BIO223: Human Anatomy L14b: MUSCLES OF LOWER LIMB UNC-Asheville, F2008
Lumbar Spine
Anatomy of the Lower Limb Muscles acting on lumbar spine:
Note:
• Abdominal Muscles (flexors)
Much of this was covered in bipedalism lecture, but these • Erector Spinae (extensors)
slides are limited to the anatomy of the lower limb.
Erector
spinae
Erector spinae group and deep back muscles
Abdominal muscles
• Rectus abdominus
• External oblique
• Internal oblique
•Transversus abdominus
Muscles acting at the hip:
Muscle groups acting at hip:
• Flexors (Iliopsoas) HIP FLEXORS
• Extensors (Gluteus maximus)
• Abductors (Gluteus medius & minimus) Iliopsoas
• Adductors (groin) O: ilium and lumbar vertebrae
I: lesser trochanter
flexion
abduction
extension
adduction
1
BIO223: Human Anatomy L14b: MUSCLES OF LOWER LIMB UNC-Asheville, F2008
Muscles acting at the hip:
HIP EXTENSORS
Iliopsoas muscles Gluteus maximus
(hip flexors) O: sacrum and ilium
I: femur and iliotibal band
Hamstrings act as synergist
Iliotibial band
Hip extensors
Gluteus maximus
• Gluteus maximus
and deep hip muscles
• “Hamstrings”
Tensor
fascia
lata
Tensor fascia lata
As name implies, pulls on iliotibial band to
tighten fascia of thigh and assist other thigh
muscles
Iliotibial band
Muscles acting at the hip:
HIP ABDUCTORS
G. minimus
“Anterior” or “small” gluteals
Gluteus medius and g. minimus Gluteus maximus
O: ilium
I: greater trochanter
G. minimus G. medius
2
BIO223: Human Anatomy L14b: MUSCLES OF LOWER LIMB UNC-Asheville, F2008
Muscles acting at the hip:
HIP ADDUCTORS Compartments of the thigh
• medial compartment of thigh
• Obturator Nerve • Anterior (quadriceps, extensors of knee) – femoral N.
Several muscles (Adductor magnus, • Posterior (hamstrings, flexors of knee) – sciatic N.
adductor longus, adductor brevis, etc.)
O: ischio-pubic ramus • Medial (hip adductors) – obturator N.
I: linea aspera
Anterior compartment of thigh Anterior compartment of thigh
KNEE EXTENSORS
anterior compartment of thigh Quadriceps
Femoral nerve • Rectus femoris
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus medialis
“QUADRICEPS” • Vastus intermedius
O: ant sup iliac spine & femur
Sartorius
I: patella Æ tibial tuberosity
Posterior compartment of thigh Posterior compartment of thigh
KNEE FLEXORS
posterior compartment of thigh Hamstrings
Sciatic nerve • Biceps femoris
• Semimembranosus
• Semitendinosus
“HAMSTRINGS”
O: ischial tuberosity
I: proximal tibia
3
BIO223: Human Anatomy L14b: MUSCLES OF LOWER LIMB UNC-Asheville, F2008
Medial compartment of thigh Medial compartment of thigh
(muscles act on hip) • Gracilis
• Pectineus
HIP ADDUCTORS • Adductor magnus
• medial compartment of thigh • Adductor longus
• Obturator Nerve • Adductor brevis
Several muscles (Adductor magnus,
adductor longus, adductor brevis, etc.)
O: ischio-pubic ramus
I: linea aspera
KNEE JOINT
KNEE JOINT, structures to know
femur femur
• Medial and lateral condyles of femur and tibia Quadriceps
Condyle
Anterior Cruciate
(tendon) Ligament
• Head of fibula (femur)
• Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) LCL
Joint Capsule
Condyle
• Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) (femur)
Lateral
• Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) collateral Lateral
• Medial collateral ligament (MCL) ligament Meniscus
• Medial meniscus Patellar
• Lateral meniscus Ligament
Medial Medial
• Patella collateral Meniscus Posterior
• Patellar tendon (ligament) fibula ligament Cruciate
Ligament
• Tibial tuberosity tibia tibia fibula
Anterior, superficial view Posterior, deep view
4
BIO223: Human Anatomy L14b: MUSCLES OF LOWER LIMB UNC-Asheville, F2008
Anterior Cruciate Walking w/ knee fully extended = ↑ risk of ACL injury
tight during extension; prevents Ligaments of the knee
tibia from sliding anterior relative
to femur
Medial
Lateral condyle
Posterior Cruciate condyle
PCL
tight during flexion; prevents tibia
ACL
from sliding posterior relative to meniscus meniscus
femur LCL MCL
Medial Collateral
tibial tuberosity
Strengthens medial part of joint,
e.g. during blow from outside fibula tibia
Lateral Collateral
Supports lateral part of joint,
e.g. during blow on medial side
ACL tear Arthroscopy
Usually accompanied by MCL Cameras and flexible tools operate
and medial meniscus injury
during extreme trauma
inside the joint, with minimal cutting Muscle compartments of the leg
(the “unhappy triad”)
• Posterior
• Anterior
• Lateral
Here, repairing articular cartilage
Muscles acting at the ankle:
Compartments of LEG Superficial Deep
POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT of LEG
plantarflexion, toe flexion, inversion
Tibial nerve
Posterior Compartment Gastrocnemius (Soleus)
Anterior Compartment O: medial & lateral epicondyles of femur
(gastrocnemius, soleus, toe flexors) (tibialis anterior, toe extensors)
I: calcaneus (via Achilles tendon)
Plantarflexion Dorsiflexion
Toe flexion Toe extension
propulsion during walking keeps toes from dragging
Lateral compartment
(peroneus mm.)
Provides arch support and
stability of ankle
Eversion
5
BIO223: Human Anatomy L14b: MUSCLES OF LOWER LIMB UNC-Asheville, F2008
Posterior compartment of leg Muscles acting at the ankle:
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT of LEG
dorsiflexion, toe extension
Fibular nerve (deep branch)
Ex. Tibialis anterior
Anterior compartment of leg Muscles acting at the ankle:
LATERAL COMPARTMENT of LEG
Provide arch support, eversion
Fibular nerve (superficial branch)
Ex. Fibularis longus and brevis
“Fibularis” = “Peroneus”
Anterior
Posterior compartment
compartment
Lateral
compartment
LEG: lateral and medial views
Intrinsic muscles of the Foot
Foot is similar to hand in many aspects of its anatomy.
medial view (left)
lateral view (right)
