Terminology
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01
Objectives
Objectives Objectives of this Presentation
Organizations and Knowledge to learn
Associations
Classification of The aim of this presentation is to explain
Safety Devices
the most common phrases around Safety Valves.
Definition of Terms
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition of Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 2 / 29
Objectives Institutions, Standards and Regulations
Organizations and
Organizations and
Associations
Associations
Classification of Area of Applicable regulations Issuer of regulations Symbol Monitoring
Safety Devices
application organisation
Definition of Terms
USA ASME Section VIII American Society of National Board (NB)
Loading Principle Division 1 Mechanical Engineers
(ASME)
Opening
Characteristics
Europe Pressure Device Guideline European Council/ European Office appointed
Definition of Terms – 97/23/EG, new from Parliament (e.g. German Technical
19.07.2016: 2014/68/EU Inspection Association)
Definition of ISO 4126 International Organization for
Back Pressure Standardization
China GB/T 12242 and Safety General Administration of National Engineering
Valves General Quality Supervision, Research Center for
Requirements GB/T Inspection and Quarantine/ Special Pump & Valve
12241 Special Equipment Licensing (NERCSPV)
Office (AQSIQ SELO)
International API 520, 526, 527 American Petroleum Institute Manufacturer
(API)
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 3 / 29
Objectives Classification of safety devices
Organizations and
Associations
Classification ofof
Classification
Safety
Safety Devices
Devices
Pressure Relief Devices
Definition of Terms
Loading Principle
Reclosing Devices Non-reclosing Devices
Opening
Characteristics
Definition of Terms
Rupture Disc
Loading Principle
Definition of Direct-load Controlled
Back Pressure Pin-actuated Device
Controlled Safety Pressure Relief System
Spring Weight
loaded loaded Pilot-Operated Safety Valve
Function
Relief Safety Safety Snap-acting Modulating
Valve* Valve* Relief
Valve* *acc. to ASME
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 4 / 29
Objectives Definition of Terms
Organizations and Pressure Relief Devices
Associations
Classification of A pressure relief device designed to open and relieve excess pressure
Safety Devices
and to re-close and prevent the further flow of fluid after normal
Definition ofofTerms
Definition Terms
conditions have been restored.
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition of Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 5 / 29
Objectives Loading Principle
Organizations and Spring Loaded Pressure Relief Valves
Associations
Classification of A pressure relief valve in which the opening and closing
Safety Devices
of the valve is controlled by a spring.
Definition of Terms
Loading Principle
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition of Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 6 / 29
Objectives Loading Principle
Organizations and Weight Loaded Pressure Relief Valve
Associations
Classification of A pressure relief valve in which the opening and closing
Safety Devices
of the valve is controlled by a weight.
Definition of Terms
Loading Principle
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition of Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 7 / 29
Objectives Loading Principle
Organizations and Pilot-Operated Safety Valves
Associations
Classification of A pressure relief valve in which the main valve is combined with and
Safety Devices
controlled by an auxiliary pressure relief valve (pilot-controlled).
Definition of Terms
Loading Principle
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition of Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 8 / 29
Objectives Loading Principle
Organizations and Controlled Safety Valve System
Associations
Classification of A system consisting of a safety valve in combination with control unit.
Safety Devices
The control unit generates an additional closing force with the aid of a
Definition of Terms
drive in the case of a spring-loaded safety valve.
Loading Principle
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition of Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 9 / 29
Objectives Loading Principle
Organizations and Rupture Disc / Safety Valve Combination
Associations
Classification of A system consisting of a main valve in combination with a
Safety Devices
prepended rupture disc. The bursting pressure of the rupture disc is
Definition of Terms
equal to the set pressure of the safety valve.
Loading Principle
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition of Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 10 / 29
Objectives Opening Characteristics
Organizations and Normal Safety Valve Pursuant to AD 2000 Information Sheet A2
Associations
Classification of A spring loaded pressure relief valve actuated by the static pressure
Safety Devices
upstream of the valve. The valve opens in proportion to the pressure
Definition of Terms
increase over the opening pressure. Used primarily with liquid service
Loading Principle (non-compressible).
Opening
Opening
Characteristics
Characteristics Lift [%]
100
Definition of Terms
Definition of
80
Back Pressure
p
c
60
40
20
ps p
0 Pressure [%]
90 100 110
p = set pressure pc = opening pressure
pp = popping pressure ps = closing pressure
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 11 / 29
Objectives Opening Characteristics
Organizations and Normal Safety Valve Pursuant to AD 2000 Information Sheet A2
Associations
Classification of A spring-loaded normal safety valve opening proportionately or suddenly
Safety Devices
within a pressure increase of 10%.
Definition of Terms
Used with all media: steam, vapour, gas and liquids.
Loading Principle
Opening
Opening
Characteristics
Characteristics Lift [%] Standard 10% – Pop-Acting
100
Definition of Terms
p
c
Definition of 80
Back Pressure
60
40
20
ps p p
p
0 Pressure [%]
80 90 100 105 110 120
p = set pressure pc = opening pressure
pp = popping pressure ps = closing pressure
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 12 / 29
Objectives
Opening Characteristics
Organizations and
Associations
Full-lift Safety Valve Pursuant to AD 2000 Information Sheet A2
Classification of A spring-loaded full-lift safety valve opening suddenly within a pressure
Safety Devices
increase of 5%.
