See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/333131455

Scope of Computer Applications in Food Processing

Chapter · May 2016

CITATIONS READS

0 1,884

3 authors, including:

Alka Vasan Manisha Mani

CCS Haryana Agricultural University Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology
8 PUBLICATIONS   1 CITATION    25 PUBLICATIONS   154 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

ICAR NAIP ZTM BPDUs View project

Abstract: View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Manisha Mani on 16 May 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Scope of Computer Applications in Food
Processing
Alka Vasan1,D.K. Sharma2 and Manisha Mani3
1 and 2 are respectively Ph.D. Scholar and Faculty in Ch.
Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University,
3
Assistant Professor in Finance (Management), Guru Jambheswer
University of Science & Technology, Hisar (Haryana) India
Corrsponding Authoe E-mail: [email protected],
[email protected]

ABSTRACT
The Food Processing sector has lagged behind other sectors
of industries in adopting computer technologies. But recent
advances in computer technology and responsibility towards
consumers and regulatory agencies for improved food quality
and safety have forced the food sector to consider
automation of most manufacturing processes. The food
processing sector presents many unique challenges to
complete automation and with the help of computers in terms
of both hard-ware(s) and software(s), the food sector has
been successful in putting many automatic processes in
place. This chapter gives panoramic view of various
applications through appropriate hardware and compatible
software designed on the basis of novel mathematical
solutions such as Fuzzy logic and Artificial Neural
Networks.

KEY-WORDS: Computer applications in food, computer vision

system, fuzzy logic, artificial neural networks,
profitability, productivity

INTRODUCTION
The application software can also be seen as being
eitherhorizontalorvertical. Horizontal applications are
more popular and widespread, because they are general
purpose, for example word processors or databases[17].
Vertical applications areniche products, designed for a
particular type of industry or business, or department
within an organization. Integrated suites of software

149
will try to handle every specific aspect possible of, for
example, manufacturing or banking systems, or accounting,
or customer service.
There are many types of application software[14]
• Anapplication suiteis one which has a number of
applications bunched together. They usually have
linked functions, duties, actions and user interfaces,
and may be able to interact with each other, e.g. open
each other's files.Business applicationsoften come in
suites, e.g.Microsoft Office, which bundle together a
word processor, a spreadsheet, graphics or music.
• Enterprise softwareaddresses the needs of an entire
organization's processes and data flows, across
several departments, often in a large distributed
environment. Examples includeenterprise resource
planningsystems, customer relationship management
(CRM) systems andsupply chain management software.
Departmental Software is a sub-type of enterprise
software with a focus on smaller organizations and/or
groups within a large organization.
• Enterprise infrastructure softwareprovides common
capabilities needed to support enterprisesoftware
systems. Examples include databases, email servers,
and systems for managing networks and security.
• Information workersoftwarelets users create and manage
information, often for individual projects within a
department, in contrast to enterprise management.
Examples includetime management,resource management,
collaborative and documentation tools. Word
processors, spreadsheets, email and blog clients,
personal information system, and individual media
editors may aid in multiple information worker tasks.
• Content access softwareis used primarily to access
content without editing, but may include software that
allows for content editing. Such software addresses
the needs of individuals and groups to consume digital
entertainment and published digital content. Examples
includemedia players,web browsers, and help browsers.
• Educational softwareis related to content access
software, but has the content and/or features adapted
for use in by educators or students. For example, it
may deliver evaluations (tests), track progress
through material, or include collaborative
capabilities.
• Simulation softwaresimulates physical or abstract
systems for either research, training or entertainment

