such cases as well. To
The load on the grid side will survive if conclude, transient stability study is one
the grid survives during the islanding. of the important aspects of the power
However, if the U lity grid collapses system studies and u li es, industries
following the disturbance, only part of and prac cing engineers should give
the plant load (o en referred to as non- adequate emphasis to conduct the
cri cal loads) that was originally requisite studies to design and operate a
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Technical Article
Detailed Case Study to Understand the Concepts of Transient Stability Analysis
R. Nagaraja
1. Introduc on In the transient stability studies, one is 2. Sample System
generally interested in the rotor angle swing
Electrical power system is one of the most whereas in the dynamic stability study, the To understand the various aspects of
dynamic and complex human made systems performance of the various control func ons transient stability study, typical steel plant
on earth. Complexity is due to different to bring down the oscilla ons of different system shown in figure 1 is considered. The
voltage levels, amount of power being state variables in the system is studied. sample system consists of an industrial plant
handled and the varie es of equipment Reference [1] gives the elaborate concept of having its own cap ve genera on. The
being used. Dynamic is because of the me the power system stability and control, being industrial plant is connected to the 220 kV
frame and response to system disturbances, wri en by a prac cing power system grid though 220 kV double circuit line of
which is several days for energy resource engineer. Reference [2] gives the various zebra conductor of 100 km length. Cap ve
dynamics and of the order of micro seconds aspects of power system stability studies. generators are of 2x120 MW capacity;
to nano seconds during fast and very fast genera on voltage being at 11 kV and the
transients in the power system. Power This paper is wri en to help the prac cing genera on is stepped up to 220 kV using
system stability studies fall under electro- system study engineers to understand the 141.5 MVA genera ng transformer (GT). Unit
mechanical oscilla on studies. These studies concept of stability studies through a typical auxiliary transformer (UAT) load at 6.6 kV is
are further classified into transient stability case study. Emphasis is given to understand fed by a 16 MVA transformer. UAT load
studies for large disturbances and small the physical concept and interpreta on of consists of 6 MW lumped load at 0.9 power
signal stability study or dynamic stability results rather than detailed mathema cal factor and a largest boiler feed pump (BFP)
studies for small disturbances in the system. analysis. motor of 3.6 MW ra ng.

Figure 1: Sample system to understand the aspects of stability study

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The industrial process load consists of non- governor system control blocks are and line loadings are within the permissible
varying power plant auxiliary load and other considered and all relevant data is furnished limits and about 100 MW of power is being
clean and firm loads of steel plant and in annexure. SVC control block considered is exported to grid.
varying rolling mill load. The fixed load is taken from reference [1] and values are fine
distributed at 33 kV through a 220/33 kV, tuned to minimize the oscilla ons in the
100 MVA power transformer. The sta on system. SVC control block schema c and the
auxiliary load is not explicitly shown in the transfer func on parameters are also 4. Transient analysis for typical
diagram, as lower voltage buses are not furnished in annexure. All the simula on case of single machine
explicitly depicted in the sample system and studies have been performed using the connected to infinite bus
all lower voltage loads are lumped at 33 kV. MiPower™ so ware package.
Transient stability concepts are be er
The rolling mill load is cyclic in nature having
understood through classical representa on
a cyclic period of 200 seconds. The varying
of all the machines, i.e. constant voltage
load is connected at 33 kV through a
3. Steady state load flow results behind the transient reactance xd'. The
dedicated 220/33 kV transformer. While
analysis is similar to single machine
designing the industrial system, it is always
For any transient study simula on, it is connected to infinite bus, grid being treated
be er to segregate the varying load and the
essen al to define the steady state condi on as infinite bus having an equivalent machine
fixed process loads to different transformers,
and analyse the load flow problem to with fault level of about 4000 MVA and large
so that the voltage varia ons and harmonics
establish the ini al condi on to solve the iner a constant of 1000 MJ/MVA on 100
of the varying load do not affect the plant
differen al equa ons being used in the MVA base. A three phase to ground fault is
auxiliary loads. In this case study, the average
transient problem. Figure 1 also depicts the considered at the 220 kV grid bus occurring
power of varying load is 21.75 MW at 0.707
base case load flow results. Both the at 1 second from the start of the simula on.
power factor. Figure 1 also shows the MVA
generators are scheduled to generate 110 Fault is cleared at 1.1 second (corresponding
ra ng of the transformer in the system along
MW each, with machine terminal voltage set to zone 1 fault clearing me of 5 cycles).
with the percentage impedance value on
at 1 pu. The GT taps are set at 105% to push Figure 2 shows the plot of machine terminal
transformer MVA ra ng.
the required reac ve power to the system. voltage. When the fault occurs at 220 kV grid
For the load flow condi on, the average bus, voltage at 220 kV grid bus is zero during
power of the varying load has been the fault and the plant generator terminal
One more important aspect of the industrial considered. BFP motors are set to operate at voltage comes down to almost 55%, as the
system design is to iden fy the islanding 2% slip. SVC opera on is not considered for machine feeds to the fault. Once the fault is
breaker with a view to isolate the essen al steady state simula on. It is seen from the removed, the voltages restore to pre-fault
plant load and genera on from the rest of load flow results, that all the bus voltages values.
the system for severe grid faults. In the
sample system considered, one of the
generators along with the varying load and
grid lines are connected onto the 220 kV grid
side bus. The second generator and the fixed
part of the plant load are connected onto the
220 kV plant side bus. Bus coupler breaker
connects both the 220 kV buses and gets
isolated for severe gird faults/disturbances.
Annexure gives the various data considered
in the sample system. Informa on given in
the SLD and the data given in annexure is
adequate to re-produce the results using any
power system analysis tool. Sta c Var
Compensator (SVC) of 100 MVAR is
considered at 33 kV bus of rolling mill load. Figure 2: Classical representa on - machine terminal voltage plot for three phase to
IEEE Type 1 excita on system and turbine ground fault
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It is quite interes ng to observe as what

happens to machine electrical power output
during the fault. Electrical power output of
the machine is given by the expression,

Wherein, E and V are machine internal and

terminal voltages respec vely, X is the
reactance of the machine and δ is the angle
between internal and terminal voltages. As Figure 3: Generator mechanical and electrical power for three phase to ground
fault - Classical machine representa on
soon as the fault occurs, the terminal voltage
comes down. As the classical machine model
is considered in the study, the internal
voltage E remains the same. However, as
terminal voltage V comes down due to fault,
electrical power output of the machine also
decreases. Figure 3 shows the plot of
generator 1 mechanical power and electrical
power varia on. Since no turbine governor
effect is considered in this case, the
mechanical power remains constant and
only electrical power varies.
Now, let us look at the machine swing
equa on, given by the expression,

Figure 4: Classical representa on - swing curve plot for three phase to ground fault
Wherein, H is the iner al constant of the
power Pe will suddenly increase and at this ensuring the system stability. In figure 3, area
rota ng masses of the generator, Pm and Pe
instant it will be more than the mechanical of the hatched por on in red colour indicates
are the mechanical and electrical power of
power Pm. Under this condi on, machine the energy available for the rotor angle to
the generator, respec vely.
speed starts de-accelera ng and rotor angle accelerate and the area of the hatched
During the fault, as electrical power output is decreases. As power system engineer, one por on in green colour indicates the energy
less compared to mechanical power output, should appreciate this beau ful available for the rotor angle to decelerate. As
the rotor starts accelera ng and rotor angle phenomenon in-built in our electro- long as the decelera ng area is more
increases. Figure 4 shows the plot of the mechanical system. Fault has occurred compared to accelera ng area, the system
machine swing curve. At 1.1 second, the fault somewhere in the system and the protec on angular stability is ensured. Cri cal clearing
is removed and hence terminal voltage system si ng in the vicinity of the fault has me is defined as the maximum fault
restores to its original value (Ref figure 2). By operated and isolated the fault. At the clearing me, at which the fault should be
this me, the rotor angle δ would have machine terminal, without any control isolated in order to ensure the system
increased and since sinδ is more now ac on, the rotor angle which started angular stability. If the fault is isolated at the
compared to pre-fault condi on, electrical increasing automa cally starts coming down, cri cal clearing me, area under the
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region is equal to the area under the

