Journal of Physical Education and Sport ® (JPES), Vol.20 (1), Art 30, pp.
229 - 234, 2020
online ISSN: 2247 - 806X; p-ISSN: 2247 – 8051; ISSN - L = 2247 - 8051 © JPES
Original Article
Comparative analytical study of the approach stage to perform the spike skill of
the volleyball game and its relationship to accuracy
NIHAD AYYUB QADIR1, NAWZAD HUSSEIN DARWEESH2,NADHIM JABBAR JALAL3
1
School of Physical Education, Koya University, Daniel Mitterrand Boulevard, Koya, Kurdistan Region, IRAQ
,e-mail: [email protected]
2
School of Physical Education, Koya University, Daniel Mitterrand Boulevard, Koya, Kurdistan Region, IRAQ
3
Faculty of Physical Education , Department of Basic Physical Education ,University of Sulaimani in
KURDISTAN REGION\IRAQ
Published online: January 31, 2020
(Accepted for publication: January 19, 2020 )
DOI:10.7752/jpes.2020.01030
Abstract
The skill of spike is accurate as the jump is faster, higher, and more convenient. This result cannot be
obtained unless the player adjusts the starting steps and preparing to jump. The kinetic momentum that the player
receives as a result of the starting steps (moves) is equal to the kinetic impulse of the player according to the law
kinetic momentum. As we see during the game. Part of the player perform the skill of spike with one step than
jump and there are some players perform the spike with two or three steps depending on the distance and the
height of the ball. The aim of the research is to compare between the first step, second and third steps of the
Approach stage in some biomechanical variables in the performance of the skill of spike, Ten players
representing the university's volleyball team were selected, The researcher used the coefficient of variation of the
physical variables range between(6.2 - 8.8%), The analysis was performed by means of a special device (jump
mat) number (2) with dimensions(50 x 110 cm)The device measures the kinetic variables during the performance
directly by connecting the device with the computer using a cable. The researcher reached several conclusions:
The speed of the player during the last touch of the ground and jump produces a large explosive force and finally
the distance of the jump is bigger. And the sports which are performed by beatings are less accurate compared to
the ones performed with throwing.
Keywords: Distance, Explosive force, Kinetic momentum, Biomechanics
Introduction
We all know that the volleyball game is one of the most popular games in the world as volleyball has
more than 500 million registered players around the world(PLAWINSKI, 2008). The globally high level of
performance in the volleyball game hasdeveloped remarkably in some countries,which have not been developed
in the past few years at this high level,making great achievements, and sent to the specialized staff of the game to
study the reasons that push to this level of developmentthe game.Thevolleyball game depends fundamentally on
some basic skills.The spike is at fore front of them.with all its kinds.the biomechanics literature has shown that
the hitter will use the approach to achieve a high jump with minimal horizontal motion the ‘backswing’ or
‘preparatory’ phase and the ‘forward swing’ or ‘hitting’ phase (Oka, 1975) (Prsala, 1982) (Chung,
1990)(Coleman, 1993 ) (Maxwell, 1981),Where it is considered the spike is the decisive in determining the win
and get points scored by the winning team, It is worth mentioning that all the basic volleyball skills must be built
and ends by spike.which all skills are set up to build an offensive to get a winning point, and that the successful
attack reflected positively on the level of morale among all players in the team and increases their self-
confidence.As global statistics indicate that 80%, " of thePoints of the match are through the attack skills. The
most important of these skills is the strike attack, and the percentage of repeat performance of attack strikes in all
skills during play is87.97%, and it is the highest percentage of performance,with its positive impact rate of
60.61% ,It is the highest positive impact on the rest of the skills in the men's world championship (2002).
"(FIVB, 2017), Increasing the effectiveness of offensive strikes has given rise to attention to the development of
defence plans in its different formations.(Pedro, 2001),It is a skill that requires a combination of timing, balance,
muscular strength, speed of motion and without the right mechanics, all of which is a wasted effort (Sondorafi,
1996), The first key to the skill of the spike is the approaching stage because after this stage is directly jump, and
approach, is the means by which the attacker earns speed on the ground before jumping. This speed is translated
to start jumping high because in relation to that stage is an approaching process that is of importance to give the
volleyball player maximum momentum for the height of the vertical jump in the advancement stage(Hughes,
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Corresponding Author: NIHAD AYYUB QADIR, E-mail: [email protected]
NIHAD AYYUB QADIR, NAWZAD HUSSEIN DARWEESH,NADHIM JABBAR JALAL
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2014). This is a horizontal force that is transferred to a vertical force.Thus, this approaching is a decisive in
volleyball success in real aspect. Timing the hit takes practice. The approach should be delayed long enough so
that the hitter is able to generate a great deal of speed and power which will generate an explosive jump. This
allows the hitter to reach the ball at the peak of the jump and contact the ball at the highest possible point.
