CHAPTER 4

DETAIL DESIGN OF SLAB AND CONNECTION

4.1. General
In this study, Eight-storeyed steel building is analysed by ETABS software
and designed by AISC-LRFD method. Design of composite slabs, connections, base
plates, short columns and stair are manually calculated according to Load and Resistance
Factor Design. Connections are designed as bolted and welded connections.
Composite slabs, base plates, short columns and stair are calculated with concrete
compressive strength of 3000 psi and yield strength of 50000 psi.

4.2. Design Calculation of Slabs

All floor slabs are designed as metal steel deck supporting concrete slab
system. In the design of composite slab, common 2 types of slab have been considered in
accordance with span length. Typical slabs plan is shown in Figure 4.1. Normal weight
concrete (145 pcf) concrete slab over 2 inches metal deck and overall slab thickness of
4 inches in composite floor construction is used.

Figure 4.1. Typical Slab Floor Plan

 59

4.2.1. Design of Type 1 Slab

Slab S1 is between grid (1,2) and grid (D,E) at 5th floor. The slab S1 is
designed with concrete compressive strength of fc' = 3000 psi and reinforcing steel
yield strength of fy = 50000 psi. Live load on slab S1 is 40 psf. Floor plan and floor
section for type 1 slab are shown in Fig.4.2 and Fig 4.3.Dimensions and properties of
type 1 slab as shown in Table 4.1.

19’

B2 SB2 SB2 B2 16’

6’ 7’ 6’

Figure 4.2. Floor Plan for Type 1 Slab

W 10 × 22 steel beam,
d = 10.17 in, A = 6.49 in2, bf = 5.75 in, tw = 0.24 in, tf = 0.36 in, Ix = 116 in4,
Sx = 23.2 in3, Zx = 26 in3
Beam weight = 22 lb/ft
Weight of concrete + deck = 39 psf
Construction Live Load = 20 psf
Superimposed Dead Load = 30 psf
Superimposed Live Load = 40 psf

(a) Check  Mn ³ Mu (for without temporary shoring)

ωu = 1.4 (concrete slab) + 1.2 (steel beam) + 1.6 (construction L.L)
= (1.4 × 39) + (1.2 × 22×1) + (1.6 × 20)
= 113 lb/ft2
u l2
Mu = 8
113×7×16 2
= 8×1000 = 25.31 kip-ft
Design strength,
M =  bFyZx
n
 60

1
= 0.85 × 50 × 26× 12
= 92.08 kip-ft > Mu = 25.31 kip-ft

\  Mn > Mu
Therefore, it is satisfied.

(b) Check  Mn ³ Mu (after concrete have cured)

L 16×12
bE = 4 = 4 = 48 in (control)
bE = bo = 7 × 12 = 84 in
ω u = 1.2 ω D + 1.6 ω L

= 1.2 (22 + 39 + 30) + 1.6 (40)

= 173.2 lb/ft2
u l2
Mu = 8

173 .2×7×16 2
= 8×1000 = 38.797 kip-ft

Stress block depth,

Asf y
'
a = 0.85f c b E
6 . 49 ×50
= 0. 85×3×48
= 2.65 in < ts = 4 in
a < ts (plastic neutral axis in the slab)
d a
M  
n =  Asfy  2 + ts – 2 
10 . 17 2 . 65 1
= 0.85 × 6.49 × 50 2 [ +4−
2 ] 12

= 178.37 kip-ft > Mu = 38.797 kip-ft

Therefore, it is satisfied.

(c) Check dead load deflection (during construction)

ω D = (22 + 39) 7
 61

= 427 lb/ft
5l4
Δ D = 384EI
4 3
5×427×16 ×12
= 384×29000×116×1000
L 16×12
= = 1 . 07 in
= 0.19 in < 180 180
Therefore, it is satisfied.
(d) Check live load deflection
For normal weight concrete,

33W1.5 f c'
Modulus of elasticity of concrete, Ec =
33×( 145 )1 . 5× √3000
= 1000
= 3155.92 ksi
Es 29000
Modular ratio, n = Ec = 3155 .92 = 9.19  9
Width of equivalent steel,
bE 48
b= n = 9 = 5.33 ¿ 6

ts= 4"
yt

C.G of composite section ȳ

yb
C.G of W section W10×22

Figure 4.3. Floor Section for Type 1 Slab

Table 4.1. Dimensions and Properties of Type 1 Slab

Element A (in2) y (in) Ay(in3) Ay2 (in4) Io (in4)

Slab 24 7.085 170.04 1204.733 32
W 10 × 22 6.49 0 0 0 116

Total 30.49 7.085 170.04 1204.733 148

 62

Ay

y = A

170.04
= 30.49
= 5.58 in (from bottom)
Ix = Io + Ay2
=148 + 1204.733
= 1352.733 in4
2
Itr =Ix – Ay
=1352.733 – (30.49 ×5.582)
=403.38 in4
c = yt
d
- { ȳ+ slab thickness¿
= 2

10 .17
−5 .58+4
= 2
= 3.51 in
I tr
St = y top

403 .38
= 3.51
= 114.92 in3
ω L = 40 × 7 = 280 lb/ft

5L4
DL = 384 EI
4 3
5×280×16 ×12
= 384×29000×403 .38×1000

L 16×12
= = 0.53 in
= 0.035 in < 360 360
Therefore, it is satisfied.