150
 purposes.
• Media development softwaregenerates print and
electronic media for others to consume, most often in
a commercial or educational setting. This includes
graphic-art software, desktop publishing software,
multimedia development software, HTML editors,
digital-animation editors, digital audio and video
composition, and many others.
• Product engineering softwareis used in developing
hardware and software products. This includescomputer-
aided design(CAD),computer-aided engineering(CAE),
computer language editing and compiling
tools,integrated development environments, and
application programmer interfaces.
• Entertainment Softwarecan refer to video games, screen
savers, programs to display motion pictures or play
recorded music, and other forms of entertainment which
can be experienced through use of a computing device.
The operating system itself can be considered
application software when performing simple calculating,
measuring, rendering, and word processing tasks not used
to control hardware viacommand-line interfaceorgraphical
user interface[3].This does not include application
software bundled within operating systems such as
asoftware calculatorortext editor.
How is it related to Agriculture: Especially Food Processing Industry
Information technology(IT) is the application
ofcomputersandtelecommunications equipmentto store,
retrieve, transmit[5] and manipulate data,often in the
context of a business or other enterprise[13].The term is
commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer
networks, but it also encompasses otherinformation
distribution technologies such as television and
telephones[4].
Severalindustriesare associated with information
technology, including computer
hardware,software,electronics,semiconductors,internet,tel
ecom, agriculture, agri-business, equipment,e-commerceand
computer services etc[4].Now-a-days, the application
ofinformation and communications technology (ICT) in
agricultureis becoming progressively more significant.
Quickness, non-destructive evaluation possibilities,
easy procedures for application, quantum of output per
unit time are some advantages favouring application of
computer vision to engineering problems[23].Application of
computer vision to food processing fields evolved first

151
in 1989 for grain quality inspection[32].
E-Agriculture is an emerging field focusing on the
enhancement of agricultural and rural development through
improved information and communication processes. More
specifically, e-Agriculture involves the
conceptualization, design, development, evaluation and
application of innovative ways to use information and
communication technologies (IT) in the rural domain, with
a primary focus on agriculture (e-agriculture.org). E-
Agriculture is a relatively new term and we fully expect
its scope to change and evolve as our understanding of
the area grows. Indian Agriculture contributes to 18.6
per cent of India’s GDP, and approximately 59 per cent
Indians derive their livelihood from the agricultural
sector. Private sector initiatives like contract farming
have commercialized the Indian agricultural sector[20].
All stakeholders of agriculture industry need
information and knowledge about these phases to manage
them efficiently. Any system applied for getting
information and knowledge for making decisions in any
industry should deliver accurate, complete, concise
information in time or on time. Thefood industryis a
multifaceted, worldwide group of assortedbusinessesthat
provide much of the food andfood energyconsumed by
theworld population[20]. Onlysubsistence farmers, those
who survive on what they grow, can be considered outside
of the scope of the modernfoodindustry. The food industry
includes (Anonymous):
• Regulation: local, regional, national, and
international rules and regulations for food
production and sale, includingfood quality, food
safety, marketing/advertising, and
industrylobbyingactivities
• Education and R&D:Food Science & Technology;
academic,consultancy,vocational
• Financial services: credit,insurance
• Manufacturing:agrichemicals, agriculture farm
machinery& supplies,seed.
• Agriculture: raising of crops andlivestock, andseafood
• Food processing: fresh products for market, and
manufacture of prepared food products
• Marketing: promotion of generic products, new
products,advertising, marketing
campaigns,packaging,public relations, etc.
• Wholesaleanddistribution:logistics,transportation,
warehousing

