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1 Introduction To Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Part1

This document introduces different pharmaceutical dosage forms by classifying them according to their method of administration, physical nature, and method of preparation. It discusses various oral, parenteral, rectal, inhalation, and topical dosage forms. It also describes classifications of dosage forms based on their physical nature including liquids, extracts, parenteral preparations, intravenous admixtures, and ophthalmic preparations.

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Joanna Carla Marmonejo Estorninos-Walker
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462 views32 pages

1 Introduction To Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Part1

This document introduces different pharmaceutical dosage forms by classifying them according to their method of administration, physical nature, and method of preparation. It discusses various oral, parenteral, rectal, inhalation, and topical dosage forms. It also describes classifications of dosage forms based on their physical nature including liquids, extracts, parenteral preparations, intravenous admixtures, and ophthalmic preparations.

Uploaded by

Joanna Carla Marmonejo Estorninos-Walker
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Pharmaceutical

Dosage Forms

Objectives:
To introduce the different pharmaceutical dosage forms
To differentiate each pharmaceutical dosage forms according to its manner
of administration, method of preparation, and physical nature
Various dosage forms are named and
grouped according to:

Method of administration
Physical nature
Method of preparation
Classification according to method of administration
1. Oral dosage forms – preparations intended to be taken
orally
2. Parenteral dosage forms- preparations introduced into the
body by injections through the skin and mucous
membranes.
3. Rectal dosage forms- employed for systemic effect or a
local action through the rectum.
4. Inhalation dosage forms- intended to be finally dispensed
or vaporized to the mucous membranes of the lower part
of the respiratory tract
5. Topical dosage forms- intended to be applied on the skin
or instilled into the eyes, nose or ears.
Classification of pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
according to Physical Nature
I. LIQUIDS
A. Solution- a homogeneous mixture that is prepared by
dissolving a solid or liquid or gas in another liquid. It
represents a group of preparations in which the
molecules of the solute or dissolved substances are
dispersed among those of the solvent.
1. Aqueous solutions. Water is used as the vehicle or
the solvent.
1. Aqueous solutions
a. Water – is used mainly as a vehicle and as a solvent for the
desired flavoring or medicinal ingredients.
b. Aromatic water – also known as medicated water; clear
saturated aqueous solutions of volatile oils or other
aromatic or volatile substances. Used mainly as flavored or
perfumed vehicles.
c. Aqueous acids – are official inorganic acids and certain acids
although of minor significance as therapeutic agents but of
great importance in chemical and pharmaceutical
manufacturing. Available commercially in the form of
concentrated aqueous solutions and expressed in % by
weight.
d. Diluted Acids – aqueous solutions of acids of suitable
strength usually 10%w/v except diluted Hac which is 6%
w/v. They are used for internal administration or for the
manufacture of other preparations.

e. Solution- is a liquid preparation that contains one or more


soluble chemical substances dissolved in water. Solutions
are used for the specific therapeutic effect of the solute
either internally or externally.
f. Douches – aqueous solutions directed against a part or into
a cavity of the body as a cleansing or antiseptic agent.
g. Enemas – aka evacuation enemas. They are rectal injections
employed to evacuate the bowel; retention enemas to
influence the general system by absorption, or to effect
locally the seat of the disease.
h. Gargles – are aqueous solutions used for treating pharynx
or the nasopharynx by forcing air
i. Mouthwashes – aqueous solutions which re most often
used for their deodorant, refreshing or antiseptic effect
j. Juices – are prepared from fresh ripe fruits, aqueous in
character and used in making syrups employed as
vehicles.
k. Nasal solutions – are usually aqueous solutions designed
to be administered to the nasal passages in drops or
spray form.
l. Otic solutions – aq.preparations dispensed in a container
which permits the administration of drops to the ear.
2. Sweet or Other Viscid Aqueous Solutions

a. Syrups – are concentrated solutions of sugar such as


sucrose in water or other aq. liquid, used either as flavored
syrup or medicated syrup.
b. Honey – is thick liquid preparations somewhat allied to
syrup and used as a base in place of syrup.
c. Mucilages- are thick, viscid, adhesive liquids produced by
dispersing gum in water or by extracting with water the
mucilaginous principles from vegetable substances. Used to aid
in suspending insoluble substances in liquids; their colloidal
character and viscosity help them prevent immediate
sedimentation.

d. Jellies – are class of gels in which the structural coherent


matrix contains a high proportion of liquid, usually water. Used
as lubricants for surgical gloves, catheters and rectal
thermometers.
3. Non- Aqueous Solutions

a. Collodion – a liquid preparation containing


pyroxillin in a mixture of ethyl ether and
ethanol. Applied to the skin by means of a soft
brush or other suitable applicator & when the
ether and alcohol evaporated, they leave a film
of pyroxillin on the surface .