(e) Check stress in concrete

 63

Service load,
ω = (22 + 39 + 30 + 40)
= 131 lb/ft2
l 2
M = 8
2
131×7×16 ×12
= 8×1000
= 352.128 kip-in
M 352.128
Compressive stress in concrete = ns t = 9×114 .92 = 0.34 ksi
(f) Design of shear connector
The compressive force that must be carried by the shear connector, Cc
'
Cc = 0.85 f c b Ea
= 0.85 × 3 × 48 × 2.65
= 324.36 kips
Strength of one stud, Qn
3
"  , d s  0.75 in, Fub  60 ksi
Try 4

1746 f c'
Ec =

= 1746 √3

= 3024.16 ksi

 
0.5  d s2  f c' E c
Qn = 4 

   3 2 
0.5    
 44 
=   √ 3×3024.16
= 21.04 ≈ 21 kips/stud (control)
 2 b
 d s  Fu
Qn = 4 

 0.75 2
60
= 4 = 26.51 kips/stud
 64

Number of shear connector,

Cc 324 . 36
=15 . 42≈ 16 (for half span)
N = Q n = 21. 04
For entire span= 2N = 2 × 16 = 32 Nos
Using uniform spacing with two studs at each location,
L 16×12
= 12 in
Required spacing, P = N = 16
Maximum spacing = 8 ts = 8 × 4 = 32 in > 12 in
Minimum spacing = 6 ds = 6 × 0.75 = 4.5 in < 12 in
Stud height = 4ds = 4 × 3/4 = 3 in ˂ 3.5 in (minimum)
= 3.5 in (Use)
Use 3/4″ diameter stud connectors @ 12" c/c spacing with two studs at each location.
Use the upset head thickness of the stud = 0.5 in
The upset head diameter is 0.5 in larger than stud diameter.
Use the upset head diameter = 0.75 + 0.5 = 1.25 in

12”

2"
2"

W 10 × 22 Beam

Figure 4.4. Floor Section with Shear Connectors for Type 1 Slab

4.2.2. Design of Type 2 Slab

Slab S2 is between grid (3,4) and grid (G,H) at 5 th floor. The slab S2 is
designed with concrete compressive strength of fc' = 3000 psi and reinforcing steel
yield strength of fy = 50000 psi. Live load on slab S2 is 100 psf. Floor plan and floor
section for type 1 slab are shown in Fig.4.2 and Fig 4.3.Dimensions and properties of
type 1 slab as shown in Table 4.1.
 65

19'

B2 SB1 SB1 B2 8′
'

6' 7' 6'

Figure 4.5. Floor Plan for Type 2 Slab

W 10 × 17 steel beam,
d = 10.11 in, A = 4.99 in2, bf = 4.01 in, tw = 0.24 in, tf = 0.33 in, Ix = 81.9 in4,
Sx = 16.2 in3, Zx = 18.7 in3
Beam weight = 17 lb/ft
Weight of concrete + deck = 39 psf
Construction Live Load = 20 psf
Superimposed Dead Load = 30 psf
Superimposed Live Load = 100 psf

(a) Check  Mn³ Mu (for without temporary shoring)

ω u = 1.4 (concrete slab) + 1.2 (steel beam) + 1.6 (construction L.L)
= (1.4 × 39) + (1.2 × 17 × 1) + (1.6 × 20)
= 107 lb/ft2

u l 2
Mu = 8

107×7×8 2
= 8×1000
= 6 kip-ft
Design strength,
M =  FyZx
n

1
= 0.85 × 50 × 18.7 × 12
= 66.23 kip-ft > Mu = 6 kip-ft

\  Mn > Mu
Therefore, it is satisfied.
 66

(b) Check  Mn ³ Mu (after concrete have cured)

L 8×12
=
bE = 4 4 = 24 in (control)
bE = bo = 7 × 12= 84 in
ω u = 1.2 ω D + 1.6 ω L

= 1.2 (17 + 39 + 30) + 1.6 (100)