decelera ng region. This concept is called
“Equal Area Criteria”, generally taught and
answered in the power system stability class.
It is quite interes ng to observe what
happens to machine frequency, which is
indica ve of the rotor speed. Figure 5 shows
the frequency of the generator 1 plo ed
along with the grid generator frequency. As
the grid iner a constant is very high, the
generator 1 frequency oscillates with respect
to the grid frequency. It is further observed
from figure 1 that the generator 1 con nues
to oscillate with respect to the grid machine.
The analogy is similar to a table top puppet
as shown in figure 6, having ideal spring. The
large base is equivalent to the infinite grid
and the puppet head is analogous to
generator 1. When the puppet head is
pushed down and released, it con nues to Figure 5: Generator frequency plot for three phase to ground fault - Classical
oscillate forever, as the spring is ideal. Similar representa on
to this, for the single machine connected to
Even though the classical representa on of
infinite bus case, as there is no field winding
the machine with constant voltage behind
and damper winding effects as also without
the transient reactance xd' is adequate to
the AVR and governor control func ons,
there is no damping to this electro- understand the basics of power system
mechanical system and oscilla ons con nue transient stability, detailed representa on of
for ever. From figure 5, the me period of the machine including the damper winding
oscilla on is found to be 0.66 second effect and field winding effect (sub-transient
resul ng in the natural frequency of model) is adopted to apply the transient
oscilla on of this electro-mechanical system stability problem to prac cal systems.
as 1.52 Hz. Further, if the transient stability simula on
It is general prac ce to observe the machine me period is less than 1 second and one is
electrical power output transients ge ng interested only in the first swing of the
recorded using the power plant digital machine to conclude on the system stability,
control system (DCS), whenever major grid Figure 6: Analogy of single it is generally not required to model the AVR.
disturbance occurs and power plant trips or machine connected to However, if the simula on me period is
when damage occurs to the power plant infinite bus more than 1 second, AVR should be
equipment during the system disturbance. modelled. Besides, if the simula on me
Power plant operators observe at mes that period is more than 3 seconds, it is generally
a 700 MW generator delivers 1200 MW, 62 advised to model the turbine-governor
generator should not trip and to ensure the
MW generator delivers 100 MW and control system as well. In the transient
system stability and stable opera on, the
perhaps even conclude as 'either DCS is
generator protec on system should be stability study, it is assumed that the
faulty' or 'this high power delivery has
properly co-ordinated for external faults and abundant steam pressure or water head is
resulted in the damage to the system'.
generator should be the last one to trip for available and therefore, the boiler dynamics
However, from figure 3, it is clear that this
the external system faults. are generally not modelled. In the
phenomenon is quiet natural and as soon as
the fault is cleared, the electrical power subsequent case studies, the sub transient
jumps and in the sample system considered, 5. Sub transient modeling of model of the plant machines is considered
it has touched almost 200 MW, for a 120 machine with AVR and including the AVR and turbine-governor
MW generator. Further, for any of these Turbine-Governor System control system. Grid machine is con nued to
momentary transients in the system, the be represented as classical model.
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Figure 7 shows the plot of the swing curves

when the fault at the grid 220 kV bus is
isolated at 0.l second and in another case, at
0.3 second. In both the cases the system is
stable, even though the angular excursion is
high at the la er case. It can be found that
the cri cal clearing me for the sample
system for the fault at 220 kV grid bus is
around 0.36 second. Most of the grid codes
specify the maximum fault clearing me, for
which the system should be stable. For
example, in the Indian gird code, it is
specified that for 220 kV faults, the system
should be stable for fault clearing me of
0.16 second. While performing the transient Figure 7: Detailed model of plant machine - swing curve under stable opera on
stability study for the interconnected system,
the system design should ensure stability for
the specified fault clearing me. From figure
7, it is observed that even a er 10 seconds,
the rotor angle con nues to oscillate, with
low frequency oscilla on of about 1.5 Hz.
This oscilla on can be curtailed by judicious
deployment of power system stabilizer (PSS)
in the system. Discussion on the PSS, its
tuning and applica on are beyond the scope
of this paper. Reference [1] gives the detailed
discussion on PSS.

