A

Mini Project Report on

Preparation of layout plan of a building
And it’s marking on ground.
In partial fulfilment of requirement for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Civil Engineering
SUBMITTED BY:
MRITUNJAY KUMAR
ROLL NO. 1613300084

Under the Guidance of Mr

AKSHAY KAMATH

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology
Greater Noida
Affiliated To
Dr. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
LUCKNOW UTTER PRADESH
2019

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 CERTIFICATE

Certified that minor project work entitled “preparation of layout plan of a building
and its marking on ground” is a bonafide work carried out in the 7 th semester by
“Mritunjay Kumar” in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Technology in
civil engineering from Noida institute of engineering and Technology during the
academic year 2019-2020.

Project Guide Department coordinator, CE

Mr. AKSHAY KAMATH

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I would like to thank every individual who supported me in completion of
My mini project report. It is my proud privilege and duty to acknowledge the kind of
help and guidance received from several people in preparation of this report. It would
not have been possible to prepare this report in this form without their valuable help,
cooperation and guidance.

I am highly thankful to Mr Akshay Kamath for their guidance and constant

supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the mini project
& also for their support in completing the mini project.

I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to organization person for
giving me such attention and time. My thanks to appreciation also go to my colleague
in developing the mini project and people who have willingly helped me out with
their abilities.

SUBMITTD BY:

MRITUNJAY KUMAR

1613300084

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE ..........................................................................................................................
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................
iii
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... v
ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................................
vi
CHAPTER 1 .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1
1.2 PRINCIPLES OF PLAN LAYOUT ................................................................................ 1
CHAPTER 2 .............................................................................................................................. 3
2.1 FOUNDATION ............................................................................................................... 3
2.1.1 ISOLATED FOOTING............................................................................................. 3
2.1.2 COMBINED FOOTING ........................................................................................... 4
2.1.3 RAFT FOOTING OR MAT FOOTING ................................................................... 4
................................................................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 3 .............................................................................................................................. 6
3.1 PLAN LAYOUT OF FOUNDATION ............................................................................ 6
CHAPTER 4 .............................................................................................................................. 8
4.1 PROCEDURE OF LAYOUT PLAN ...................................................................................
8
................................................................................................................................................. 11
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................
12
REFERENCE ...........................................................................................................................
13

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 2.1 ISOLATED FOOTING ........................................................................................

4
FIGURE 2.2 RAFT FOOTING…………………………………..……………………………5
FIGURE 3.1 PERPENDICULAR LINE ................................................................................... 6
FIGURE 3.2 PLAN OF LAYOUT ............................................................................................
7
FIGURE 4.1 LAYOUT OF FOUNDATION ........................................................................... 9
FIGURE 4.2 LAYOUT-1 OF BUILDING ..............................................................................
10 FIGURE 4.3 LAYOUT-2 OF
BUILDING .............................................................................. 11

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 ABSTRACT
Keywords: Layout, Building Plan, Excavation.

Layout of a building or a structure shows the plan of its foundation. Continue fill (it is
set out according to foundation provided by engineer).

In this project we have taken a foundation plan of factory building layout. There are
altogether 20 + foundation of different size marked as F1, F2, F3 & different column
marked as C1, C2, C3 etc. The marking of this foundation plan will be carried out by
pegs, tape & marking powder.

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 CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Layout planning is deciding on the best physical arrangement of all resources that
consume space within a facility. These resources might include a desk, a work center,
a cabinet, a person, an entire office, or even a department. Decisions about the
arrangement of resources in a business are not made only when a new facility is being
designed; they are made any time there is a change in the arrangement of resources,
such as a new worker being added, a machine being moved, or a change in procedure
being implemented. Also, layout planning is performed any time there is an expansion
in the facility or a space reduction.

The arrangement of resources in a facility can significantly affect the productivity of a

business. A lot of wasted time, energy, and confusion can result from a poor layout.
There are also other reasons layout planning is important. In many work
environments, such as office settings, face-to-face interaction between workers is
important. Proper layout planning can be critical in building good working
relationships, increasing the flow of information, and improving communication.
Similarly, in retail organizations layout can affect sales by promoting visibility of key
items and contributing to customer satisfaction and convenience. Layout planning
affects many areas of a business, and its importance should not be underestimated.