= 263.2 lb/ft2

u l2
Mu = 8

263 .2×7×82
= 8×1000
= 14.74 kip-ft
Stress block depth,
Asf y
'
a = 0.85f c b E
4 . 99×50
= 0. 85×3×24
= 4.08 in < ts = 5 in
a < ts (plastic neutral axis in the slab)
d a
M  
n =  Asfy  2 + ts – 2 
10 . 11 4 . 08 1
= 0.85 × 4.99 × 50 2 [ +5−
2 ] 12
= 141.65 kip-ft > Mu = 14.74 kip-ft

\  Mn > Mu
Therefore, it is satisfied.
(c) Check dead load deflection (during construction)
ω D = (17 + 39) 7 = 392 lb/ft
5l4
Δ D = 384EI

5×392×84 ×123
= 384×29000×81 . 9×1000
 67

L 8×12
= = 0. 53 in
= 0.015 in < 180 180
Therefore, it is satisfied.
(d) Check live load deflection
For normal weight concrete,
Modulus of elasticity of concrete,

33W1.5 f c'
Ec =
33×( 145 )1 . 5× √3000
= 1000 = 3155.92 ksi
Es 29000
Modular ratio, n = E c = 3155 .92 = 9.19  9
bE 24
= = 2. 67≈ 3
Width of equivalent steel, b = n 9

ts= 5"
yt

ȳ
C.G of composite section
yb
C.G of W section W 10×17

Figure 4.6. Floor Section for Type 2 Slab

Table 4.2. Dimensions and Properties of Type 2 Slab

Element A (in2) y (in) Ay (in3) Ay2 (in4) Io (in4)

Slab 15 7.555 113.33 856.17 31.25

W 10 × 17 4.99 0 0 0 81.9

Total 19.99 7.555 113.33 856.17 113.15

Ay

y = A
113.33
= 19.99
 68

= 5.67in (from bottom)

Ix = Io + Ay2
= 113.15+ 856.17
= 969.32 in4
2
Itr = Ix – Ay
= 969.32 – (19.99 × 5.672)
= 326.66 in4
c = yt
d
- { ȳ+ slab thickness¿
= 2
10 .11
−5 . 67+5
= 2

= 4.39 in
I tr
St = y top

326 .66
= 4 .39

= 74.49in3
ω L = 100 × 7 = 700 lb/ft

5L4 5×700×84 ×123

DL = 384 EI = 384×29000×326 . 66×1000
L 8×12
= = 0. 27 in
= 0.007 in < 360 360
Therefore, it is satisfied.
(e) Check stress in concrete
Service load,
ω = (17 + 39 + 30 + 100)
= 186 lb/ft2
l2
M = 8
 69

186×7×8 2×12
= 8×1000
= 124.99 kip-in
M 124.99
Compressive stress in concrete = ns t = 9×74.49 = 0.19 ksi
(f) Design of shear connector
The compressive force that must be carried by the shear connector, Cc
'
Cc = 0.85 f c b Ea
= 0.85 × 3 × 24 × 4.08 = 249.7 kips
Strength of one stud, Qn
3
"  , d s  0.75 in, Fub  60 ksi
Try 4

1746 f c' 1746 √3

Ec = = = 3024.16 ksi

 
0.5  d s2  f c' E c
Qn = 4 

   3 2 
0.5    
44 
=   √ 3×3024.16
= 21.04 ≈ 21 kips / stud (control)
 2 b 
 d s  Fu  0.75 2
60
Qn = 4  = 4 = 26.51 kips/stud
Number of shear connector,
Cc 249.7
N = Q n = 21.04 = 11.89 ¿ 12 (for half span)
For entire span = 2N = 2 × 12 = 24 Nos
Using uniform spacing with two studs at each location,
L 8×12
Required spacing, P = N = 12 = 8 in
Maximum spacing = 8 ts = 8 × 5 = 40 in > 8 in
Minimum spacing = 6 ds = 6 × 0.75 = 4.5 in < 8 in
Stud height = 4ds = 4 × 3/4 = 3 in ˂ 3.5 in (minimum)
= 3.5 in (Use)
Use 3/4″ diameter stud connectors @ 8" c/c spacing with two studs at each location.
 70

Use the upset head thickness of the stud = 0.5 in

The upset head diameter is 0.5 in larger than stud diameter.
Use the upset head diameter = 0.75 + 0.5 = 1.25 in
8"

3"
2”
"

W 10 × 17 Beam

Figure 4.7. Floor Section with Shear Connectors for Type 2 Slab
 71

There are two common types of slab in this structure. The design results for floor slabs are described in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3. Summary of Design Results for Floor Slabs
Centre to