(Dunphy, 1991) the biomechanics literature has shown that the hitter will use the approach to achieve a high
jump with minimal horizontal motion .(Prsala, 1982) , The higher rise in the jump depends on the larger
horizontal velocity in the approaching run.The previous evidence has further shown that the hitter should
maximize horizontal velocity at touch-down and minimize it at take-off(Dusault, 1986).And through the follow-
up of the researcher of the game there are players performing the stage of approaching with three steps and there
is one step or two steps,The importance of research lies in the following questions:Is the performance of the
approach phase affect the biomechanical variables during the performance of the skill of spike? Does one-step
jump preparation affect the biomechanical variables skill of spike?or two- or three-step jump preparotior?Are
there differences in terms of biomechanical variables between preparing to jump in one step, two steps and three
steps?Are these variables measured kinematic have a relationship between them and the accuracy of the
beating?Thus, the problem of research in the analysis of the biomechanic variables of the skill of spike according
to the steps of jumping and comparing the biomechanical variables among them at volleyball players.
Research methods and materials
Data Analysis
The research community consists of (12) players who represent the team of Koya Volleyball University,
for the academic year 2017-2018. (10) players were chosen who can perform the skill of spike in a deliberate
manner, the research sample represents (83.33%) of the research community, for the sake of homogeneity, the
researcher used the coefficient of variation of the physical variables, ranging between (2.6 - 8.8%), This means
homogeneity of the sample. Each player has played for at least four years, and all the players use their right
hand. The average age of the sample was 22.70 years, body mass 69.80 kg, body height 185.40 cm and arm
length 76.00 cm.
Procedures
The results of the analysis were obtained by means of a special device (Jump mat), type(Axou), number
(2) with dimensions (50 x 110 cm)Measures the kinematic variables directly during performance Where by
means of a cable connecting the device to the computer the (Axou) programme should be installed on the
computer.All attempts were chosen in order for the analysis to be more precise and to ensure the scientific fact of
Each player in the approaching stage to perform the skill of spike.The test inside the volleyball court where each
player (6 bid) two attempts for each stage according to the steps of performance.Form(1)
Figure (1) shows the jumping mat during the performance of the spike in the volleyball
Test Used in the Research(Hamdi, 1997)
Purpose of the test: Measure the accuracy of the spikeskill In the inner triangle of the opponent's
stadium. The stadium is divided into two halves (half of the pitch opposite) and then divides the inner triangle
(the grid side) Into three regions each display area 3.
Performance: After the preparation, the teste performs the skill of the spike towards the inner triangle of the
network.
the conditions:
Each teste six attempts, two for each center of the front line of the stadium.
Scores are calculated according to where the ball falls. Form (2)
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Each field length (3 m)
5
1
3
Figure (2) shows the accuracy test of the crushing skill of spike skill in the volleyball
Kinematic variables:
The researcher selects the variables that the device has a direct jump mat to measure it as follows:
Distance of the vertical jump of the centre of the body mass in centimetre’s during the performance of
the skill of spike.
Speed starting player (m /s) during the performance of the spikeskill.
Time of performance from the moment of jumping to perform the skill of spikeuntil descent and first
touch the ground.