6. Motor Star ng
While designing the industrial system, one Figure 8: Voltage dip during motor star ng
should always conduct the motor star ng
studies to ascertain the extent of voltage dip
while star ng the largest motor within the
plant, while other motors and loads are s ll
connected to the same bus at which the
largest sized motor is connected. Figure 8
shows the voltage dip at the 6.6 kV power
plant auxiliary bus, when the 3.6 MW BFP
motor is started. It is assumed that the motor
load torque varies as the square of the motor
speed. It is concluded that the voltage dips to
the extent of 0.91 pu on 6.6 kV base and the
motor star ng me is around 5 seconds. If
the voltage dips to less than 0.85 pu or as
Figure 9: Motor electrical and load torques
specified in the industrial system design
standards, remedial measures like star-delta transformer with lower impedance, etc. to slip. If the load torque at the star ng is
star ng, so star ng, resistance star ng, should be studied as alterna ves to arrive at more than the star ng electrical torque,
auto-transformer star ng, series capacitor a suitable op on. Figure 9 shows the plots of motor will not start. Opera ng point of the
star ng, higher ra ng of the incoming motor electrical and load torque with respect motor is at that slip, wherein the
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electrical torque cuts the load torque. Data generator performance and also opera on. lines from the grid. The reac ve power
required to model the motor for star ng Too much frequency varia on will cause varia on is minimized by installing the
studies are obtained from the no load and sha vibra on and damage. Most of the dynamic var compensa ng devices like SVC.
short circuit tests of the motor. When the manufactures prescribe that the transient U lity should ascertain from the system
mul ple motors are started at the plant bus electrical power varia on for con nuous studies that the transient and steady state
simultaneously, the motor star ng current opera on should be less than 25% of the voltage dip & voltage flicker level at the PCC
and the star ng me may cause the tripping machine ra ng and current harmonic distor on limits in the
of the incomer feeder or transformer over 4. To determine whether it is possible to grid lines are within the acceptable limits as
current relay. In such cases, instantaneous run the cap ve power plant and the plant per the grid code. Even though the ac ve
and over current relay se ngs should be varying load without the grid support power is varying, within the demand block
properly co-ordinated with the motor 5. To study the requirement of the dynamic period of say 15 minutes, industries are
star ng current and the star ng me to Var compensators like SVC or STATCOM and required to maintain the scheduled demand
avoid the nuisance trippings. designing the ra ng and control ranges for i.e., either import or export of ac ve power.
the same and It is quite un-fortunate that at mes without
7. Cyclic Load Varia on 6. To study the system performance knowing the power system behaviour,
Using the transient/dynamic stability improvement with the installa on of the SVC u li es insist on limi ng the sudden ac ve
analysis program, it is also possible to and compute the flicker levels before and power varia on and also curtail the voltage
ascertain the effect of the varying load on the a er installing the SVC harmonic limits at PCC. Current harmonic
system performance. Varying loads can be Figure 10 shows the voltage plot at 33 kV distor on can be curtailed by the industry
represented as cyclic loads in most of the rolling mill load bus without and with SVC. It and voltage harmonic distor on needs to be
so ware tools by defining the me period can be seen that with the help of SVC, the ascertained by the u lity. As seen in figure 3,
and ac ve and reac ve power load at voltage dip is curtailed to a large extent. even during system fault, there is sudden
different me intervals. Rolling mill load Figure 11 gives the voltage plot at 220 kV varia on in the ac ve power and it cannot
considered in the present case study has the bus. It is concluded that with the help of the be curtailed. Transient and steady state
me period of 200 seconds. The cyclic load SVC, the 220 kV bus voltage varia on is voltage dip, frequency varia on, current
data is given in annexure. The data pertains within the acceptable limits. harmonic distor on limits and the flicker
to typical hot strip mill having 5 roughing Most of the steel plant loads are me- level are the key parameters to be measured
passes and 7 finishing stands. Equal me varying in nature and it is not possible to limit and controlled, rather than the sudden ac ve
interval is considered for each pass and the ac ve power varia on on the incoming power varia on.
stand, even though in reality, the me
interval will vary. The cyclic load varia on
study is required to ascertain the following:
1. To determine the transient voltage dip at
the point of common coupling (PCC) and
compare this with the acceptable values
prescribed in the u lity grid code
2. To determine the voltage varia on at the
plant 33 kV bus and ascertain the effect of
this voltage varia on on the other loads
3. To determine the voltage, frequency and
power varia on at the generator terminal to
determine the effect of these on the
Figure 10: 33 kV rolling mill bus voltage without and with SVC
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6. Grid islanding
For major disturbances in the u lity, cap ve
power plant generator along with the
essen al plant load should be disconnected
and their tripping should be minimized to
avoid total black out in the plant. Design of
the proper grid islanding scheme is done by
performing various transient simula on
studies and arriving at the proper se ngs for
the islanding relays and incorpora ng the
required control func ons. For the sample
system considered in this paper, whenever a
major grid disturbance occurs, the islanding
breaker trips. CPP unit 1 along with the
Figure 11: 220 kV plant bus voltage without and with SVC
essen al load is always protected from
tripping. If the grid survives, the CPP unit 2
along with the rolling mill load survives and if
grid dies, the CPP unit 2 collapses along with
the rolling mill load.
For the sample system considered, the
importance of segrega ng one of the power
plants with the essen al load from that of
the second unit and the varying load is
illustrated by considering a severe fault at the
grid (3 phase bus bar fault at grid bus). As a
consequence of the fault, it is assumed that
both the grid lines trip. Following cases are
simulated:
Case 1: No opera on of the islanding breaker
Figure 12: Plant generator #1 terminal voltage for grid islanding cases
and
Case 2: Tripping of the islanding breaker
within the plant Figure 12 shows the CPP
generator terminal voltage for both the
cases. It can be concluded that voltage
recovers and system is secure. However, it is
not just sufficient to look at the voltage plot,
but it is essen al to observe the frequency
plot. Figure 13 shows the plot of generator 1
frequency for both the cases. In case 1,
machine frequency raises to almost 55 Hz
and in the reverse swing reaches to almost
46 Hz and then se les at about 50.5 Hz.
Power system engineer without the
protec on background may conclude that it
is stable opera on as both voltage and Figure 13: Frequency of plant generator #1 for grid islanding cases
frequency are finally se ling. However, it is
important to note that the turbine delay of 1 to 2 seconds and generator under frequency protec on would operate and
mechanical over speed trip is at 55 Hz, frequency protec on limit is generally set at trip both the units, resul ng in plant
instantaneous and generator over frequency 47.5 Hz with a me delay of 1 to 2 seconds. total black out. On sensing the tripping
protec on is generally at 52.5 Hz with a me Hence, it is quite certain that generator of grid lines, if the islanding
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breaker also trips within a me delay of Annexure – System Data Turbine & Governor Control Block Data
about 2-3 cycles, generator unit 1 along with Plant Generator Data – 120M W IEEE Type 1
the essen al plant load survives. From Rated MVA: 141.5 MVA
Droop: 5%, T1: 0.1 s, T2: 0.03 s, T3: 0.4 s
frequency plot in figure 13, it is concluded Terminal Voltage: 11 kV
K 1 : 0.276 pu, K 3 : 0.324 pu, K 5 : 0.4 pu,
that the generator frequency excursions are
Iner a constant: 3.1 MJ/MVA K7: 0 pu
well within the generator over and under
Xd: 1.95 pu, Xq: 1.84 pu K2: 0 pu, K4: 0 pu, K6: 0 pu, K8: 0 pu
frequency relay se ngs. On the similar lines,
if there is import of power at the islanding X'd: 0.22 pu, X'q: 0.38 pu Thp: 0.26 s, Trh: 10 s, Tip: 0.5s
breaker during the islanding, part of the X"d: 0.17 pu, X"q: 0.18 pu Gpup: 0.1, Gpdown: -1, P m a x : 1.05 pu,
loads can be tripped to mi gate the Pmin: 0 pu
Td0': 7.15 s, Tq0': 2.5 s
overloading of the generator. The under
Td0": 0.039 s, Tq0": 0.15 s
frequency load shedding se ng should be AVR Data
Transmission Line L1&L2 Data
co-ordinated with the generator under
IEEE Type 1
frequency tripping se ng, so that the load Voltage Level: 220 kV
Tr: 0.05 s
shedding occurs before the generator Length: 100 km
tripping takes place. Ka: 100, Ke: -0.05, Kf: 0.05
Z: 0.0748746+j 0.3992516 ohm/km
Ta: 0.1 s, Te: 0.5 s, Tf: 0.5
B/2: j1.466942e-006mho/km
9. Conclusions Vse1: 0.06, Vse2: 0.3
Grid Data
In this ar cle, the concept of transient Vrmax: 1, Vrmin: -1
Voltage Level: 220 kV
stability study is explained through a typical Efdmax: 2.7, Efdmin: 0
Iner a constant: 1000 MJ/MVA on 100
case study. The methodology explained MVA base
star ng from the data requirement, studies
Fault level: 4000 MVA
to be performed etc. to the analysis of results
Source X/R Ra o: 20
can be used by the beginners of the system
stability studies to move forward from the
usual steady state analysis like load flow to Motor Data
gain exper se in power system stability MVA ra ng: 4.6875
studies.
MW ra ng: 3.6
Voltage ra ng: 6.6 kV
10. References
Stator resistance: 0.00591 pu
[1.] PrabhaKundur, “Power System
Stator reactance: 0.11111 pu
Stability and Control”, (Book), Tata
McGraw Hill Educa on, 1994. Rotor resistance: 0.02565 pu
[2.] R. Nagaraja, “Power System Stability Rotor reactance: 0.11111 pu
Studies”, PRDC Newsle er special
Magne zing reactance: 3.98938 pu
issue on 'Power system studies', vol.
2, issue 1-3, January-September Iner a constant: 1.4881 second
2012, pp 12.
Running slip: 0.02
Star ng method: Direct On Line (DOL)
Load Torque characteris c: Propor onal
to square of the speed
 Power Research and Development Consultants
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Table 1:Rolling mill load varia on data, power factor = 0.707

From -
To - second Laod in MW Remarks
second
0 10 0
10 20 10 Roughing pass 1
20 30 0
30 40 15 Roughing pass 2
40 50 0
50 60 20 Roughing pass 3
60 70 0
70 80 25 Roughing pass 4
80 90 0
90 100 30 Roughing pass 5
100 120 0
120 130 35 Finishing stand 1
130 140 45 Finishing stand 2
140 150 55 Finishing stand 3
150 160 65 Finishing stand 4
160 170 55 Finishing stand 5
170 180 45 Finishing stand 6
180 190 35 Finishing stand 7
190 200 0
SVC control Block Schema c