Design centre
Design Deflection
strength for spacing of
strength after based on dead Allowable Compressive Number Deflection
Type without studs (in) Allowable
concrete have loads deflection stress of of shear under super-
of temporary deflection
cured during (L/180) concrete stud along imposed live
slab shoring 70 (L/360) (in)
(kip-ft) construction (in) (ksi) the beam load (in)
(kip-ft)
(in)

1 92.08 178.37 0.19 1.07 0.34 32 12 0.035 0.53

2 66.23 141.65 0.015 0.53 0.19 24 8 0.007 0.27

 72

4.3. Design of Connection

Design of connection consists of beam to column connections, beam to beam
connection, beam to web member joint connection, column to beam and web member
joint connection and column splices. In this study, joint types are classified according
to their location, namely corner joint (Type 1) and exterior joint (Type 2) as shown in
Fig. 4.8. In this study, beam to column connections that have maximum moment are
designed. Bearing type connection with A325-N bolts is used. E 70 electrodes are
used with SMAW process.

Figure 4.8. Location of Joint Types

4.3.1. Design Calculation for Beam to Column Flange Connection

The beam to corner and exterior column at 4th and 7th floor are designed in
beam to column flange connection.
4.3.1.1. Design of Beam to Column Flange Connection (Corner Column)
PL- 7"×11"×1/2"
¾" diameter
A325N bolt E70
3/8"

W 14 × 90 W 10 × 26 Beam
Column E70
3/8"

Figure 4.9. Beam to Column Flange Connection (Type1)

 73

b
Fy = 50 ksi, Fu = 65 ksi, Fu = 120 ksi, FEXX= 70 ksi
W 10 × 26 beam,
bf = 5.77 in, d = 10.33 in, tf = 0.44 in , tw = 0.26 in, Af = 2.539 in2, k = 0.875
From analysis data,
Mu = 720.492 kip-in, Vu = 16.56 kips
W 14 × 90 column,
bf = 14.52 in, d = 14.02 in, tf = 0.71 in, tw = 0.44 in, k = 1.375
Tensile strength of bolts,
Mu 720 . 492
Tu = d  t fb = 10.33−0 .44 = 72.85 kips
Try 3/4" ϕ bolt.
π
×(0 .75 )2
Ab = 4 = 0.44 in2
R = ϕ(0.75Ab)Fub
nt

= 0.75 × (0.75×0.44) × 120

= 29.70 kips/bolt
Tu 72.85
Required number of bolt = R nt = 29.70 = 2.45
Try 4 Nos (for both sides)
Shear stress,
Vu 16.56
fuv = nA b = 4×0.44 = 9.41 ksi
Check combined shear and tension
For A 325 - N
Allowable tensile stress,
F'ut = 117 – 1.9fuv ¿ 90

F'ut = 117 – 1.9 × 9.41 = 99.121 > 90 ksi (Control)

Tensile stress,
Tu 72.85
fut = A = 4×0.44 = 41.392 ksi < Allowable = 90 ksi
Therefore, it is satisfied.
Use c/c spacing = 6.45 in > 3d = 3 × 0.75 = 2.25 in
 74

Used end distance = 1.5 in > 1.5d = 1.5 × 0.75 = 1.125 in

Weld thickness,
Required,
Tu 72. 85
R = 2b f  t w = 2×5 .77−0 . 26 = 6.46 kip/in
nw

Design strength,
R =  (0.707 a) (0.6 FEXX)
n

6.46 = 0.75(0.707a) (0.6×70)

a = 0.29 in
 Use 3/8 in weld thickness.

The required length Lw of fillet weld,

T 72. 85
Lw = φRnw = 6. 46 = 11.28 in
Total design strength = 6.46×11.28 = 72.87kips > 16.56 kips
Determination of plate thickness,
S = k + weld thickness
S =0.875 + 3/8 = 1. 25 in
db
S  weld size
b' = 4

0 . 75 3
1. 25− − =0 .688 in
= 4 8
Fy = 50 ksi , A 325bolt  ca = 1.09

bf
cb = √ √ bs
=
5 . 77
6 . 77
=0 . 923

1 1
A b'
αm =
ca cb f
Aw ( )( ) 3
db
4

1 1
5.77×0.44 0.688
= 1.09 × 0.923 ×
[ ( 10.33−2×0.44 )×0.26 ]( )
3
0.75
4

= 0.995
α m T u b'
Me = 4
 75

0. 995×72. 85×0.688
= 4
= 12.47 kip-in

4 . 44 M e
tp = √ ωf y (1+αδ )

4 .44×12. 47
= √ 6 .77×50 ( 1+0 )
= 0.404 in
Use thickness of plate = 1/2 in.
Minimum weld thickness,
1/4 <t=1/2 ≤1/2 ⇒ a min = 3/16 in

Maximum weld thickness,

t= 1/2≥1 /4 ⇒ amax = 1/2−1/16= 7/16 in

So, a = 3/8 in is ok.