152
• Foodservice,Grocery,Farmers'market,Public marketand
otherRetailing

FOOD PROCESSING MARKET

Food processing includes the methods and techniques used
to transform raw ingredients into food for human
consumption. Food processing takes clean, harvested or
slaughtered and butchered components and uses them to
produce marketable food products[18].The main phases of
thefood processing business includepost-harvest handling&
value addition, food logistics, packaging&
preservation,quality management,andfood marketing, food
safety&food storage.
There are several different ways in which food can be
produced which are one off production, batch production,
mass production or just-in-time production[11]which are as
follows:
• One off production: This method is used when customers
make an order for something to be made to their own
specifications, for example a wedding cake. The making
ofone-offproducts could take days depending on how
intricate the design is and the ability of the chef
involved.
• Batch production: This method is used when the size of
the market for a product is not clear, and where there
is a range within a product line. A certain number of
the same goods will be produced to make up a batch or
run, for example a bakery may bake a limited number of
a specific baked good. This method involves estimating
the number of customers that will want to buy that
product.
• Mass production: This method is used when there is a
mass market for a large number of identical products,
for example chocolate bars, ready meals and canned
food. The product passes from one stage of production
to another along a production line.
• Just-in-time (JIT)Production: This method of
production is mainly used in restaurants,sandwich
delicatessens,pizzerias, andsushi bars. All the
components of the product are available in-house and
the customer chooses what they want in their product.
It is then prepared with fresh ingredients in front of
the buyer.
The use of computerized systems within the food
processing industry regulated by the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) is enlarging day by day and the use

153
of computerized system technology is expected to continue
to grow in the food industry as the cost of components
decrease, as components are continually improved to
withstand the rigors of the food processing environment,
and as food companies continue to update production
facilities, equipment and manufacturing processes in an
attempt to produce high quality, high value products[9].
The food industry has traditionally lagged behind
other industries in adopting new technology, and plant
automation is no exception. However, rapid advances in
computer technology and heightened expectations of
consumers and regulatory agencies for improved food
quality and safety have forced the food industry to
consider automation of most manufacturing processes[16]
Nonetheless, the food industry now ranks among the
fastest growing segments for plant automation. For
example, the food industry is among the top ten in using
machine vision technology, a key component in plant
automation. There is increasing evidence that machine
vision is being adopted at commercial level[21].However,
most systems are isolated, batch-type operations that
target a specific task. In order for automation to be
successful, it must be integrated into the overall
manufacturing system design and provide on-line,
continuous control capability[17].

APPLICATIONS FOR COMPUTER IN AGRICULTURE

Expert System
Expert system is a computer program that contains expert
knowledge about a particular problem domain, often in the
form of if – then rules that is able to solve the
problems at a level equivalent to or greater than human
expert.
Expert systems have recently attracted the attention
of agricultural scientists for application in a variety
of information development and transfer situations. These
computer software systems are designed to simulate one or
more of the ways that a human expert uses his or her
knowledge and experience in making a diagnosis or a
recommendation[25].
Expert system is a computer program which uses
knowledge and solving methods to solve problems, because
they are insofar complicated that their solution requires
a considerable human and professional knowledge[22].
Expert systems use heuristics to simulate the process of
decision making of human expert at solving the
complicated tasks and using professional knowledge

154
accepted from the expert and enciphered by an appropriate
method with the aim to reach the quality at the level of
expert in the chosen area of problems.
Many expert systems have been developed for almost all
sectors of agriculture including pest management, variety
selection, soil preparation, disease diagnosis[24].Main
methodologies used for agricultural applications are
shown in Table 1[6].
Methodology Applications in Agriculture field
Rule based system Prevention, diagnosis and control of diseases Agricultural advisor Production
planning
Knowledge based system Agricultural management Plant process control Environmental protection
Fuzzy based system Uncertainty reasoning Disease diagnosis
Neural network based Decision making Knowledge learning
system
Ontology Agricultural decision support, crop protection

Expert system is a program demanding a lot of

knowledge, which solves problems requiring human
expertise. Its application is possible in large
agricultural enterprises but also in independently
managed farms, where it would be a tool for workers
responsible for the protection of plants. The basis of
knowledge is made in conformity with directives
introduced in the list of permitted products for plant
protection, it is easily modified and it is possible to
expand it for new plants. The main advantages of expert
systems for plant production[22]are:
• facilitation of implementation of the planning
process,
• economic evaluation of plans,
• determination and monitoring of direct costs,
• work only with the accepted strains,
• possibility to use only the registered chemical
protective products,
• suggestion of the technological process of plant
cultivation,
• realization of the multi-variation solution of plant
cultivation with economic evaluation of different
variants,
• optimalisation of the amount of side dressing
according to the company’s possibilities
Vision System:
Computer visionis a field that includes methods for
acquiring,processing, analyzing, and understanding images
and, in general, high-dimensional data from the real