MiPower Free Programmable Block Realiza on of SVC control

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Technical Article
Low Frequency Oscillationsin Power Systemsand their Mitigation
K.R. Padiyar
1. Introduc on require special control measures for their examples.
mi ga on. Normally, damper(amor sseur)
During normal opera on of power systems, windings provided on the generator rotor are 2.. Review of PSS
the voltages and currents in the transmission adequate.
lines remain steady and vary slowly as the While analog PSS with the input signal based
power outputs of generators vary depending Mi ga on of local and inter-area modes are on the integral of accelera ng power is
on the changes in the load. The load a empted using Power System Stabilizers available since eigh es, the digital PSS
varia ons are assumed to be slow. However, (PSS). PSS using speed or frequency, (labelled as PSS 2B) was proposed in the
even in steady state opera on, there are electrical power signals have been used. nine es. Subsequently, PSS4B was
small disturbances present due to small, With sa sfactory design, they are useful in introduced based on the work carried out at
random changes in the load. If the system is damping local mode oscilla ons. The block IREQ, Canada. The advantages are be er
small signal stable (steady state stable), diagram of a PSS is shown in Figure 1.The performance at low frequencies of
the transients due to perturba ons in the input signal to PSS can be derived from oscilla ons (0.1 -0.8 Hz). Kamwaet al(2005)
system decay and do not pose any problem. speed, frequency or electrical power. claim that in spite of usage of PSS for a long
However, if the opera ng point(equilibrium However, speed and frequency signals can me, “ it may s ll be one of the most
point) is not stable, then even small destabilize the torsional modes of the misunderstood and misused pieces of
perturba ons in the system can lead to turbine generator sha . The power signal generator control equipment. Following the
spontaneous oscilla ons that can grow and can cause excessive Var modula on during western U.S. interconnec on blackouts in
lead to loss of synchronism. These mechanical power changes. Thus, a 1996, was found that key PSS's were either
oscilla ons are normally caused by composite signal that represents the integral out of service or poorly tuned. Even today,
oscilla ons of the generator rotors that have of accelera ng power is used in PSS. a er these problems have been fixed, large
frequencies in the range of 0.1 to 2.5 Hz. If
there are N generators in the system, the
number of frequencies are (N-1). The
frequencies of oscilla ons depend on the
loading of generators and system
configura on. The modes of oscilla on Figure 1: Block diagram of PSS
having frequencies in the range of 0.8 to 1.8 The development and applica on of FACTS disturbances tend to induce 0.2 Hz low
Hz are labelled as local modes and typically, controllers in AC transmission lines has made frequency oscilla ons in the grid. In Brazil,
small number of generators in a specified it feasible to apply damping controllers in the north-south interconnec on has given
area, par cipate in these oscilla ons. The these power electronic devices. Both shunt rise to a new low-frequency inter-area mode
modes of oscilla on having frequencies in FACTS controllers (SVC and STATCOM) and between 0.17 and 0.25 Hz, necessita ng a
the range of 0.1 to 0.5 Hz are labelled as series FACTS controllers(TCSC) are being retuning of PSSs throughout the system.
inter-area modes and several generators, widely used for control of voltage and power Inter-area oscilla ons have also been
spread over a large area par cipate. In flow. In addi on, it is feasible to modulate reported on the UCTE / CENTREL
general, it can be said that as the frequency is the voltage and power flow based on interconnec on in Europe, at 0.36, 0.26, and
reduced, more number of generators varia ons inthe signals derived from local even 0.19 Hz. The recent 2003 blackout in
par cipate. Conversely, less number of measurements of voltage and power flow. eastern Canada and the U.S. was equally
generatorspar cipate in oscilla on having The control law and the op mum loca on of accompanied by severe 0.4-Hz oscilla ons in
higher frequencies. When only generators in these damping controllers can be obtained several post-con ngency stages.”
a power plant par cipate, the modes of from energy concepts, The methodology for
oscilla on are called as intra-plant modes. the design of damping controllers based on
Typically, the intra-plant modes do not FACTS will be presented in the paper with
 Power Research and Development Consultants
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3. Energy Based Damping We have, the two swing modes, with the controller
Controllers using FACTS are:
The low frequency oscilla ons are due
to exchange of the kine c energy stored and
in the generator rotors and the magne c
energy stored in the transmission lines.
The natural damping arises from the
mechanical damping encountered by the T h i s c l e a r l y s h o w s t h e ro l e o f t h e
rotors and frequency dependent load Figure 2 shows the damping controller for controller in damping Mode 2.
characteris cs. By providing a series a series FACTS controller that includes a With mul ple controllers there is a
connected FACTS controller (say, TCSC) washout circuit. Tm can be chosen as need for coordinated control, that is
i n s e r i e s w i t h a t ra n s m i s s i o n l i n e 0.01s. simultaneous tuning of all the control
( t y p i c a l l y, a e l i n e b e t w e e n t w o parameters.
coherent groups of generators), it is
possible to provide damping of the low
frequency oscilla ons of power flow in
the line by modula ng the capaci ve
reactance injected by the TCSC. The
control signal is obtained from the
difference in frequencies of two buses,
one of them is the terminal bus of the Figure 2: Damping controller for a series FACTS Controller
line (say, k) and the other, a fic ous bus
such that the reactance between two
buses is the sum of the net line reactance 4. Example
and a Thevenin reactance (which can be Consider the 3 machine system shown 5. Shunt FACTS
viewed as a tunable parameter). The in Figure 3. The data is essen ally same Controller (STATCOM)
increment in the power flow in the line is as in [4] except for the following The damping controller termed as SMC
given by, m o d i fic a o n s . A l l g e n e r a t o r s a r e (Supplementary Modula on Controller)
equipped with sta c exciters with associated with the STATCOM is designed
KE = 200, TE = 0.05. A shunt susceptance to modulate the reac ve current injected
of 0.5 pu is provided at bus 5 for by the STATCOM. At bus j,
voltage support. The loads are assumed
Where,Bk = Pko / Xk. to be constant impedance type and
If we propose a control law given by, mechanical damping is assumed to be
zero.
The eigenvalues for the swing modes at
the opera ng point are calculated as,

X = 0.0450, we get the closed loop

Where,Gk is the propor onal gain. e i ge nva l u e s fo r t h e s w i n g m o d e s ,
a er installing the SMC at a STATCOM
From the network analogy we have T h e t u n i n g o f t h e t wo p a ra m ete rs connected to bus 4 as,
iden fied the appropriate control signal associated with a damping controller
as, (G and x ) was done using Sequen al
Linear Programming (SLP) op miza on and
technique to maximize the damping of
which can be synthesized from the locally Mode2 subject to the following
measured quan es. If the voltage constraints: (a) the damping ra o of all The shunt FACTS controllers are not as
magnitudes Vi and Vj are assumed to be the eigenvalues is greater than 0.02 and effec ve as series FACTS controllers as
equal to unity and (b) the real part of all eigenvalues is less they are suscep ble to the phenomenon
than -0.65. The op mal values of the of “Strong Resonance” or mode-coupling
controller parameters are xth = 0.3391 and between the swing mode and an exciter
G = 0.2698 for the damping controller in mode. This is a generic phenomenon that
line 5 – 4 of figure 3. The eigenvalues for is also observed in the tuning of PSS.
 Power Research and Development Consultants
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6. References
[1] K.R.Padiyar, 'Power System Dynamics-
Stability and Control', (Book), Second
Edi on,BS Publica ons, 2002,
Hyderabad
[2] I.Kamwa, R.Grondin and G.Trudel,
'IEEE PSS2B versus PSS4B: The limits
of performance of modern power
system stabilizers', IEEE Trans. on
Power Systems, Vol. 20(2), 2005,
pp.903-915
[3] K.R.Padiyar, 'FACTS Controllers in
Power Transmission and Distribu on'
( B o o k ) , N ew A ge I nte r n a o n a l .
Publishers, 2007, New Delhi
[4] P.M.Anderson and A.A. Fouad, 'Power
System Control and Stability', (Book),
Iowa State University Press, 1977,
Ames, U.S.A.
[5] K . R . P a d i y a r a n d H . V . S a i
Kumar,'Inves ga ons of strong
resonancein mul -machine power
systems with STSTCOM
supplementary modula on
c o n t r o l l e r ' , I E E E Tr a n s . P o w e r
Systems, Vol.21(2), 2006, pp.754-
762. Figure 3: A three machine system (Anderson and Fouad)

Blood dona on camp in PRDC

Blood donors are special people!