Pbf F t (t  6k  2t p  2a)
= yc wc fb
1
=
(
50×0. 44× 0 . 44+ 6×1 . 375+2× +2×0 .375
2 )
= 229.68 kips > Compressive force, C = 72.85 kips
 Stiffener is not required.

Use 7 in×11in×1/2in plate

4.3.1.2. Design of Beam to Column Flange Connection (Exterior)

PL- 7"×11"×1/2"
 76

¾" diameter
A325N bolt
E70
3/8"

W 10 × 26 Beam
E70
W 14 × 159 3/8"
Column

Figure 4.10. Beam to Column Flange Connection (Type 2)

b
Fy = 50 ksi, Fu = 65 ksi, Fu = 120 ksi, FEXX= 70 ksi
W 10 × 26 beam,
bf = 5.77 in, d = 10.33 in, tf = 0.44 in , tw = 0.26 in, Af = 2.539 in2, k = 0.875
From analysis data,
Mu = 776.155 kips-in
Vu = 17.78 kips
W 14 × 159 column,
bf = 15.565 in, d = 14.98 in, tf = 1.19 in, tw = 0.745 in, k = 1.875
Tensile strength of bolts,
Mu 776.155
Tu = d  t fb = 10.33−0 .44 = 78.479 kips
Try 3/4" ϕ bolt.
π
×(0 .75 )2= 0 . 44 in 2
Ab = 4

R (0.75A )Fub
nt = b

= 0.75×(0.75×0.44)×120
= 29.70 kips/bolt

Tu 78.479
Required number of bolt = R nt = 29.70 = 2.64
Try 4 Nos (for both sides)
Shear stress,
 77

Vu 17.78
fuv = nA b = 4×0.44 = 11.1 ksi
Check combined shear and tension,
For A 325 - N
Allowable tensile stress,
F'ut = 117 – 1.9fuv ¿ 90

F'ut = 117 – 1.9 × 11.1 = 95.91 > 90 ksi (Control)

Tensile stress,
Tu 78 .479
fut = A = 4×0.44 = 44.59 ksi < Allowable = 90 ksi
Therefore, it is satisfied.
Use c/c spacing = 6.45 in > 3d = 3 × 0.75 = 2.25 in
Used end distance = 1.5 in >1.5d = 1.5 × 0.75 = 1.125 in
Weld thickness,
Tu 78 . 479
Required  Rnw= 2bf  t w = 2×5 .77−0 . 26 = 6.96 kip/in

Design strength,
R =  (0.707 a) (0.6 FEXX)
n

6.96 = 0.75(0.707a) (0.6×70)

a = 0.31 in
 Use 3/8 in weld thickness.

The required length Lw of fillet weld,

T 78. 479
Lw = φRnw = 6. 96 = 11.28 in
Total design strength = 6.96 × 11.28 = 78.509 kips > 17.78 kips
Determination of plate thickness,
S = k + weld thickness
S =0.875 + 0.375 = 1.25 in
db
S  weld size
b' = 4
 78

0.75
1. 25− −0 .375
= 4 = 0.6875 in
Fy = 50 ksi , A 325  ca = 1.09

bf
cb = √ √ bs
= 5 . 77
6 . 77
=0 . 923

1 1
 A 3  b'  4
ca c b  f   
α m =  Aw   db 
1 1
5.77×0.44 0.6875
= 1.09 × 0.923 ×
[ ( 10.33−2×0.44 )×0.26 ]( )
3
0.75
4

= 0.995
 m Tu b '
Me = 4

0. 995×78. 479×0 .6875

= 4 = 13.42 kip-in

4.44 M e
wf y (1  )
tp =

4 . 44×13. 42
= √ 6 .77×50 ( 1+0 ) = 0.42 in
Use thickness of plate = 1/2 in.
Minimum weld thickness,
1/4 <t= 1/2≤1/2 ⇒ a min = 3/16 in

Maximum weld thickness,

t= 1/2≥1 /4 ⇒ amax = 1/2−1/16= 7/16 in

So, a = 3/8 in is ok.

Pbf F t (t  6k  2t p  2a)
= yc wc fb

= 50×0.745× ( 0.44 +6×1.875+2×0 .56+2×0. 375 )

= 505.11 kips > Compressive force, C = 78.479 kips
 79

 Stiffener is not required.