155
world in order to produce numerical or symbolic
information,e.g., in the forms of decisions[16].Computer
vision has proven successful for the objective; online
measurement of several food products with applications
ranging from routine inspection to the complex vision
guided robotic control[17].A theme in the development of
this field has been to duplicate the abilities of human
vision by electronically perceiving and understanding an
image.Computer vision has also been described as the
enterprise of automating and integrating a wide range of
processes and representations for vision perception. This
technique is used in many engineering fields such as
robotics, industrial image processing, food processing
and other fields[23].
As a scientific discipline, computer vision is
concerned with the theory behind artificial systems that
extract information from images. The image data can take
many forms, such as video sequences, views from multiple
cameras, or multi-dimensional data from a medical
scanner. As a technological discipline, computer vision
seeks to apply its theories and models to the
construction of computer vision systems. Sub-domains of
computer vision include scene reconstruction, event
detection,video tracking,object recognition, object pose
estimation, learning, indexing,motion estimation,
andimage restoration.
From Science perspective, computer vision is concerned
with the theory for building artificial systems that
obtain information from images. From Technological
perspective, computer vision seeks to apply the theories
and models of computer vision to the construction of
computer vision systems
Artificial Neural Networks
An artificial neural network (ANN) is a data processing
system based on the structure of the biological neural
simulation by learning from the data generated
experimentally or using validated models. Artificial
neural networks (ANNs) have been applied in almost every
aspect of food science over the past two decades,
although most applications are in the development
stage[16].
Inmachine learningandcognitive science,artificial
neural networks(ANNs) are a family of statistical
learning algorithms inspired bybiological neural
networks(thecentral nervous systemsof animals, in
particular thebrain) and are used to estimate
orapproximatefunctionsthat can depend on a large number

156
ofinputsand are generally unknown. Artificial neural
networks are generally presented as systems of
interconnected "neurons" which can compute values from
inputs, and are capable of machine learning as well
aspattern recognitionthanks to their adaptive nature.
Like other machine learning methods - systems that learn
from data - neural networks have been used to solve a
wide variety of tasks that are hard to solve using
ordinaryrule-based
programming,includingcomputervisionandspeech
recognition[19].Neural networks, as used in artificial
intelligence, have traditionally been viewed as
simplified models ofneural processingin the brain, even
though the relation between this model and brain
biological architecture is debated, as it is not clear to
what degree artificial neural networks mirror brain
function[26].
If we design a network which correctly learn relations
of effective climatic factors on crop yield, it can be
used to estimate crop production in long or short term
and also with enough and useful data can get a ANNs model
for each area. Furthermore using ANNs can find the most
effective factors on crop yield[27].
One of their application to solve food processing
problems are presented as well. Finally, it is suggested
that different architectures of ANN and learning
algorithms should be introduced into food processing, and
the possibility of implementing a neural network based
class-modeling algorithm should be studied as well.
Fuzzy Logic:
Computerized systems utilizing fuzzy logic are
increasingly being developed and used in food processing.
Fuzzy logic differs from conventional logic in that the
information used to control the system is neither
definitely true nor false[16].This technique which uses
the mathematical theory of fuzzy sets simulates the
process of normal human reasoning by allowing computer to
behave less precisely and logically than conventional
computers do[1].
Examples of everyday equipment using fuzzy logic would
be: Television sets with automatic color control, hand
held camcorders that compensate for operator movement and
anti-lock braking systems used on automobiles. Potential
problems with these type of control systems is that they
can be programmed where there is no fixed set point by
which the software function is controlled. Fuzzy expert
systems use fuzzy logic instead of classical Boolean

