has two turns shown in fig. (b) Multi turn coil has shown in fig. (c) i.e.
one coil has more
than two turns.
Coil side :- One coil with any number of turns having two coil sides (or) conductors i.e. PQ is
one coil side one turn and ST is another will side.
Pitch:- The term pitch indicates a particular method of measurement in terms of soil sides
the teeth.
Pole pitch: - A pole pitch is defined as the distance between two adjacent poles. Pole pitch is
always 1800 electrical.
Coil span (or) coil - pitch: - The distance between two coil sides of coil is called coil-span (or)
Coil-Pitch. It is usually measured in terms of teeth’s, slots.
Back-pitch (YB):-
The distance measured in between two coil
sides of a turn is called known as back pitch. (YB)
Front pitch (YF):-
The distance between the second conductor of
one coil and first conductor of second coil is called
front pitch (YF)
Resultant Pitch (YR):-
The distance between the beginnings of one
will and the beginning of the next coil to which it is
connected called resultant pitch. (YR)
Types of windings:
1. Full and Short pitch winding
Full –pitched winding:-
If pole pitch is equal to coil-span / coil-pitch
then that type of winding is called as full-pitched
winding.
Short-pitched winding:-
If the winding has pole pitch is not equal to coil
span (or) coil span is less than pole-pitch is called
known as short-pitch winding.
Advantages of short pitch winding:
o The ends of the coils are shorter, which leads to copper loss due to less total length.
o The end coils can be formed more compactly.
o Improved EMF wave form due to reduction of harmonics.
o Fractional number of slots per pole in a turn reduces the tooth/teeth ripples.
o Mechanical strength of the coil is increased.
o Since all ac equipments are designed to operate on a pure sine wave, the
generation of harmonics is to be avoided. This is especially so when the factor
that achieves it is otherwise desirable.
The major disadvantage of short-pitch coils are, the total voltage around the
coil is reduced. Because the voltages induced in the two sides of the short-pitched
coil are slightly out of phase, their resultant vectorial sum is less than their
arithmetic sum.
2. Distributed and concentrated windings;-
In concentrated type winding, all the winding turns are wound together in
series to form one multi turn coil. This type of windings is used as field windings in
salient pole synchronous machine.
In concentrated coils, all the turns have some magnetic axis. The primary and
secondary windings of transformers are of concentrated type. With Concentrated
windings maximum EMF can be induced for a given number of conductors but the wave
of induced EMF is not exactly sinusoidal shape.
If the conductors are placed in several slots under one pole, the type winding is
called distributed winding. Stator and rotor of induction machines, the armatures of
both synchronous and dc machines have of distributed type windings.
Advantages of distributed windings:-
a) The harmonics in induced EMF is less.
b) It reduces armature reaction and armature reactance.
c) The core is better utilized as a number of small slots evenly spaced.
3. Single layer and Double layer windings:-
If the winding of one coil-side occupies the total
slot area, then it is called single layer
winding.
Advantages:-
The following are the advantages of single layer winding.
Higher efficiency and quite operation because of narrow slot openings
Space factor for slots is higher due to absence of inter layer separator.
The number of coils, the number of turns per coil, the coil pitch, the number of
circuits and the connection of the phases are give the desired EMF wave form.
In case the slot contains even number of coil
sides in two (or) double layers, than the winding
is called as double layer winding.
Advantages:-
Ease in manufacture of coils and lower cost of winding.
Less number of coils is required as spare in the case of winding repairs.
Fractional slot windings, pitch coils are employed.
Lower leakage reactance and therefore better performance and more economical.
Modern practice all over the world favors use of double layer windings. Single layer
winding is only employed for small rating ac machines and where as double layer
windings are more common above 5KW machines.
4. Full-pitch and short-pitch / chorded windings:-
o If the coil-span/coil-pitch is equal to pole-
pitch then the winding is termed as “full-pitch
winding”.
o If the coil-span/coil-pitch is less than the
pole-pitch (1800) then the winding is named
as “short- pitch/chorded winding”.
o If there are ‘S’ slots (or teeth’s) and ‘P’ poles,
then pole pitch =
If pole pitch= , then it is full pitch winding
If pole pitch is less than , then it is named as short pitch winding
Advantages of short-pitch / Fractional-pitch / Chorded winding:-
1. Efficiency of alternator increases
2. Length of over hand reduces as a result the copper required also reduced. Thus cost and
size also reduces
3. The lower order harmonics (5th and 7th) can be reduced, results in induced EMF with has
sinusoidal in shape
4. Due to reduce in harmonic content, the eddy current and hysteresis losses also reduced
5. The voltage regulation will be better due to reduction in the self-inductance of the coils
