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Advanced Differential Equations and Mathematical Modeling

1. Find the general solution to the given differential equation where x > 0. 2. Write down the first three terms of a sequence defined by a given recurrence relation. Show that two sequences defined by similar relations are equal if their initial terms are equal. Find the values of the initial term for one sequence that results in its second term being different from the other sequence but all subsequent terms being equal. 3. Use Newton's method to approximate the solution to Kepler's equation for given values of mean anomaly and eccentricity. Use Simpson's rule to approximate the value of a definite integral.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
242 views5 pages

Advanced Differential Equations and Mathematical Modeling

1. Find the general solution to the given differential equation where x > 0. 2. Write down the first three terms of a sequence defined by a given recurrence relation. Show that two sequences defined by similar relations are equal if their initial terms are equal. Find the values of the initial term for one sequence that results in its second term being different from the other sequence but all subsequent terms being equal. 3. Use Newton's method to approximate the solution to Kepler's equation for given values of mean anomaly and eccentricity. Use Simpson's rule to approximate the value of a definite integral.

Uploaded by

Desiree Tay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. Find the general solution of the differential equation


dy y
 x  1   x 2  x , where x  0 . [6]
dx ln  x  1

The sequence u n  has the recurrence relation un1   1 1  un  un , n  , n  0


n
2.

and u0  1 .

(i) Write down u1 , u2 and u3 . [1]

The sequence vn  has the recurrence relation vn 1   1 1  vn  vn , n  , n  0 .


n

(ii) Show that vn  un for all n  , n  1 when v0  1 . [3]

(iii) Find the set of values of v0 such that v1  u1 but vn  un for all n  , n  2 .

[4]

3. (a) Kepler’s equation of motion relates the mean anomaly, M, to the eccentric
anomaly, E, of an elliptic orbit in the following way:
M  e sin E  E  0 .
Given e  0.0167 and M  1.5 . Show that the equation has a root,  , in the
interval (0, 2). [2]
Use the Newton-Raphson method to find this root, correct to 3 decimal places.
[3]

(b) If the velocity of a body at time t (in seconds) is given by


v(t )  et (5cos t  10sin t ) ,
the displacement of the body from the initial position at time t (in seconds) can
be calculated using the integral
t
s (t )   e  x (5cos x  10sin x) d x .
0

Use Simpson’s rule with five ordinates to find an approximation to s (0.4) . Give
your answer to 3 decimal places. [3]

  Turn Over
 

 

4. (i) Sketch the curves C1 : r = sin  and C2 : r  sin  cos  , where      on


the same diagram. Find the exact polar coordinates of the point(s) of intersection
of C1 and C2 . [6]
 /2
(ii) Show that the length of C2 is given by k 0 cosec2 d , where k is a constant
to be determined. [3]
(iii) Find the exact area of the common region of C1 and C2 . [3]

5. Cooling towers of nuclear power plants and large coal-fired power plants are commonly
designed to have hyperbolic outlines because of their structural strength and minimum
usage of material. The base has to be broad to provide stability. The narrowest part
helps to enhance the speed of flow of vapor (referred to as laminar flow). The top
widens so that the hot vapor can mix with the cool air outside quickly. The natural draft
cooling tower in Niederaussem, Germany has the following dimensions:

100 m

x
180 m 80 m

116 m

The diameter of the top, the narrowest part and the base are 100 m, 80 m and 116 m
respectively. The height of the tower is 180 m.
(i) Find the cartesian equation of the hyperbola that forms the outline of the tower.
[4]
(ii) Find the volume of the tower, assuming that the thickness of the wall is
negligible. [3]
(iii) For such a tower to be stable, the eccentricity e of the hyperbola must be such
that 2.5  e  4. For another tower with the same top and bottom diameters and
the same height, but with a diameter of 2a m at the narrowest part (may not be
along the x-axis), express e in terms of a. Find the possible range of values of a.
[5]

 
 

 

6. The graph of y  f  x  has a stationary point at  0,5 . It is given that

f ''  x   2f '  x   10f  x   13e3 x  10 .

Find the solution for the above differential equation and its limit when x   . [12]

7. The outline of a hot air balloon can be modeled by the parametric equations:
 sin 2t 
x  a  sin t  ,
 2 
y  2b cos t ,
3
where a and b are constants, 0  t  .
4
The height of a hot air balloon is 25 m and the widest cross-sectional diameter is 15 m.

15 m

25 m

(i) Find the value of t when x (in metres) is maximum. Show that
10 25
a and b  . [5]
3 2 2

Suppose that the thickness of the balloon is negligible.


(ii) Assuming that the surface of the balloon is smooth, find the surface area of the
balloon to 1 decimal place. [4]

(iii) Show that the volume of the balloon is given by


k 3 /4 (1  2 cos t  2 cos3 t  cos 4 t )( sin t ) dt ,
0

where k is a constant to be found. Find the exact volume of the balloon. [4]

Turn Over
 
 

 

8. (i) The matrix A is given by


 1 c 3
 
A   4 1 0 .
 3 0 1
 
It is given that A has an eigenvalue of 6. Find the value of c and the remaining
eigenvalues. [4]
(ii) Hence, find matrices P and D such that A = PDP-1, where D is a diagonal matrix.
[4]
(iii) It is given that three function y1 , y2 , y3 are the solutions of the following system

of differential equations,
dy1
 y1  cy2  3 y3 ,
dx
dy2
 4 y1  y2 and
dx
dy3
 3 y1  y3 ,
dx
where c equals to the value found in part (i).
 u1   y1 
   
By considering U  P 1Y , where U   u2  and Y   y2  , show that the above
u  y 
 3  3

 du1 
 dx 
 
system can be rewritten as U '  DU where U '   du2 
. [3]
 dx 
 
 du3 
 
 dx 

 dy1 
 dx 
 
[You may assume that U '  P Y ' , where Y ' 
1  dy2 
.]
 dx 
 
 dy3 
 
 dx 
Hence, or otherwise, find the general solution of the functions y1 , y2 , y3 in terms
of x. [3]

 
 

 

9. Amy and Sheldon have a fishing pond and they have different models on the growth of
the fish population. Let P denote the population in thousands at t years.

dP  P
(a) Amy suggests the differential equation  kP 1    H , where a, k, H are
dt  a
positive constants.
(i) What is the condition of H if there exists two equilibrium population
values? Leave your answer in terms of a and k. [3]
ak
(ii) Given that H  and the initial population P0  a , describe the
4
behaviour of P. [2]

(b) Sheldon suggests that the population can be modelled by


dP  P  P 
 kP 1  1  
dt  a  b 
where a and k are the same constants that Amy uses, b is a positive constant and
ba.
(i) Sketch a graph of P against time t, for various initial population P0 .
[3]
(ii) Hence, find the set of values of P0 such that the population stabilizes in
the long run. [1]
(iii) State the significance of the constants a and b. [1]
8
(iv) Given that a  60, b  20, k  , use one iteration of the Euler method
5
to estimate the value of P0 , for which the population halves after one
year. Justify if the population will stabilize in the long run. [5]

End of Paper

 
 

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