Peak power: The maximum power variable has been extracted according to the Harman equation:
Peak power (W) = 61.9 x VJ (cm) + 36.0 x mass (kg) + 1822(Harman, 1991)
Statistical Means
The researcher used the statistical SPSS version 18 for data processin
Result
Table (1) Shows the mean and standard deviations the value of the variance analysis (F) and the probability of
spikeskill in the volleyball
Sig (p.Value)
One Step Two Steps Three Steps
Variables
Sequence
Stability scoring
ANOVA
Measruing
unit
Maen S.D Maen S.D Maen S.D
Movement
1 a second 0.577 0.031 0.646 0.055 0.672 0.041 12.175 0.000
time
Cruising
2 M /s 2.873 0.221 3.223 0.303 3.331 0.160 10.292 0.000
speed
3 Jump distance cm 41.010 4.404 51.550 9.252 55.480 6.968 10.937 0.000
4 Peak power Watt 6891.31 406.191 7543.7 712.573 7787.01 591.342 6.294 0.006
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Table (2) shows the significance of the differences between (one step, two steps and three steps) using the
(Scheffe) equation for the variables of the movement time, the starting speed, the jumping distance and the Peak
power
One Step Two Steps Three Steps
Sequance Variables Data
Average Sig Average Sig Average Sig
difference (p.Value) difference (p.Value) difference (p.Value)
One Step
Movement Two
1 -0.0688* 0.007
time Steps
Three -0.0945* 0.000 -0.0257 0.442
Steps
One Step
2 Starting speed Two -0.3500* 0.010
Steps
Three -0.4580* 0.001 -0.1080 0.598
Steps
One Step
Jumping Two
3 -10.5400* 0.001
distance Steps
Three -14.4700* 0.000 -3.9300 0.480
Steps
One Step
4 Peak power Two -652.4260 0.060
Steps
Three -895.6930* 0.008 -243.2670 0.652
Steps
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Figure 3Shows the graph of the search variable
Table (3) shows the correlation matrix between some biomechanical variables and accuracy and the same
biomechanical variables between themselves when performing the spike skill in one step.
Sequence Variables Movement time Starting speed Jumping distance Peak power Accuracy
1 Movement time
Sig.(2-tailed)
2 Starting speed 0.975**
Sig.(2-tailed) 0.000
3 Jumping distance 0.999** .976**
Sig.(2-tailed) 0.000 0.000
4 Peak power 0.747* 0.697* 0.746*
Sig.(2-tailed) 0.013 0.025 0.013
5 Accuracy 0.366 0.340 0.360 0.443
Sig.(2-tailed) 0.298 0.337 0.307 0.200
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Table (4) shows the correlation matrix between some biomechanical variables and accuracy and the same
biomechanical variables between themselves when performing the spike skill in two steps
Sequence Variables Movement time Starting speed Jumping distance Peak power Accuracy
1 Movement time
Sig.(2-tailed)
2 Starting speed 0.829**
Sig.(2-tailed) 0.003
3 Jumping distance 0.999** 0.825**
Sig.(2-tailed) 0.000 0.003
4 Peak power 0.940** .745* 0.933**
Sig.(2-tailed) 0.000 0.013 0.000
5 Accuracy -0.339 -0.547 -0.339 -0.381
Sig.(2-tailed) 0.337 0.102 0.338 0.277
Table (5) shows the correlation matrix between some biomechanical variables and accuracy and the same
biomechanical variables between themselves when performing the spike skill inThree Steps
Sequence Variables Movement time Starting speed Jumping distance Peak power Accuracy
1 Movement time
Sig.(2-tailed)
2 Starting speed 0.944**
Sig.(2-tailed) 0.000
3 Jumping distance 1.000** 0.946**
Sig.(2-tailed) 0.000 0.000
4 Peak power 0.907** 0.829** 0.905**
Sig.(2-tailed) 0.000 0.003 0.000
5 Accuracy -0.351 -0.325 -0.342 -0.208
Sig.(2-tailed) 0.319 0.360 0.334 0.565
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Discussion
When following Table (2 and 3) and through the application of the analysis of law of variance to
compare the steps of the approach of the skill of spikein the volleyball.The research variables are Movement of
time, starting speed, jumping distance, Peak power,in general there were significant differences between one step
and two steps and three steps during the performance of the skill of spikevolleyball. and there was no difference
between two steps and three steps. It is noticeable when returning to the computational medium to find out the
difference in favor of any step of approach It is noted that when we return to the computational medium to find
out the difference in favor of any step of approach, the result is that the three-step variables (Starting speed and
Peak power) were larger with a mean value of (3.331) (7787.012) respectively.The researcher attributed the
reason for this difference between the steps of the approach of the skill of spiketo the performance of this skill as
it needs to force and speed at the same time, i.e. explosive power according to the law (power = strength ×
speed). And the performing the skill in the least time if it ispossible so that the vertical Componentwill overcome
the horizontal Component, which led to increased jumping distance.Therefore, during the exercises, it is
necessary to make sure that the beating skill of the approaching stage is performed in three steps to produce
explosive power. The American College of Sports Medicine confirms that the definition of “An explosive
exercise can be defined as the movements of the rate of development of the force being maximal or near to the
maximum for a particular type of muscle movement for example (isometric, eccentric, isokinetic)”(ACSM,
n.d.)And through this result we reach that the performance of the skill of spikein thevolleyball in three steps
produces a faster starting speed and it is normal whenever the strength of the muscles of the legs is great, the
speed of starting increases. And these can be obtained while performing skill of spikethree steps. Whenthere was
an increase in Cruising speed of starting during jumping the means there wasa greater momentum of the body of
the player due to performingit in three steps and we didn’t find this result when performance the skill of spikeone
step. “In relation to this the preparation phase which includes a running approach that is important to give the
volleyball player maximum momentum for the height of the vertical jump in the takeoff phase (Kessel, 2013).