Rotary Bangalore –TTK Blood Bank organized a Blood dona on camp in PRDC on 16th April 2015. In all
there were 45 donors from PRDC, a great contribu on for a social cause by any standard! Rotary
Bangalore were so apprecia ve of the event and even desired to have this as a biennial CSR ac vity of
PRDC.
 Power Research and Development Consultants
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Technical Article
Enhancing Power System Stability and Control Using Special Protection Systems
Nitesh Kumar. D and Faraz Zafar Khan
1. Overview 2. Design aspects of SPS 3. Sample System

Power system protec on is o en limited Designing SPS for any system can be divided The system under considera on represents
either to equipment protec on or adjacent into various major ac vi es such as [2]: two area systems as shown in Figure 1, with
faulty equipment in vicinity. The size and Area 1 being genera on rich supplying
complexity of the power system makes it  System Study for the considered system power to Area 2. Area 1 has 2500 MW of
vulnerable and subject to collapse under genera on and nearly 1400 MW of load.
cri cal situa ons such as power conges on,  Developing Logical Solu on Area 2 has 2000 MW of genera on and
frequency and voltage viola ons, power around 3000 MW of load. Area 2(a) is cri cal
swings, etc. In order to secure wide area  Design and Implementa on of SPS industrial zone requiring high reliability. The
opera ons, different class of protec on addi onal load in Area 2 is supplied by Area 1
schemes are proposed which are popularly  Periodic Review and Records over two 400 kV single circuit lines. In Area 1,
known as Special Protec on Systems (SPS). the governors of Gen 1, Gen 5 and Gen 9 are
Most commonly used protec on measures There are many issues which can impact considered to be opera ng in droop mode.
for such SPS are genera on rejec on, load reliable power system opera on. However, The other governors of area 1 are in constant
rejec on, under frequency load shedding, the most common issue is typically the power mode. In area 2, all the governors
system separa on and their combina on [1]. heavily loaded transmission system. are considered to be opera ng in droop
It is important to note that the response me The tripping of heavily loaded line is mode. MiPowerTM so ware is u lized to
and the quantum of load/ genera on o en seen as the root cause of system build the sample system and carrying out
balancing required are key indices for the transient stability simula ons [4].
instability [3]. The understanding of this
successful opera on of SPS.
issue is cri cal in power community, since it
can lead to poten al blackout scenarios. This
SPS is intended to safeguard the power grid
during un-planned outage (con ngency) or ar cle highlights one such scenario on a Under the situa ons when any one of the
system opera ng condi ons where power sample two area system. It also suggests the 400 kV line i.e. Line 1/Line 2 is not available,
demand cannot be met. Implementa on of logic to implement SPS in order to safeguard the two areas become vulnerable to stability
such schemes involves many factors such as the system to the extent possible and avoid problems under the con ngency of another
[2]: system blackout. line outage. The following con ngencies can
be envisaged under which ac on of SPS will
be required to safeguard the study system.

 Understanding the need to implement

Special Protec on System

 Complete knowledge of the system for

which scheme is to be applied

 Iden fying undesired yet possible

con ngency condi ons

 Informa on of overall system

performance and responses through
system studies

 Detailed design and implementa on plan

for opera on and restora on

 Reliable communica on system

Figure 1: Typically two area system considered for study

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Case 1 – One of the lines (Line 1 or Line 2) is

out of service due to fault or planned
maintenance, which results in complete
transfer of load on the other line.
Subsequently the system a ains a new
steady state opera on. A few minutes
later the other line is also tripped due to a
fault.

Case 2 - Both the lines i.e. Line 1 & Line 2

are lost in quick succession due some
disturbance. The outage of second line
happens before the system a ains
new equilibrium point following first Figure 2: Frequency of Area 1 and Area 2 for case 1
disturbance. The typical disturbance
sequence can be, loss of first line due to
fa u l t a n d t h e s e co n d d u e to l o a d
encroachment occurring as a result of high
power swings.

The frequency profile of the two islands

for case 1 and case 2 without SPS are
shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 respec vely.

It can be observed from Figure 2 and Figure 3

that during either of the case, the system
cannot survive the disturbance and will result
in total blackout of the system. This suggests Figure 3: Frequency of Area 1 and Area 2 for case 2
the need for special protec on system which
can act to restore the system to the
maximum extent possible. For this case, SPS
will facilitate taking intelligent decision so as
to maintain load genera on balance. This
can be implemented in tradi onal way by
having frequency based relays at selected
loca ons or by using the modern day Wide
Area Measurement System (WAMS)
technology.

4. Implementa on of
conven onal frequency
based scheme
Figure 4: Frequency of Area 1 and Area 2 for case 1 with simple load shedding scheme
Frequency relays are placed in the Area 1 to It can be inferred that for case 1, 1000 MW system.
trip around 1000 MW of genera on at of load shedding in Area 2 is sufficient to
frequency of 52 Hz. In Area 2, the frequency maintain the frequency profile of the system. Further, in order to analyze whether
relays are placed such that around 100 MW However, for case 2 when the second outage addi onal load shedding in area 2 can help
of load is shed at 48.5 Hz. The frequencies of occurs before the system equilibrium is safe guard the system, a case is studied by
the two areas following islanding in the two a ained following the fault and first outage, tripping around 1500 MW of load in area 2
cases are shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5 the simple load shedding based approach for case 2. The result of this case is shown in
respec vely. may not be adequate to safe guard the Figure 6.
 Power Research and Development Consultants
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For this case, it can be inferred that the

frequency remains below 47 Hz for
considerable me dura on which will
result in tripping of all the generators in the
area 2 on under frequency se ng. Hence it
can be observed that with system islanding
occurring in case 2, simple frequency based
load shedding may not be adequate.

5. Implementa on of Special
Protec on System (SPS) Figure 5: Frequency of Area 1 and Area 2 for case 2 with simple load shedding scheme

The logic based SPS is designed as shown in

Figure 7. A er isola on of Area 1 and Area 2
due to tripping of Line 1 and Line 2, the SPS
scheme will try to save maximum possible
load in the cri cal Area 2(a) by crea ng a sub
island. The scheme takes the inputs from
breaker status of Line 1 and Line 2. When the
breaker status of both Line 1 and Line 2 is
high (tripped), a signal will be sent to the
relay of Line 3 to isolate Area 2(a). Also
Signal will be sent to enable the frequency
relay of Area 1, Area 2 and Area 2(a). When
the frequency relays are enabled, tripping of
Figure 6: Frequency of Area 1 and Area 2 for case 2 with increased load shedding in Area 2
concerned load or genera on will occur
when the frequency se ng of the relay is
crossed.

The results for case 1 and case 2 islanding

with suggested SPS is given in Figure 8 and
Figure 9. For case 1, use of logic based SPS
results in crea on of sub-island and shedding
of addi onal load. However, for case 2 the
cri cal load in Area 2(a) is saved.

In the suggested SPS shown in Figure 7,

addi onal logic can be included to decide if
the sub-islanding is actually necessary or not.
This can save the extra load shedding which
occurred in Case 1. In all the simula ons, the
load shedding is carried out in single stage. Figure 7: Logic of SPS designed for sample two area system
However, the load shedding can be divided 6. Conclusions stability through the detailed analysis of the
into different stages. This will result in system for various worst case scenarios. This
The selec on of SPS is aimed at securing the
minimum loss of load. The stage wise load ar cle demonstrates simple logic for SPS.
system as top priority followed by recovery
shedding can also be incorporated in the However, complex SPS can also be derived
of sub-systems. While designing SPS, it is
logic of SPS, which makes the scheme more for saving the power systems from cri cal
important to assess the performance of the
effec ve. opera ng condi ons.
steady state as well as dynamic/transient
 Power Research and Development Consultants
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Protec ve
R e l a y E n g i n e e r s , Te x a s A & M
University, Mar 30 – Apr 1, 2004,
pp.1-12.

[3] V.K. Agrawal, R.K. Porwal, Rajesh

K u m a r, V i v e k P a n d e y a n d T.
Muthukumar, “Deployment of
System Protec on Schemes for
Enhancing Reliability of Power
System”, Interna onal Conference
on Power System, IIT Madras, Dec
Figure 8: Frequency of Area 1 and Area 2 for case 1 with logic based SPS 2011, pp. 1-6.
[4] User Manuals, MiPowerTM, 2012.