Definition of Terms
Primarily used for gas, steam and vapour.
Loading Principle
Opening
Opening Characteristics
Characteristics Lift [%] Sudden opening within 5%
100
Definition of Terms
p
c
Definition of
80
Back Pressure
60
40
20
ps p p
p
0 Pressure [%]
80 90 100 105 110 120
p = set pressure pc = opening pressure
pp = popping pressure ps = closing pressure
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 13 / 29
Objectives Definition of Terms
Organizations and Conventional Pressure Relief Valve
Associations
Classification of A spring loaded pressure
Safety Devices Cap H2
relief valve whose operational Lock nut
Definition of Terms
characteristics are directly Adjusting screw
affected by changes in the Needle bearing
Loading Principle
Spring plate
Opening
back pressure on the valve. Spring
Characteristics
Spindle
Definition ofofTerms
Definition Terms Bonnet
Split ring
Definition of Spring plate
Back Pressure
Stud
Nut
Guide
Gasket
Bellows
Screw
Ball
Lock screw
Disc
Adjusting ring
Body
Nozzle
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 14 / 29
Objectives Definition of Terms
Organizations and Balanced Pressure Relief Valve
Associations
Classification of A spring loaded pressure relief
Safety Devices Cap H2
valve that incorporates a Lock nut
Definition of Terms
bellows or other means for Adjusting screw
minimizing the effect of back Needle bearing
Loading Principle
Spring plate
Opening
pressure on the operational Spring
Characteristics characteristics of the valve. Spindle
Definition ofofTerms
Definition Terms Bonnet
Split ring
Definition of Spring plate
Back Pressure
Stud
Nut
Guide
Gasket
Lift stopper
Screw
Ball
Lock screw
Disc
Adjusting ring
Body
Nozzle
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 15 / 29
Objectives Definition of Terms
Organizations and Valve Seat
Associations
Classification of The area of contact between the valve nozzle and disc.
Safety Devices
Definition of Terms
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition ofofTerms
Definition Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 16 / 29
Objectives Definition of Terms
Organizations and Set Pressure
Associations
Classification of The inlet gauge pressure at which the Pressure Relief Valve is set to open.
Safety Devices
Each manufacturer defines set pressure differently
Definition of Terms
LESER defines set pressure as:
Loading Principle
– Initial Audible discharge for vapor/gas/steam
Opening
Characteristics – First Steady Stream for liquids
Definition ofofTerms
Definition Terms
Lift (%) Competitors LESER
Definition of
Back Pressure 100
80
60
40
20
Set to pop Set to initial audible discharge
0 Pressure (%)
94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 121
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 17 / 29
Objectives Definition of Terms
Organizations and Simmer
Associations
Classification of The audible or visible escape of compressible fluid between
Safety Devices
the seat and disc of the Pressure Relief Valve prior to set-point:
Definition of Terms
LESER valves do NOT simmer before reaching the set pressure,
Loading Principle unlike some of our competitors
Opening
Competitor’s typical values are between 93 and 98%
Characteristics (depending on valve design)
Definition ofofTerms
Definition Terms
Lift (%) Competitors LESER
Definition of
Back Pressure 100
80
60
40
Simmer
20
0 Pressure (%)
94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 121
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 18 / 29
Objectives Definition of Terms
Organizations and Cold Differential Test Pressure (CDTP)
Associations
Classification of The pressure at which a Pressure Relief Valve is adjusted to open
Safety Devices
on the test stand. It includes corrections for the service conditions
Definition of Terms
of constant back pressure or temperature or both.
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition ofofTerms
Definition Terms
Lift (%)
Definition of
Back Pressure 100
Set pressure CDTP
80
60
40
20
0 Pressure (%)
94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 19 / 29
Objectives Definition of Terms
Organizations and Opening Pressure Difference
Associations
Classification of The pressure increase over the set pressure of the safety valve
Safety Devices
that thus allows the rated flow to be achieved.
Definition of Terms
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition ofofTerms
Definition Terms
Lift (%)
Definition of
Back Pressure 100
80
60 Opening
pressure difference max. 10 %
40
20
0 Pressure (%)
94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 121
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 20 / 29
Objectives Definition of Terms
Organizations and Closing Pressure Difference
Associations
Classification of The difference between the set pressure and the closing pressure
Safety Devices
of a safety valve (expressed as a percentage of set pressure).
Definition of Terms
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition ofofTerms
Definition Terms
Lift (%)
Definition of
Back Pressure 100
80
60
40 Closing
pressure
difference
20
Vessel
0 pressure (%)
76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 98 100
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 21 / 29
Objectives Definition of Terms
Organizations and Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP)
Associations
The maximum gauge pressure allowed at the top of a completed vessel.
Classification of
Safety Devices Design pressure may be used instead of MAWP in all cases where the MAWP
has not been established. Design pressure is equal to or less than MAWP.