Use 7 in×11in×1/2 in plate

Summarized data of beam to column flange connections are shown in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4. Design Results for Beam to Column Flange Connection

Type of connection Type 1(corner ) Type 2(exterior)

Beam, B W10×26 W10×26
Column, C W14×90 W14×159
Shear (kips) 16.56 17.78
Moment (kip-in) 720.492 776.155
Size of bolt (in) 3/4 3/4
Number of bolt 4 4
Weld thickness (in) 0.375 0.375
Length of weld (in) 11.28 11.28
Size of plate (in) 7×11×1/2 7×11×1/2
Design strength > Vu 72.87 > 16.56 78.509 > 17.78

4.3.2. Design Calculation for Beam to Column Web Connection

The beam to corner and exterior column are designed in beam to column web
connection.
4.3.2.1. Design of Beam to Column Web Connection (Corner)

PL- 9"×11"×3/8"
¾" diameter
A325N bolt
E70
3/16"

W 10 × 39 Beam
E70
3/16"
W 14 × 90 Column
 80

Figure 4.11. Beam to Column Web Connection (Type 1)

b
Fy = 50 ksi, Fu = 65 ksi, Fu = 120 ksi, FEXX= 70 ksi
W 10 × 39 beam,
bf = 7.985 in, d = 9.92 in, tf = 0.53 in , tw = 0.315 in, Af = 4.23 in2, k = 1.125 in
From analysis data,
Mu = 266.191 kip-in, Vu = 8.96 kips
W 14 × 90 column,
bf = 14.52 in, d = 14.02 in, tf = 0.71 in, tw = 0.44 in, k = 1.375 in
Mu 266 .191
Tu = d  t fb = 9.92−0 .53 = 28.35 kips
Try 3/4" ϕ bolt.
π
×( 0 . 75 )2
Ab = 4 = 0.44 in2

R (0.75A )Fub
nt = b

= 0.75 × (0.75 × 0.44) × 120

= 29.70 kips/bolt
Tu 28.35
Required number of bolt = R nt = 29.70 = 0.95
Try 4 Nos (for both sides)
Shear stress,
Vu 8. 96
fuv = nA b = 4×0. 44 = 5.09 ksi
Check combined shear and tension
For A 325 - N
Allowable tensile stress,
F'ut = 117 – 1.9fuv ¿ 90

F'ut = 117 – 1.9 × 5.09 = 107.329 > 90 ksi (Control)

Tensile stress,
Tu 28.35
fut = A = 4×0.44 = 16.108 ksi < Allowable = 90 ksi
Therefore, it is satisfied.
Use c/c spacing = 6.45 in > 3d = 3 × 0.75 = 2.25 in
 81

Used end distance = 1.5 in >1.5d = 1.5 × 0.75 = 1.125 in

Weld thickness,
Tu 28 .35
Required  Rnw= 2bf  t w = 2×7 . 985−0. 315 = 1.81 kip/in
Design strength,
R =  (0.707 a) (0.6 FEXX)
n

1.81 = 0.75(0.707a) (0.6×70)

a = 0.081 in
 Use 3/16 in weld thickness.

The required length Lw of fillet weld,

T 28.35
Lw = φRnw = 1.81 = 15.66 in
Total design strength = 1.81 × 15.66 = 28.345 kips > 8.96 kips
Determination of plate thickness
S = k + weld thickness
S = 1.125 + 3/16 = 1.3125 in
db
S  weld size
b' = 4

0 . 75 3
1. 3125− −
= 4 16 = 0.9375 in
Fy = 50 ksi , A 325  ca = 1.09

bf
cb = √ √ bs
= 7 . 985
8 . 985
=0 . 943

1 1
 A 3  b'  4
ca c b  f   
α m =  Aw   db 
1 1
7.985×0.53 0.9375
= 1.09 × 0.943 ×
[ ( 9.92−2×0.53 ) ×0 .315 ]( )
3
0.75
4

= 1.25
 m Tu b '
Me = 4
 82

1. 25×28. 35×0 .9375

= 4 = 8.306 kip-in

4.44 M e
wf y (1  )
tp =

4 . 44×8 .306
= √ 8 . 985×50 ( 1+0 ) = 0.287 in
Use thickness of plate = 3/8 in.
Minimum weld thickness,
1/4 <t= 3/8≤1/2⇒ a min = 3/16 in

Maximum weld thickness,

t=3/8≥1/4 ⇒ amax = 3/8−1 /16= 5/16 in

So, a = 3/16 in is ok.

Pbf F t (t  6k  2t p  2a)
= yc wc fb

= 50×0. 44×( 0 . 53+6×1. 375+2×0 .32+2×0. 1875 )

= 215.49 kips > Compressive force, C = 28.35 kips
 Stiffener is not required.