Figure 9: Frequency of Area 1 and Area 2 for case 2 with logic based SPS
Also, it can be clearly observed that the 7. References
damage to the system, in terms of load shed,
depends on the response me.
[1] P. M . A n d e r s o n a n d B . K .
In fact there is exponen al rela onship of
LeReverend, “Industry Experience
damage to the system with respect to the
with Special Protec on Schemes”,
response me. Design of fast ac ng SPS
I E E E Tr a n s a c o n s o n P o w e r
could reduce the poten al deteriora on of
Systems, Vol. 11, No. 3, Aug 1996,
the system in the cri cal fault condi ons.
pp.1166-1179.
[2] VahidMadani, Mark Adamiak and
M a n i s h T h a k u r, “ D e s i g n a n d
Implementa on of Wide
AreaSpecial Protec on Schemes”,
57th Annual Conference for

Distance Relay Lab-Setup for Oman

PRDC received order from an interna onal client “M/s. KhimjiRamdas LLC, Sultanate of Oman” for the
supply of Distance relay lab set-up.
 Power Research and Development Consultants
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Technical Article
Stability Studies for Industrial Power Systems
MaheedharPatnala and T. Guru Charan Das
1. Introduc on therefore it is not advisable. For sensing such assessment, find protec ve device se ngs,
a condi on, careful selec on of islanding and apply the necessary remedy or
Technical Ar cle Stability Studies for relay se ngs is required. Also a er islanding, enhancement to improve the system
Industrial Power Systems load genera on balance need to be stability.
maintained in the island formed. Thus
Maheedhar Patnala and T. Guru Charan Das
transient stability study plays a vital role in
When an industrial plant with cap ve power
islanding studies by establishing the CCT for
genera on is connected to u lity, it may 2. Case Study
industrial plant generators for external faults.
result in stability problems to the cap ve
generators in the plant due to transient The stability study is carried out for a steel
M/s PRDC has carried out a number of
disturbances such as three phase faults, loss plant with a combined capacity of 860,000
projects rela ng to stability studies for
of genera on or loss of a large load etc., both TPA of Sponge Iron, 300,000 TPA of Steel,
industrial power systems. The calcula on of
in grid and plant. For a given disturbance, the and 60,000 TPA of Ferro Alloys and power
CCT for industrial plant generators for a three
longest fault dura on which does not result genera on facility of 170MW and is
phase fault both in u lity and industrial plant
in instability of the generators is referred to interconnected to u lity at 132 kV level.
usingMiPower™ so ware is briefly described
as the Cri cal Clearing Time (CCT). The CCT in this technical ar cle.
for the cap ve generators need to be
calculated by conduc ng transient stability A. Network model forconsidera on
The MiPower™ transient stability analysis
for various disturbances. The most onerous
program inves gates the stability limits of a
abrupt change is usually a three-phase fault; For stability studies, the en re industrial
power system before, during and a er
a three-phase fault causes the power network from High Voltage (HV) to either
system changes or disturbances. The
transfer through the line to be reduced to Medium Voltage (MV) or Low Voltage (LV)
program models dynamic characteris cs of a
zero from the working condi on. level needs to be modeled for base case load
power system, implements the user-defined
flow and short circuit analysis. Dynamic
During transient disturbances in the events and ac ons, solves the system
modeling (sub transient or transient model)
industrial plant (internal faults), the faulty network equa on and machine differen al
of plant cap ve generators along with
sec on isola on needs to be carried out by equa ons interac vely to find out system
automa c voltage regulators (AVR) & turbine
protec ve relay within CCT so as to avoid and machine responses in me domain with
governors need to be carried out. It is not
instability of the cap ve generators. Thus a user defined reference. From these
required to model complete grid network for
transient stability study plays a vital role in responses, users can determine the system
the stability studies, only grid substa on
relay coordina on by establishing the CCT for transient behaviour, make stability
model with its equivalent short circuit
industrial plant generators so as to co-
ordinate the relay se ngs in such a way that
the protec on relay gives the trip signal
before cap ve generators trip or become
unstable for internal faults.

During transient disturbances in u lity

(external faults), industrial plant generators
have to withstand this major disturbance or
should island from gird for a permanent
fault. The challenge for islanding system is to
island from the grid within the CCT to protect
industrial plant generator from tripping or
becoming unstable.

Moreover, it has to ensure that the islanding

is absolutely necessary i.e. islanding should
not take place for every temporary
disturbance in the grid. Frequent islanding of
the system will reduce the reliability and Figure 1: Network model for simula ons
 Power Research and Development Consultants
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MVA shall be sufficient to carry out bus is 700 ms. protec ve system opera ng me is
stability studies. For large induc on longer than the CCT of plant generators,
machines (MV motors) the detailed Exis ng protec on system opera ng me system will become unstable.
dynamic representa on is needed, calcula on: For the corresponding
however small induc on machines (LV loca on of fault, exis ng protec on Remedial Ac on: The exis ng protec on
motors) are represented as a sta c load
(constant power).

B. Transient Stability Analysis

Various simula on studies have to be

conducted to determine the CCT for
faults in industrial plant and u lity. A case
study for calcula on of CCT is illustrated
below.

System condi on: Plant cap ve

generators are synchronized to grid. The
plant load, genera on and import from
the grid are shown in the Table 1.
Figure 2: Swing curve for TG1, TG2 & TG3 - Fault clearing me of 700ms
a. Internal Faults:

The transient disturbances with in the

industrial plant at any voltage level in the
plant are termed as internal faults to the
industrial plant.

CCT Calcula on for internal faults: The

fir s t s t e p i s t o s i m u l a t e fo l l o w i n g
sequence of the events in the transient
stability program of MiPower™ so ware.

Time t =1.0 s Se ng a temporary

three phase fault at 33kV Plant Bus.

Time t =1.1 s Fault cleared. Figure 3: Swing curve for TG1, TG2 & TG3 - Fault clearing me of 710ms

The next step is to itera vely change the system opera ng me is calculated by schemes are modified and a new unit
inspec ng the exis ng protec on protec on schemes are recommended so as
to isolate the faulty sec on from the system
within CCT of plant generators. Similar
methodology is adopted and CCT at
different loca ons in the plant is calculated
and is summarized in Table 2. For the
corresponding loca on of fault, the exis ng
protec on system opera ng me is
fault clearing me and observe the swing schemes and se ngs. calculated by inspec ng the exis ng
curve of the plant generators. The Figures protec on schemes and se ngs. The
2 and 3 illustrate the swing curve with In present case, the minimum IDMT
opera ng me of the exis ng protec on maximum exis ng protec on system
different fault clearing mes. It can be opera ng me for faults at different
obser ved that the CCT of the plant system (i.e. overcurrent protec on) for a
fault at 33kV plant bus is 800 ms. As the loca ons is calculated and is summarized in
generators for a three fault at 33kV plant Table 2.
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Unstable case(s) [i.e. here CASE C] is Table 2:Summary for CCT for internal faults
iden fied from the stability analysis and
recommenda ons are suggested so as to Opera ng
maintain the stability of plant generators for Bus Cri cal me of
Fault System
internal faults in the plant. Case voltage Clearing exis ng
Loca on stability
(kV) Time (s) protec on
b. External Faults: system (s)
The transient disturbances in the u lity grid
132kV
at transmission voltage level termed as
CASE A Power 132 0.21 0.10 Stable
external faults to the industrial plant.
Plant Bus
132kV
CCT Calcula on: The following sequences of
CASE B Auxiliary 132 0.21 0.10 Stable
the events are simulated in the transient
stability program of MiPower so ware. Bus
33kV
Time t =1.0 s Se ng a temporary
CASE C Plant 33 0.70 1.0 Unstable
three phase fault at 132 kV grid bus.
Bus
Time t =1.1 s Fault cleared.
6.6kV
The fault clearing me is itera vely changed CASE D Plant 6.6 1.5 1.0 Stable
and the swing curve of the plant generators Bus
is observed for assessing stability of plant
generators. The Figures 4 and 5 illustrate the
swing curve with different fault clearing me.
It can be observed that CCT of the plant
generators for a three phase fault at grid bus
is 220 ms.
Exis ng protec on system opera ng me
calcula on: For the corresponding loca on
of faults in the u lity grid, the exis ng
protec on system opera ng me is
calculated by inspec ng the exis ng
protec on schemes and se ngs. The
exis ng protec on se ngs of distance
protec on which is meant to take care for
Figure 4: Swing curve for TG1, TG2 & TG3 - Fault clearing me of 220ms
faults in the u lity grid are given in below
Table 3.
In present case, the minimum opera ng
me of the exis ng protec ve system for a
fault at 132kV Grid is 400ms on zone2 of
distance relay. As the protec ve system
opera ng me is longer than the CCT of
plant generators, system will become
unstable.
Remedial Ac on: New protec on scheme
with under voltage in conjunc on with
direc onal overcurrent (logic and se ng) is
proposed in the islanding relay so as to
isolate from the fault in the u lity within CCT
of plant generators. The proposed scheme
(logic & se ngs) are given in below Table 4. Figure 5: Swing curve for TG1, TG2 & TG3 - Fault clearing me of 230ms
 Power Research and Development Consultants
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The above proposed scheme takes care of

islanding of the plant generators in case of
faults in the u lity only. For disturbances in
the u lity related to wide fluctua ons in grid
frequency, frequency based islanding
scheme shall be used and its se ngs need to
be coordinated with the plant generator
frequency protec ons. The aspect of
frequency based islanding scheme is detailed
in the next sec ons.