157
logic and collection of membership functions and rules
that are used for reasoning about data. They are oriented
towards numerical processing and handles uncertain or
imprecise information[29].
Due to its simplicity, it is a powerful method for
managing the properties of food and solve its problems
such as single sensory property like color or texture,
nonuniformity, variability of raw materials, non-
linearity, coupling of its variables continuous
temperature and moisture change during a heating or
cooling process, biochemical or microbial changes,
density, thermal and electrical conductivity, specific
heat, viscosity, permeability, effective moisture
diffusivity[1].
Robotics
The food processing industry combines a wider variety of
products, packaging types and handling variants than
almost any other industrial sector. There is a broad
range of potential applications for robotics in food
processing: in the meat industry, robots are used in
cutting, sorting and packaging applications, while in
cheese production they stir curds, transfer cheese
moulds, and turn, cut, portion, package and palletise
cheeses. Integrated sensors and measuring systems enable
the simple implementation of complex processes[16].Many
engineers have developed driverless tractors in the past
but they have not been successful as they did not have
the ability to embrace the complexity of the real world.
Most of them assumed an industrial style of farming where
everything was known before hand and the machines could
work entirely in predefined ways – much like a production
line[2].
Robotics delivers efficient, flexible robotic systems
for food packaging, palletising, depalletising or order
picking – whether the system is mixed or unmixed, and
whether it involves folding cartons, cardboard boxes,
plastic boxes, plastic bags, styrofoam trays, sacks,
laminated packaging, or bottles. Industrial robots are on
the verge of revolutionizing manufacturing. As they
become smarter, faster and cheaper, they’re being called
upon to do more—well beyond traditional repetitive,
onerous or even dangerous tasks such as welding and
materials handling. They’re taking on more “human”
capabilities and traits such as sensing, dexterity,
memory, trainability, and object recognition.
Processed foods are preserved longer, protected from
dust, moisture, and micro-organisms, and are odor-free.

158
The advent of machineries, robotics, and automation
technology has driven down the overall cost of processed
food versus original food products. The California
Institute of Food and Agricultural Research at the
University of California, Davis reported in the summary
that the productivity of a typical food processing plant
depends on (i) pre-preparation; (ii) processing and
preservation methods; (iii) packaging materials; (iv)
systems for material flow; (v) automation,
instrumentation, and control scheme; (vi) degree of
smartness in the sensors; (vii) sophistication in the
machineries and mechanisms (including application of
robotics); (viii) inspection methods; (ix) printing
methods; (x) security identification; (xi) graphic design
and digital work flow; (xii) sanitation and
sterilization; and (xiii) factory-wide execution
management strategy including supply-chain management
APPLICATION OF ROBOTS:Applications of robots are found
in welding and assembly lines. Food processing is still a
minor application area for robots. Higher cost and lower
productivity are leading towards increased application of
robots in the food sector. Robotic system can pack meat
and chocolates into the trays faster. FANUC robotics,
Inc. has developed several models of pick-and-place
articulated robot for the food industry that meet
stringent hygiene requirements. The exterior design is
smooth with no dark/damp regions for contaminants or
microorganisms. The robot comprises of several arms
called kinematic chains linking their base to mobile
parts. Some robotic system can handle 300 parts a minute
and attain accelerations of 200 m per square second with
loads of two kilograms[16].
Product Design and Process Development
The final decision that a company has to make is
regarding the product design and development. This
decision can be divided into the product, the production
and distribution, the market, the financial predictions
and the level of risk[16].The management has to be aware
of various situations like:
• Will the product satisfy needs and wants?
• Will it be safe and legal and competitive?
• What will be the target market and how to tap that
market?
• What about the raw materials and their availability?
Certain product characteristics are defined in the
product design specifications. The technologist designs,

159
makes and tests the product against these product
standards. Product design specifications cannot be
rigidly maintained: there has to be the opportunity for
creative design of the product. Product concept
engineering continues in the design stage, as more
information is gathered to define the product
characteristics quantitatively. The basic packaging
design is started at this time as it is usually an
integral part of a food product, giving protection and
use. The product prototypes are tested under the
conditions expected in the physical distribution so that
the shelf-life of the product can be predicted. Finally
in product design, preliminary production trials are
organised and the final product prototype put through a
large consumer test so that the level of technical
success and market acceptability can be predicted.