Definition of Terms
Accumulation
Loading Principle The pressure increase over the MAWP of the vessel allowed during discharge
through the Pressure Relief Valve (governed by applicable codes).
Opening
Characteristics
Maximum Allowable Accumulated Pressure
Definition ofofTerms
Definition Terms The sum of the MAWP and the accumulation.
Definition of
Back Pressure
Maximum Allowable Maximum Allowable Accumulation
Lift (%) Operating Pressure Working Pressure Pressure Single Valve
100
80
60
40
20
Vessel
0 Pressure (%)
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 121
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 22 / 29
Objectives Definition of Terms
Organizations and Operating Pressure Ratio
Associations
Classification of The ratio of operating pressure to set pressure.
Safety Devices
90% should not be exceeded.
Definition of Terms
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition ofofTerms
Definition Terms
Maximum Allowable
Definition of Lift (%) Working Pressure
Back Pressure
100
80
Operating
Pressure
60
Operating
Pressure
40 Ratio
20
Vessel
0 Pressure (%)
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 121
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 23 / 29
Objectives Definition of Terms
Organizations and
Associations
Classification of Flutter
Safety Devices
The abnormal, rapid reciprocating motion of the movable parts
Definition of Terms of a pressure relief valve in which the disc does NOT contact the nozzle
Loading Principle
Chatter
The abnormal, rapid reciprocating motion of the movable parts
Opening
Characteristics
of a pressure relief valve in which the disc contacts the nozzle
Definition ofofTerms
Definition Terms
Possible causes for the above include:
– Inlet pressure drop too high
Definition of
Back Pressure
– Excessive back pressure
– Oversized valve
Flutter Chatter
Lift (%) Lift (%)
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 121 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 121
Vessel Pressure (%) Vessel Pressure (%)
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 24 / 29
Objectives Definition of Terms
Organizations and Actual (ASME) Discharge area
Associations
Classification of The minimum net area that determines
Safety Devices
the flow through the valve.
Definition of Terms
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition ofofTerms
Definition Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 25 / 29
Objectives Definition of Terms
Organizations and
Associations
Classification of Effective Discharge Area
Safety Devices
The theoretical area of flow through a pressure
Definition of Terms
relief valve, as defined in API 526:
Loading Principle
– independent of any specific valve design
Opening or manufacturer
Characteristics
– Used in API sizing calculations for orifice selection
Definition ofofTerms
Definition Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure
Effective Coefficient of Discharge
The nominal value used with an effective
discharge area to calculate the minimum
required relieving capacity of a pressure
relief valve:
– 0.975 vapor/gas/steam
– 0.65 liquids
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 26 / 29
Objectives Definition of Terms
Organizations and
Associations
Classification of Coefficient of Discharge (Kd)
Safety Devices
The actual discharge flow divided by the theoretical discharge flow
Definition of Terms
Rated Reduced Coefficient of Discharge (Kdr)
Loading Principle
The product of the coefficient of discharge (Kd) x 0.9.
Opening The rated reduced coefficient of discharge is to be used for all sizing
Characteristics
calculations.
Definition ofofTerms
Definition Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 27 / 29
Objectives Definition of Terms
Organizations and LESER Effective Orifice (LEO) area
Associations
Classification of Pressure relief devices may be initially sized
Safety Devices
using the API effective coefficient of discharge
Definition of Terms (S/G 0.975, L 0.650) and effective areas
(acc. to API Std. 526), which are independent
Loading Principle
of any specific valve design.
Opening
Characteristics
In this way the engineer can determine
a preliminary pressure relief valve size.
Definition ofofTerms
Definition Terms
By using the LESER Effective Orifice (LEO),
Definition of the engineer can conveniently select
Back Pressure
a LESER safety relief valve after calculating
the API required orifice area.
Where:
– LEOS/G = LESER Effective Orifice
(for steam, gas and vapor) [inch²]
– LEOL = LESER Effective Orifice (for liquid) [inch²]
– K = de-rated coefficient of discharge, taken from
Red Book Pressure Relief Device Certifications
(NB-18)
– A0 = actual orifice [in²]
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 28 / 29
Objectives Definition of Back Pressure
Organizations and
Associations
Classification of Back Pressure
Safety Devices
The pressure that exists at the outlet
Definition of Terms of a Pressure Relief Valve as a result
of the pressure in the discharge system.
Loading Principle It is the sum of the superimposed and
built-up back pressures.
Opening
Characteristics Built-up Back Pressure
Definition of Terms
The increase in pressure at the outlet
of a Pressure Relief Valve that develops
Definitionofof
Definition as a result of flow after the Pressure Relief
Back Pressure
Back Pressure
Valve opens. Always variable! Back Pressure =
Built-up +
Superimposed Back Pressure Superimposed
The static pressure that exists at the
outlet of the Pressure Relief Valve at
the time the valve is required to operate.
It is the result of pressure in the discharge
system coming from other sources and
may be constant, variable or both.
Note: The variable portion of the back pressure should not
exceed the allowable accumulation; otherwise, a bellows
or Pilot-Operated Safety Valve should be used.
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.06.2013 | Rev. 01 29 / 29