C. Disturbances in the u lity

related to wide fluctua ons in
grid frequency

Any wide fluctua on in grid frequency for

higher dura ons of me will be treated as a
disturbance for which islanding of plant from
u lity is necessary to avoid tripping of
generators on generator protec on. The
exis ng generator protec on se ngs are
given below in Table 5.

The frequency based islanding se ngs are

to be coordinated with the generator
protec ons and proposed islanding relay
se ngs are given below in Table 6.

Under Frequency Case for Islanding:

For a frequency disturbance in u lity where

grid frequency is falling with a rate of (-ve) 0.4
Hz/s, the islanding relay operated on
proposed under frequency scheme and
islanded the plant generators before the
generator under frequency protec on
operates. The plant generator's frequency
response a er islanding from u lity is
illustrated in Figure 6.

Nega ve dF/dT Case for Islanding: For a

frequency disturbance in u lity where grid
frequency is falling with a rate of (-ve) 5 Hz/s,
the islanding relay operated on proposed
under frequency &dF/dT scheme and
islanded the plant generators before the
generator under frequency protec on
operates. The plant generator's frequency
response a er islanding from u lity is
illustrated in Figure 7. Figure 6: Frequency response a er islanding from u lity on under frequency
 Power Research and Development Consultants
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Over Frequency Case for Islanding: For a

frequency disturbance in u lity where grid
frequency is increasing with a rate of (+ve)
0.4 Hz/s, the islanding relay operated on
proposed over frequency scheme and
islanded the plant generators before the
generator over frequency protec on
operates. The plant generator's frequency
response a er islanding from u lity is
illustrated in Figure 8.
Posi ve dF/dT Case for Islanding: For a
frequency disturbance in u lity where grid
frequency is increasing at a rate of (+ve) 5
Hz/s, the islanding relay operated on
proposed over frequency & posi ve dF/dT
scheme and islanded the plant generators
before the generator over frequency Figure 7: Frequency response a er islanding from u lity on under frequency & nega ve dF/dT
protec on operates. The plant generator's
frequency response a er islanding from
u lity is illustrated in Figure 9.
For all the cases of islanding from u lity
illustrated above, a er islanding load
shedding is not required as the in-plant
genera on is always more than the load. It
should be noted that a load shedding is
necessary in case the in-plant load is more
than the genera on during islanding. In that
case, the islanding se ngs are to be
coordinated with under frequency based
load shedding and generator under
frequency protec on.

3. Conclusion
For a given disturbance, the longest fault Figure 8: Frequency response a er islanding from u lity on over frequency
dura on which does not result in instability
of the generators is referred as the cri cal
clearing me (CCT).
The stability studies for industrial power
system are different from stability studies
carried out for transmission system as the
la er studies deal with only establishing CCT
and checking whether the calculated CCT's
are within the range s pulated by the grid
standards. Transient stability plays a vital role
in understanding the stability problems of
cap ve generators when connected to u lity
grid. The CCT for the cap ve generators need
to be calculated by conduc ng transient
stability for various disturbances. The stability
study for industrial power system was
discussed in this ar cle right from modeling
Figure 9: Frequency response a er islanding from u lity on over frequency & posi ve dF/dT
to the significance of the results.
 Power Research and Development Consultants
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The en re industrial network from high Events & Achievements

voltage (HV) to either Medium Voltage (MV)
or Low Voltage (LV) level needs to be
modeled and it is not required to model
complete grid network for the stability
studies; only grid substa on model with its
equivalent short circuit MVA shall be
sufficient to carry out stability studies for
industrial power system.

It should be noted that a par cular type of

solu on suggested in one plant need not be
applicable for a different plant. Various
simula on studies need to be conducted for
internal & external faults and CCT of the
cap ve generators needs to be established
for faults at different loca ons and
condi ons. The complexity involves in
iden fying unstable cases, and then in
revisi ng the exis ng protec on schemes in
order to recommend new protec on
schemes or modifica on of exis ng
protec on scheme based on the outcome of
CCT based stability studies and the analysis
of lacunae in the exis ng protec on system.

4. References

[1] P r a b h a K u n d u r, ' P o w e r S y s t e m
Stabilityand Control' (Book), McGraw
Hill Educa on, 1994

[2] Central Electricity Authority, 'Manual

On Transmission Planning Criteria',
June 2013, New Delhi.

[3] Central Board of Irriga on and Power,

India, 'Manual On Protec on Of
Generators, Generator transformers
And 220kV And 400 kV Networks',
Publica on No. 274, November 1999.
 Power Research and Development Consultants
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Newsletter

PRDC Provides LED Lighting Solution for the Holy City of Puri
PRDC has emerged as one of the major
u lity consul ng firms in India in providing
LED ligh ng solu ons using modern tools.
The company has provided LED ligh ng
solu on for six important areas of the Holy
city of Puri in Odisha. The responsibility of
PRDC included survey, design, prepara on of
tender specifica on, tender evalua on, GTP
and drawings approval and supervision
during execu on of work. Overall project
cost for LED ligh ng scheme is Rs. 12 Crores.
PRDC being PMC for all the ligh ng projects,
was responsible for ensuring quality job and
mely comple on.
Figure 1: High mast LED lights at the Lord Jagannath Temple entrance
LED ligh ng is one of the revolu onary
technologies over conven onal ligh ng
system in the recent years. It is widely
accepted due to its many advantages
such as long life me, energy efficiency,
eco-friendliness, dimmability, instant ligh ng
capability etc. Also, it has been proved that
LED ligh ng is one of the best energy saving
drives accepted across the globe.

Apart from the LED Ligh ng scheme, PRDC

was also entrusted by the Government of
Odisha to prepare the DPR for developing a
robust electrical distribu on system to
provide uninterrupted power supply in Puri
Figure 2: Puri Sea Beach LED Ligh ng
city. During the world famous Nabakalebar
fes val of Lord Jagannath, there is almost 30 Some of the important areas of Puri city  LED ligh ng system at Alarnath Temple.
lakhs foot fall of pilgrims in the holy city to covered under the scheme are:
 Replacement of exis ng conven onal
witness the grand event.
 High Mast LED ligh ng at Grand Road lights by LED fixtures along Grand Road
For the LED Ligh ng scheme in Puri city, where three chariots move all along and Lord Jagannath temple surrounding.
more than 837 nos. of 80 wa s, 300nos. of during RathYatra.
160 wa s and 340 nos. of 280 wa s of LED
fixtures were used in 97 High mast towers as  High mast and street ligh ng system at
well as street light poles. The ligh ng designs famous Sea Beach where almost
were carried out as per applicable IS and IEC thousands of visitors gather every day.
standards with the help of ligh ng so ware
 Street Ligh ng system along Puri - Konark
tools. Fi ngs and high mast poles were from
Marine drive.
reputed suppliers.
 Power Research and Development Consultants
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Newsletter

PRDC Annual Day - April 2015

 Power Research and Development Consultants
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Newsletter

Our Expertise in Training

Upcoming Events
At PRDC, we conduct various training
programmes throughout the year. The
dura on of the training programme
varies from one to four weeks.

One Week Training

We conduct one week training

programme on MiPower™. It is a
standard course.

MiPower Training Level 1

Level 1 is a training programme on basic

theory & simple problems (hands - on).