The muscles of the legs produce the maximum explosive power and the least time in the approaching stage while
performing the skill of spike inthree steps. and an explosive word refers to the ability to exercise force as soon as
possible in a particular action. Because the force is "muscle tension or a group of muscles can exercise against
the resistance in maximum effort and for one time "(Foss, 1998).This means the use of force against gravity
when jumping to perform the skill of spike. and can only be obtained by combing the strength and high speed,
which we mentioned earlier according to the law of power Because power is"Measuring the possibility of
exercising force at high speed or more accurately means the output of force exerted on the body and the speed of
the body in the direction of the force exerted"(Baechle, 1994).
Also, when viewing tables (3,4,5), we see a strong relationship between the biomechanical variables in
general. and this is one of the scientific principles. The time thrust is the first key to increase the speed of
jumping and the last explosive power of the legs. Controllingthe technique of the Steps of approaching is one of
the important things and if is one step.And this in turn increases the distance between the body of the player and
the ball during the performance of the skill of spike.and thus the player increases the increase of pulling the
hitting arm and increases the acceleration of the hitting arm".Numerous studies have shown that arm swing has a
significant influence on jump height "(Lees, 2004) .These studies indicated that the arm increases the angular
speed and torque at the lower limb joints, and the height of the center of gravity, and the speed at the start of the
counter jump. in addition to that,Hsieh and Heise(2006), found that the hitting arm was one of the most
important factors which contributed to volleyball.This process assists the arm to store and release the energy
from the muscle and tendon at lower extremities (Hsieh, 2006),This can only be achieved by increasing the
explosive power of the legs where (power = power × velocity), since (force = mass × acceleration).Therefore,
time has its effect and has an inverse relationship to the change in speed according to the law of
acceleration,because Newton's first law states that“An object will remain at rest or continue to move with
constant velocity as long as the net force equals zero” (Bazevich, 2010).In relation to this the preparation phase
includes a running approach that is important to give the volleyball player maximum momentum for the height
of the vertical jump in the takeoff phase (Kessel, 2013). This is due to the concepts of kinetic energy and
potential, “The goal is to transfer this kinetic energy into potential energy in preparation for the jump. If it comes
to a stop the kinetic energy will be less, therefore, preventing jumping as high. Since potential energy is the
product of the mass of the player, gravity, and the height of the jump, the height is what determines how much
potential energy can be attained”(Bazevich, 2010).At the same table, we see that there is no correlation between
the biomechanics and accuracy variables.The researcherattributes thisone correlation to the fact that the kinetic is
closely related to the mental processesas during the performance of any skill stimulates a specific muscle group
that works on a particular joint to form the right angle for its performance. So, the variables of the angles of the
body is determine the direction of the ball especially the wrist joint. as found in a study onanalysis of the
volleyball “set shot found a pushing pattern, with players put their arms behind the ball to “push” in the direction
of the ball trajectory, causing the ball to follow a more vertical arc, which was associated with greater accuracy”
(Portus, 2011)(Tant, 1993)This shows that the skills, whose performance is throwing or pushing, are more
aaccurate, compared to the beating skills (touch only),In the closed skills, greater mastery of performance Such
as (tennis, table tennis, badminton, etc.), (Antunez, 2012).
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Conclusions
1-During the performance of the skill of spikethe player must take a good preparatory situation as the approach
is not less than two steps.
2-The speed of the player during the last touch of the ground and jump produces a large explosive force and the
latter a greater jump distance.
3-Direct measurement during performance produces more accurate results than indirect measurement.
4-There is no difference between jumping two steps and three steps but produces almost the same strength.
5-necessity to exercise in accordance with the skill technique of body weight against gravity in the volleyball.
6-Biomechanical study variables do not have A relationship with accuracy spikein the volleyball.
7-Variables (Movement time, starting speed and Jumping distance) during the performance of the crushing skill
have a strong relationship to the explosive power of the legs in the volleyball.
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