1.2 Principles of Plan Layout

The primary criteria for evaluating any layout will be the: minimising of material
handling costs. MH cost components: depreciation of MH equipment, variable
operating costs, and labour expenses. Also, MH costs are typically directly
proportional to
(a) The frequency of movement of material, and
(b) The length over which material is moved.

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1. Principle of integration: A good layout is one that integrates men, materials,
machines and supporting services and others in order to get the optimum utilisation of
resources and maximum effectiveness.

2. Principle of minimum distance: This principle is concerned with the minimum

travel (or movement) of man and materials. The facilities should be arranged such
that, the total distance travelled by the men and materials should be minimum and as
far as possible straight line movement should be preferred.

3. Principle of cubic space utilisation: The good layout is one that utilise both
horizontal and vertical space. It is not only enough if only the floor space is utilised
optimally but the third dimension, i.e., the height is also to be utilised effectively.

4. Principle of flow: A good layout is one that makes the materials to move in
forward direction towards the completion stage, i.e., there should not be any
backtracking.

5. Principle of maximum flexibility: The good layout is one that can be altered
without much cost and time, i.e., future requirements should be taken into account
while designing the present layout.

6. Principle of safety, security and satisfaction: A good layout is one that gives
due consideration to workers safety and satisfaction and safeguards the plant and
machinery against fire, theft, etc. 7. Principle of minimum handling: A good layout is
one that reduces the material handling to the minimum.

7. Principle of minimum handling: A good layout is one that reduces the material
handling to the minimum.

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 CHAPTER 2

2.1 FOUNDATION

The lowest load-bearing part of a building, typically below ground level. Footings are strips
of concrete or filled concrete blocks placed under foundation wall. Gravel or crushed
stone footings may also be used. The purpose of footing is to transfer the loads safely
in the ground. Basically the foundation are two types;
➢ Shallow Foundation
➢ Deep Foundation
Shallow foundations are generally three types:
➢ ISOLATED FOOTING
➢ COMBINED FOOTING
➢ RAFT FOOTING OR MAT FOOTING.

2.1.1 ISOLATED FOOTING

An isolated footing is used to support the load on a single column. It is usually either
square or rectangular in plan. It represents the simplest, most economical type and
most widely used footing. Whenever possible, square footings are provided so as to
reduce the bending moments and shearing forces at their critical sections. Isolated
footings are used in case of light column loads, when columns are not closely spaced.
An isolated footing must, therefore, be provided by two sets of reinforcement bars
placed on top of the other near the bottom of the footing. In case of property line
restrictions, footings may be designed for eccentric loading or combined footing is
used as an alternative to isolated footing.

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 FIGURE 2.1 ISOLATED FOOTING

2.1.2 COMBINED FOOTING

Whenever a column is to be provided near the edge of property and it may not be
permissible to extend the footing beyond a certain limit. In such a case, the load on the
footing will be eccentric and hence this will result in uneven distribution of load to the
supporting soil. Hence, an alternative design would be to provide a common footing
to the edge column and to an interior column close to it. Combined footings under
two or more columns are used under closely spaced, heavily loaded interior columns
where individual footings, if they were provided, would be either very close to each
other, or overlap each other. This footing is called “combined footing”.

2.1.3 RAFT FOOTING OR MAT FOOTING

This is a footing that covers the entire area under the structure. This footing is used
when very heavy loads of building are to be transmitted to the underlying soil having
very low and differential bearing capacities. Due to its rigidity, it minimizes
differential settlement.

There are several types of raft foundation in use. The most common types are the flat
slab and the slab-beam types. Raft footings are provided in following cases-

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• When the ground water table is high, rafts are often placed over piles to
control buoyancy.
• When isolated footings for column overlap on each other.
• When total area of footing slab is more than50% of total area.
• Where underground flooring is required this type of footing is provided and it
serves as footing as well as floor.