Level 1 Batch:

16thNovember to 20thNovember 2015

MiPower Training Level 2

Level 2 is a training programme which

consists of only hands-on and solving
own system problems, sor ng out issues
and clarifica ons.+

Level 2 Batch:

14thDecember to 18thDecember 2015

Short Term Training /Workshop

In addi on to the above said programme

PRDC is also conduc ng short term
training program and workshops to
impart knowledge and prac cal
approach on specific topics, which are of
relevance to power engineers in day-to-
d ay wo r ks . S u c h t ra i n i n g n o t o n l y
enhances their knowledge but also helps
to implement these techniques in their
rou ne works. For short term and special
training programme, please contact our
marke ng team at the following address:

marke [email protected]
 Power Research and Development Consultants
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Newsletter

Indian Power Sector Highlights

Power Policy India's solar installa ons set to quadruple in supply business) in the power sector by
two years introducing mul ple supply licensees so as to
The Government has revised the Na onal bring in further compe on and efficiency in
Solar Mission target of Grid Connected Solar According to the Ministry of New and the distribu on sector by giving choice to the
Power projects from 20,000 MW to 1,00,000 Renewable Energy (MNRE), India has consumers.
MW by 2022. The revised Na onal Solar installed solar capacity of 4,262 MW, of
Mission is under implementa on. which 518 MW were built in the current Source: pib.nic.in
financial year. MNRE expects 4,345 MW of
The Union Ministerof State (IC) for fresh capacity to come up in 2015-16
Power, Coal, New & Renewable Energy (including the 518 MW achieved so far.)
stated that the it is planned to achieve the Further, going by the bids on the anvil, the Na onal Smart Grid Mission
revised target of 1,00,000 MW by se ng up government expects to add 10,859 MW in
Distributed Roo op Solar Projects and 2016-17 alone. The numbers add up to close Government has approved the Na onal
Medium & Large Scale Solar Projects, the to 19,000 MW by March 2017 compared Smart Grid Mission (NSGM) -an ins tu onal
break-up of which is is given in the Table. with the previous target of 20,000 MW by mechanism for planning, monitoring and
2022. implementa on of policies and programs
Source: pib.nic.in related to Smart Grid ac vi es. The total
Source: Business line outlay for NSGM ac vi es for 12th Plan is Rs
980 crore with a budgetary support of Rs 338
crore. The major ac vi es envisaged under
NSGM are development of smart grid,
development of micro grids, consumer
engagements and training & capacity
building etc. NSGM entails implementa on
of a smart electrical grid based on state-of-
the art technology in the fields of
automa on, communica on and IT systems
that can monitor and control power flows
from points of genera on to points of
consump on.

Source: pib.nic.in

Na onal Clean Energy Fund Amendments to the Electricity Act

In the year 2014-15, an amount of Rs The Union Cabinet has approved the
16,388.81 crore has been collected as coal proposals for amendment in Electricity Act,
cess for Na onal Clean Energy Fund (NCEF). 2003 on 10th December, 2014 as contained
As per the budget es mates, during 2015-16 in the Electricity (Amendment) Bill 2014. The
an amount of Rs 13,118.04 crore will be Electricity (Amendment) Bill, 2014 was
collected as coal cess for NCEF. Na onal introduced in the Lok Sabha on 19th
Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) is created for December, 2014. This was referred to
funding research and innova ve projects in Parliamentary Standing Commi ee on
clean energy technologies. Out of 44 projects Energy and the commi ee has submi ed its
recommended for NCEF support in report to the Parliament on 7th May, 2015.
renewable energy, 30 projects are awai ng The amendments proposed in Electricity
alloca on of fund. (Amendment) Bill, 2014 seeks to end the
monopoly of power distribu on companies
Source: pib.nic.in by segrega ng the carriage (distribu on
sector/network) from the content (electricity
 Power Research and Development Consultants
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Newsletter

About the Authors

Dr. R. Nagaraja Prof K. R. Padiyar Faraz Zafar Khan

Dr. R. Nagaraja is the founder and Managing Prof K.R. Padiyar is associated with Indian Faraz Zafar Khan is presently working as
Director of M/s. Power Research & Ins tute of Science, Bangalore since 1987, Senior Engineer in Power Research and
Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd., where he is currently an Honorary Professor Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd. He is also
Bangalore- one of the reputed Power System in the Department of Electrical Engineering. pursuing his PhD under VTU in the research
Consultants in the country. Prior to joining IISc, he was with Indian area of “Advanced Protec on and Analysis
Ins tute of Technology, Kanpur. He obtained Schemes for Transmission System”. He
R. Nagaraja has done his B.E. in Electrical and M.E degree in 1964 from IISc and Ph.D completed M-Tech in Power system from
Electronics Engineering from Mysore degree from University of Waterloo, Canada VNIT, Nagpur.
University (India) in 1986. He obtained his in 1972. He has taught and lectured at
M.E in 1988, specialized in Computer various Universi es in Canada and USA. Nitesh Kumar D
Applica ons to Power System and Drives
and Ph.D. Degree in the field of Energy He has authored over 200 papers and 4
Management System from Indian Ins tute of Books including 'Power system dynamics,
Science (IISc). His specializa ons are Power stability and control'. His research interest are
System Analysis, Simula on, Power in the areas of HVDC and FACTS, power
Engineering Educa on and Power System system stability and control. He was a
Protec on. Dr. Nagaraja has authored several member of the Review commi ee on the
technical papers and conducted a number of Na onal HVDC project. He is the recipient
workshops / conferences / seminars of 1999 Prof. Rustom Choksi award for
throughout the country. excellence in research. He was ABB chair Nitesh Kumar D is presently working
professor (2001-03). He is fellow of Indian as Engineer in Power Research and
Dr. Nagaraja is the brain behind the na onal academy of Engineering. Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd. He
architecture, design and development of the
MiPower™ – Power system analysis so ware completed BE in Electrical and Electronics
package widely used by Electric u li es, Engineering from VTU and is presently
Industries, Consultants and Engineering pursuing M.Sc (Engg.) by research under VTU
colleges. Dr. Nagaraja has been involved in in the research area of generator protec on
the planning studies of State U li es and enhancement. His area of interest includes
Industries in India and abroad. power system stability, automa on &
control, Power system protec on and PMU
applica on.
 Power Research and Development Consultants
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Newsletter

T. Guru Charan Das Maheedhar Patnala

T. Guru Charan Das obtained his Maheedhar Patnala obtained B.Tech

gradua on in Electrical Engineering from (Electrical & Electronics) in 2003 and M.Tech
Dayalbagh University in 1997. Therea er, he (Power Systems) in 2006 from Kaka ya
began his career as GET in DCM Shriram University, Kothagudem and NIT, Warangal
group of Industries. His ini al role was in respec vely. His areas of interest include
power plant opera on and maintenance. power system simula on studies especially
During this associa on for 9 years he has transient stability studies for industrial plant.
gained insights into power genera on,
distribu on and u liza on in Cement plants, He joined in ABB Limited in 2006 as
Fer lizer plants, PVC plants, Tex le plants, Engineer-Consul ng Department and then
Sugar plants, Dis lleries and other chemical joined in PRDC in 2012 as Team Lead-PSS
processes and industries. department. From 2006, he executed various
projects in the field of power system
He then joined Bajaj group of industries in Studies for industrial plant involving Load
2006 to look a er Power plant projects and flow & Short circuit analysis, Transient
BoP Engineering. He has successfully stability analysis, Harmonic analysis, Islanding
contributed in adding 450 MW power and load shedding and relay coordina on
genera ons to the group. His role involved studies.
technical, commercial and project
management aspects of the Power projects.

His associa on with PRDC began in 2010 and

is presently working as DGM-Power System
Consul ng. He has 19 years of experience
and his area of interest is in Power Plant
engineering, Energy management, Industrial
plants and their related issues with Electrical
Power Systems' applica on and opera on
R.N.I No. KARENG/2013/51589

Power Research & Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd.

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Bengaluru - 560086. INDIA. Phone : (080) 4245 5555 / 2319 2209
Website : www.prdcinfotech.com

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Printed & Published by : Dr. R. Nagaraja on behalf of Power Research & Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
Printed at : M/s. Art Print, Dr. Modi Hospital Main, WOC Road, Bengaluru - 560 086. Cell : 98452 33516. Editor : M.M. Babu Narayanan