Use 9 in×11in×3/8 in plate

4.3.2.2. Design of Beam to Column Web Connection (Exterior)

¾" diameter PL- 7"×11"×3/8"

A325N bolt
E70
1/4"

W 10 × 26 Beam
E70
1/4"
W 14 × 398
Column
 83

Figure 4.12. Beam to Column Web Connection (Type 2)

b
Fy = 50 ksi, Fu = 65 ksi, Fu = 120 ksi, FEXX= 70 ksi
W 10 × 26 beam,
bf = 5.77 in, d = 10.33 in, tf = 0.44 in , tw = 0.26 in, Af = 2.54 in2, k = 0.875 in
From analysis data,
Mu = 443.675 kips-in
Vu = 11.88 kips
W 14 × 398 column,
bf = 16.59 in, d = 18.29 in, tf = 2.845 in, tw = 1.77 in, k = 3.5 in
Mu 443.675
Tu = d  t fb = 10.33−0 .44 = 44.86 kips
Try 3/4" ϕ bolt.
π
×(0 .75 )2= 0 . 44 in 2
Ab = 4

R (0.75A )Fub
nt = b

= 0.75×( 0.75×0 .44 )×120 = 29.70 kips/bolt

Tu 44.86
Required number of bolt = R nt = 29.70 = 1.51
Try 4 Nos (for both sides)
Shear stress,
Vu 11.88
fuv = nA b = 4×0.44 = 6.75 ksi
Check combined shear and tension
For A 325 - N
Allowable tensile stress,
F'ut = 117 – 1.9fuv ¿ 90

F'ut = 117 – 1.9 × 6.75 = 104.175 > 90 ksi (Control)

Tensile stress,
Tu 44.86
fut = A = 4×0.44 = 25.49 ksi < Allowable = 90 ksi
 84

Therefore, it is satisfied.
Use c/c spacing = 6.45 in > 3d = 3 × 0.75 = 2.25 in
Used end distance = 1.5 in >1.5d = 1.5 × 0.75 = 1.125 in
Weld thickness,
Tu 44 . 86

Required Rnw= 2b f  t w = 2×5 .77−0. 26 = 3.98 kip/in
Design strength,
R =  (0.707 a) (0.6 FEXX)
n

3.98 = 0.75(0.707a) (0.6×70)

a = 0.18 in
 Use 1/4 in weld thickness.

The required length Lw of fillet weld,

T
Lw = φRnw
44.86
= 3.98 = 11.28 in

Total design strength =3.98× 11.28 = 44.89 kips > 11.88 kips
Determination of plate thickness,
S = k + weld thickness
S = 0.875 + 0.25 =1.125 in
db
S  weld size
b' = 4

0 .75
1. 125− −0 .25
= 4 = 0.6875 in
Fy = 50 ksi , A 325  ca = 1.09

bf
cb = √ √ bs
=

1
5 . 77
6 . 77
=0 . 923

1
 A 3  b'  4
ca c b  f   
α m =  Aw   db 
1 1
5.77×0.44 0.6875
= 1.09 × 0.923 ×
[ ( 10.33−2×0.44 )×0.26 ]( )
3
0.75
4
 85

= 0.995
 m Tu b '
Me = 4
0.95×44 .86×0 .6875
= 4 = 7.32 kip-in

4.44 M e
wf y (1  )
tp =

4 .44×7.32
= √ 6 .77×50 ( 1+0 ) = 0.31 in
Use thickness of plate = 3/8 in.
Minimum weld thickness,
1/4 <t=3/8≤1/2⇒ a min = 3/16 in

Maximum weld thickness,

t= 3/8≥1/4 ⇒ amax = 3/8−1/16= 5/16 in

So, a = 1/4 in is ok.

Pbf F t (t  6k  2t p  2a)
= yc wc fb

= 50×1 .77×( 0 . 44 +6×3. 5+2×0.5+2×0 .25 )

= 2030.19 kips > Compressive force, C = 44.86 kips
 Stiffener is not required.

Use 7 in×11in×3/8 in plate.

Summarized data of beam to column web connections are shown in Table 4.5.

Table 4.5. Design Results for Beam to Column Web Connection

Type of connection Type 1(corner ) Type 2(exterior)
Beam,B W10×39 W10×26
Column,C W14×90 W14×398
Shear (kips) 8.96 11.88
Moment (kip-in) 266.191 443.675
Size of bolt (in) 3/4 3/4
 86

Number of bolt 4 4
Weld thickness (in) 0.1875 0.25
Length of weld (in) 15.66 11.28
Size of plate (in) 9×11×3/8 7×11×3/8
Design strength > Vu 28.345 > 8.96 44.89 > 11.88

4.3.3. Design Calculation for Beam to Beam Connection

When beams frame transversely to other beams or girders, they may be
attached to other or both sides of the girder web using framed beam connections. For
beam to beam connections, the principle objective is to provide a mean of allowing
the tensile forces developed in one beam flange to be carried across to the adjacent
framing opposite the girder web. In this study, Beam to beam connection is designed
at Roof floor that has the maximum moment. Beam to beam connection is showned in
Fig 4.13.