NEED FOR AUTOMATION

The need to automate industrial processes is driven by
several key requirements for competitive success and, in
some industries, viability of the manufacturing plants.
They can be listed as those needing to improve
productivity, product quality, and profitability. It
leads to the following advantages:
Improved Productivity
Plant productivity may be defined as the quantity of end
products manufactured per unit of operating parameters –
plant size, number of workers, time of operation, etc.
Therefore, productivity is directly related to how
efficiently the input resources are utilized in
translating them into marketable end products[16].This is
possible because automation allows for efficient
scheduling of work flow and labor use. The ability to
maintain good records and information about past
processes can clearly highlight areas that can be
targeted for a more efficient allocation of resources.
One plant reported a 30 percent increase in plant
productivity by using three discrete microprocessor-based
controllers designed to perform all continuous loops
involving complex, integrated algorithms, valve
interlocking, and some sequencing. Similar controls can
also be used to optimize formulations, production
scheduling, and process modeling.
Improved Product Quality
The increased awareness and sophistication of consumers
have created the expectation for improved quality in

160
consumer food products[30].Quality has been the subject of
a large number of studies[28].Quality assurance methods
used in the food industry have traditionally involved
human visual inspection[16]Such methods are tedious,
laborious, time-consuming, and inconsistent. As plant
productivity increased and quality tolerance tightened,
it became necessary for the food industry to employ
automatic methods for quality assurance and quality
control. In fact, this aspect of food manufacture is one
of the areas that has received the most attention in
terms of automation. Thanks to advances in computer
vision technology, substantial changes have been
implemented in food plants to facilitate automatic food
quality evaluation.
Improved Profitability
Increased profitability not only adds to shareholder
value but also management to invest strategically in
expanding plant operations, increasing product lines,
further improving product quality, etc. As discussed
previously, automation helps to improve productivity and
product quality. Both of these contribute directly to
improved profitability.
Profitability may be improved by increasing yields,
lowering input costs, enhancing crop quality and lowering
production risk. Field efficiency can be improved by
performing the right practice at right time and
place[8].Many engineers have developed driverless tractors
in the past but they have not been successful as they did
not have the ability to embrace the complexity of the
real world. Most of them assumed an industrial style of
farming where everything was known before hand and the
machines could work entirely in predefined ways – much
like a production line
For example, generating ingredient usage reports helps
in active inventory control. Such reports can be
generated for daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly use to
give a quantitative picture of comparisons necessary for
future planning. Smart systems can also monitor and
record periodic and transient variations in product
variables. An operator can use these records to monitor
real time, alter set points, change system
configurations, and perform testing[16]

CONCLUSION
Agricultural automation is a repeated expansive strategy
and the present scenario of research & innovation, the
new technologies developed has given rise to the

161
opportunities of constructing an entirely new
mechanisation structure to sustain and support the
agriculture sector. Current advances in sensing
automation, information and control technologies are
presenting the researchers with means to explore formerly
unanswered queries. Computer Applications in many
developing countries like India are gradually improving
as there are numerous opportunities for its adoption and
implementation. The ability of such advancements to offer
dedicated atmosphere, along with the rising techniques,
provide further possibilities of research, which should
be well explored by the developing countries as today the
food processing sector is seen in to be playing a
strategic role in their growth approaches and policies.