FIGURE 1.2 RAFT FOOTING

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 CHAPTER 3

3.1 PLAN LAYOUT OF FOUNDATION

After determining the width and depth of foundation, a drawing showing the width of
foundations of various walls is prepared. It is known as foundation plan. To start the
commencement of excavation, the centre line of one of the longest walls is just
marked out by stretching a string between two wooden pegs, driven at the ends. Now
set out the centre lines of other walls, The reference to this wall.

FIGURE 2.1 PERPENDICULAR LINE

The centre line perpendicular to the reference line, is marked on the ground by 3 : 4 :
5 method. Suppose AB is the reference line. A line BC is to be marked as
perpendicular to AB. Now set off a distance of 3 m (or three divisions of any length)
on AB and take two strings of 4m and 5 m lengths, (or 4 and 5 divisions of the length
taken on AB) and set out a triangle with these lengths as ides. The triangle HBG will
be a right angled triangle and the line BC along BG will be perpendicular to AB.

After tracing the centre line of all the walls, masonry pillars or wooden pegs are driven at
a distance of nearly 2 m from the centre line. The top of each of these masonry pillars or

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wooden page must be at the sea level, irrespective of the nature of the ground the height
of these pillars is recorded with the help of a dumpy level.

The width of the foundations of each wall, is marked on either side of the centre lines
and the work of excavation is commenced along the centre lines. With the help of
masonry pillars the depth of foundation trenches, is measured. I the case of sloppy
ground or undulations in the ground, these masonry pillars play a important role, as
the actual depth of foundation trenches will not be equal but to avoid unequal
settlement, the bottom of the trenches of walls having equal thickness or equal depth,
must be at the same level.

FIGURE 3.2 PLAN OF LAYOUT

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 CHAPTER 4

4.1 PROCEDURE OF LAYOUT PLAN

1. For layout of a building baseline is marked on the ground either from center line of
the road or from any permanent building nearby. This line helps to mark out the front
of a building. Side baseline is also marked with the help of side structure or road or it
can be marked with the help of first baseline or boundary of the plot.

2. Fix temporary pegs at the center line of walls/columns on both sides of walls and
columns in front and back side.
3. Fix peg at the center line of walls/columns on both sides of wall and columns in left
and right side of front of building.

4. Check diagonals of the square or rectangle formed after fixing pegs.

5. Construct marking pillars with pegs at a distance of 1.5 meter to 2 meters and their top
surface should be plastered.

6. Mark center line on the top of marking pillars with the help of thread (Soot) or with
the Theodolite in big projects and the diagonal and other dimension should be
checked.

7. Level marking pillars on all corners of building and the top level is fixed at a proposed
plinth level.

8. Mark the foundation of walls/columns according to drawing on the ground with the
help of center line marked on the marking pillars.

9. Mark foundation trenches on the ground with chalk powder.

10. Excavate the foundation of the walls /columns up to required level and the excavation
must be checked with the help of center line and level marking pillars to avoid any
complication later on.

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FIGURE 4.1 LAYOUT OF FOUNDATION

9
FIGURE 4.2 LAYOUT-1 OF BUILDING

10
FIGURE 4.3 LAYOUT-2 OF BUILDING

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 CONCLUSION

We conclude that there is difference between the theoretical and practical work done.
As the scope of understanding will be much more when practical work is done. So we
get more knowledge in such a situation where we have great experience doing the
practical work.

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 REFERENCE

➢ Heap, A. (1987). Improving Site Productivity in the Construction Industry.

International Labor office, ILO, Geneva.
➢ Chandler, I.E. (1987). Material Management on Building Site. The
Construction Press, London.
➢ Harris, F. (1989). Construction Equipment and Methods. Longman Group,
UK. Hedley, G., and Garrett, C. (1983). Practical Site Management: An
illustrated Guide. 2nd edition, London.
➢ Principles of Industrial Eng. / Chapter 4 / Dr. May Kassir 1st year /
2014-2015.

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