b. Elixirs – are clear, pleasantly flavored sweetened


hydroalcoholic liquids intended for oral use, as
flavors and vehicles.
c. Glycerin or glycerites – are solutions or mixtures of
medicinal substances in not less than 50% by weight of
glycerin .
d. Inhalations and inhalants – drugs or solutions of drugs
administered by the nasal or oral respiratory route for local
or systemic effect.
Nebulizers are used for the administration of inhalations.
Inhalants – are special class of inhalation where drugs are
delivered via high power pressure carried by air current into
the nasal passage, the container is called the inhaler.
e. Liniments – are solutions or mixtures of various substances
in oil, alcoholic solutions of soap or emulsions, intended for
external application, rubbed on affected areas.
f. Oleovitamins – are fish liver oils diluted with edible
vegetable oil or solutions of volatile substances of the
indicated vitamins or vit.concentrates (usually vit A & D) on
fish liver oil.
g. Spirits – are popularly known as essences, are
alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile
substances. A few are used medicinally by
inhalation, while a large number as flavoring
agents.
h. Toothache drops – preparations used for the
temporary relief of toothache
B. Emulsions
Are a two phase system prepared by
combining two immiscible liquids,
one of which is uniformly dispersed
through the other; they consist of
globules that have diameters equal
to or greater than those of the
largest colloidal particles.
A third substance, the emulsifying
agent, is incorporated to prevent
separation of the two phases.
C. Suspensions
Are a two-phase system consisting of finely divided solid
dispersed in a solid, liquid, or gas. Suspending agent is added
to ensure appropriate dispersion of the solid in the vehicle.
II. EXTRACTS
These are solutions of the active constituents of a crude drug
obtained by maceration or percolation ready for use as a
medicinal agent or may be further process to produce solid or
semisolid extracts.
a. Tinctures – are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions
prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical
substances.
b. Fluidextracts
Are liquid preparations of vegetable drugs containing alcohol as a
solvent or as a preservative or both, so made that each ml
contains the therapeutic constituents of 1g of the standard drug
that it represents. They are 100% Tinctures. Used as flavoring
agents.
C. Extracts
Are concentrated preparation of vegetable or animal drugs
obtained by removal of the active constituents of the respective
drugs with suitable menstruum, evaporation of all or nearly all of
the solvent and adjustment of the residual masses or powders to
the prescribed standard.
III. Parenteral Preparations
Sterile preparations intended to be administered by injection
under or through one or more layers of the skin or mucous
membrane.
They are usually packed in ampules or vials.
Types
a. Solutions ready for injection
b. Dry, soluble products ready to be combined with a solvent
just prior to the use
c. Suspensions ready for injection
d. Dry, insoluble products ready to be combined with a vehicle
just prior to use
e. Emulsions
IV. Intravenous Admixture
It refers to a mixture of IVF and drugs to
be administered by injection.

a. Intravenous Fluid – sterile, large


volume solutions intended to be
administered by IV infusions, they
contain sugar, amino acids and
electrolytes.
b. IV admixture – a combination of one
or more sterile products added to an
IVF for administration. The products
are mixed in a suitable environment
using aseptic technique.
c. Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
Preparation containing calories, nitrogen and other
nutrients in sufficient quantities.
The preferred source of calories are dextrose, protein
hydrolysate for nitrogen, and electrolyte and vitamins
for the nutrients.
V. Ophthalmic Preparations – sterile preparations for the eyes
a. Solutions – intended for the eyes;
clear, sterile solution to be instilled
into the eyes by the use of a dropper.

b. Suspensions – dispersion of finely


divided relatively insoluble drug
substances in an aqueous vehicle
containing suitable suspending and
dispersing agent.
c. Ointments – intended for the eyes contain medicinal
agents added to the ointment base of white
petrolatum and mineral oil either as a solution or as
micronized powder, they are limited to bedtime
instillations.
c. Lens care products – sterile preparations
intended to protect the lens.
1. Wetting solutions- prepns designed to furnish
hydrophilic coating over the characteristically
hydrophilic surface of hard contact lens surface
2. Cleaning solutions – used to remove surface
contaminants, lipids, proteins and the like.
c. Lens care products – sterile preparations intended to
protect the lens.
3. Disinfection solution – isotonic; in an acceptable pH
range non reactive with lens material and sterile solution
which exhibits disinfecting activity
4. Soaking solutions – used to store and hydrate hard
lenses and to disinfect.
5. Artificial tears – solutions intended to rewet hard
lenses in situ

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