REFERENCES
Abdul Rahman O. Alghannam (2012). Design of a Simple Fuzzy Logic
Control for Food Processing, Trends in Vital Food and Control
Engineering, Prof. Ayman Amer Eissa (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-
0449-0, InTech,
Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/trends-in-vital-
food-and-control-engineering/design-of-asimple-fuzzy-logic-
control-for-food-processing
Blackmore, B. S., Stout, W., Wang, M., and Runov, B. (2005).
Robotic agriculture – the future of agricultural mechanisation?
5th European Conference on Precision Agriculture. ed. J.
Stafford, V. The Netherlands, Wageningen Academic Publishers.
pp.621-628.
Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Aspray, William (1996).Computer: A History
of the Information Machine. New York: Basic Books.ISBN 0-465-
02990-6.
Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod, "Information technology",A
Dictionary of Media and Communication(first ed.), Oxford
University Press, retrieved1 August2012
Daintith, John, ed. (2009), "IT",A Dictionary of Physics, Oxford
University Press, retrieved1 August2012(subscription required)
Divya Joy (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and
Information Technologies, Vol. 5 (6), 2014, 7861-7864
e-Agriculture Community of Practice,http://www.e-
agriculture.org/about.html
Ehsani, R.and C. D. Durairaj, (2007), Spatial Food and
Agricultural Data, in System Analysis and Modeling in Food and
Agriculture, [Ed. David H. Fleisher,K. C. Ting,Luis F.
Rodriguez], in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS),
Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers,
Oxford,UK
FDA -U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2014): Protecting and
PromotingYourHealth- Inspection Guides,
http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/InspectionGuides/ucm074955.ht
m
Food Engineering (2009). http://www.foodengineeringmag.com
Frechette, Casey (2013-04-11)."What journalists need to know about
the difference between Web apps and native apps".Poynter.

162
 Free on-line dictionary of computing (FOLDOC). Retrieved9
February2013.
Gassée, Jean-Louis (2012-09-17)."The Silly Web vs. Native Apps
Debate".The Silly Web vs. Native Apps Debate.
Gunasekaran, S. (1996). Computer vision technology for food
quality assurance. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 7(8),
245–256.
Gunasekaran. S (2011). Automation of Food Processing. Food
Engineering Vol. IV. Univeristy of Winconsin-Madison, USA.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software (a)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network c
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_industry (c)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICT_in_agriculture (b)
Locht, P., Thomsen, K., & Mikkelsen, P. (1997). Full color image
analysis as a tool for quality control and process development
in the food industry. In 1997 ASAE Annual International
Meeting, Paper No. 973006. St. Joseph, Michigan, USA: ASAE
M. Kučera, A. Látečková (2006). Information and knowledge systems
in the operation of agricultural and food-processing
enterprises. Agric. Econ. – Czech, 52, 2006 (8): 353–357
Mahendran R, Jayashree GC, Alagusundaram K (2012) Application of
Computer Vision Technique on Sorting and Grading of Fruits and
Vegetables. J Food Process Technol S1-001. doi:10.4172/2157-
7110.S1-001
Pinaki Chakraborty (2008). “A brief survey of computerized expert
systems for crop protection being used in India” Progress in
Natural Science 18 (2008) 469–473[6].
Russell Yost, Goro Uehara, Michael Wade, M. Sudjadl, I P. G.
Widjaja-adhi, and Zhl-Cheng Li (1988). Expert Systems in
Agriculture: Determining Lime Recommendations for Soils of the
Humid Tropics.
Russell, Ingrid.(1996) "Neural Networks Module"
http://uhaweb.hartford.edu/compsci/neural-networks-definition.html
S.Dahikar Snehal, Rode V. Sandeep. 2014. Agricultural Crop Yield
Prediction Using Artificial Neural Network Approach.
Int.J.Inno.Res.Elec.Ele.Instru&Control Engg. (2014)[2]: 683-686
Shewfelt, R. L., & Bruckner, B. (2000). Fruit and vegetable
quality: an integrated view. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Technomic
Publishing.
Sonal Dubey, R.K. Pandey, S.S. Gautam. 2013. Literature Review on
Fuzzy Expert System in Agriculture. Int. J.Soft Comp. & Engg.
(2013)[2]6: 289-291
T. Brosnan, D.-W. Sun / Journal of Food Engineering 61 (2004) 3–16
Valums, Andrew (2010-02-10)."Web apps vs desktop apps".valums.com.
Zayas I, Pomeranz Y, Lai FS (1989) Discrimination of wheat and non
wheat components in grain samples by image analysis. Cereal
Chemistry 66: 233- 237.

163

View publication stats