2-L4×3×1/4×0'-5"
¾"diameter A325N bolt

W10×22 beam

W10×26 beam

Figure 4.13. Beam to Beam Connection

W 10 × 22 beam, tw = 0.24 in
tf = 0.36 in
bf = 5.75 in
d = 10.17 in
b
Fy = 50 ks , Fu = 65 ksi , Fu = 120 ksi
Vu = 19.44 kips (From analysis data)

Use 3/4 in φ bolts as a bearing type connection (A 325-N) having threads in the
shear plane. For the connection to the web of W 10 × 26 beam,
 87

R =  2.4 Fu d tw
n (bearing)

= 0.75 × 2.4× 65 × 0.75 × 0.24 = 21.06 kips/bolt

b
R
n(double shear) =  (0.4 Fu ) m Ab
= 0.75 × 0.4× 120 ×2× 0.442= 31.824 kips/bolt
19.44
Number of bolts = 21.06 = 0.923
Try 2 bolts on each angle.
Minimum c/c spacing = 3d = 3 × 0.75 = 2.25 in, Use c/c spacing = 2.5 in
Minimum end distance = 1.5d = 1.5 × 0.75 = 1.125 in, Use end distance = 1.25 in
Required angle thickness to permit use of 1.25 in end distance.
Pu 19 . 44
¿ = =0 . 16 in,Use t= 0 .25 in .
t φF u l 2×0 . 75×65×1. 25

Use 2-L 4" × 3" × 1/4".

Check Block Shear,
Nominal reaction, Pn = 0.6 Fy Avg + Fu Ant
Nominal reaction, Pn = 0.6 Fu Ans + Fy Atg

2.5 in L-4×3×1/4

a b

1.25 in
c

Figure 4.14. Block Shear Rapture for Beam to Girder Connection

Avg = 5 × 0.25 = 1.25 in2
Atg = 1.25 × 0.25 = 0.313 in2
3 1
Ant = 1.25 × 0.25 – 0.5
( ) +
4 16
×0 .25
= 0.211 in2
3 1
Ans
( + )×0 .25
= 3.75 × 0.25 - 1.5 4 16 = 0.633 in2
Pn = 0.6 × 50 × 1.25 + 65 × 0.211 = 51.215kips (Control)
Pn = 0.6 × 65 × 0.633 + 50 × 0.313 = 40.34 kips
 88

P = 0.75 × 51.21 = 38.41kips > Pu = 19.44 kips

n

Therefore, it is satisfied.
Use 2-L4 × 3 × 1/4×0'-5" for beam to beam connection.

4.3.4. Design Calculation for Beam to Web Member Joint Connection (Type 1)

The connection design of diagonal member in truss to the 2nd floor (D47) is

calculated. Truss joint (type 1) is shown in Figure B.11.

HSS6×6×1/2
HSS5×5×1/2
E70
E70 6" 3/8"
3/8" 5.5"

24" 3/8" E70

24"
Beam
W10×26

Figure 4.15. Beam to Truss Member Connection

4.3.4.1. Design Connection between the HSS (Diagonal member) and the gusset plate

Diagonal member HSS5×5×1/2,

A = 7.88 in2, t = 0.47 in

From analysis data,

Pu = 283.62 kips

Use t1 = ½ in.

Minimum weld thickness,

1/4 <t 1 ≤1/2⇒ a min= 3/16in

Maximum weld thickness,

 89

t1 =1/2≥1 /4 ⇒ amax = 1/2−1/16= 7/16 in

Use a = 3/8 in.

(a) Shear lag fracture strength in the HSS,

ϕRn = ϕFuAe (Ae = UAn)
An = Ag – 2 t t1
= 7.88 – 2 × 0.47 × 1/2 = 7.41 in2

Assume Lw = 11 in

2 2
B + 2BH 5 +2×5×5
x = = =1 . 875
4( B + H) 4(5+5 )

x̄ 1. 875
U L
= 1− ( w ) = 1− ( 11 ) = 0.83

ϕRn = ϕFuAe
= 0.75Fu(UAn)
= 0.75 × 62 × 0.83 × 7.41
= 285.99 kips
(b) Shear strength of the HSS at welds,
ϕRn = ϕ(0.6Fy)(4Lwt)
= 0.9 × 0.6 × 50 × 4 × 11 × 0.47
= 558.36 kips
(c) Strength of the weld connecting the gusset plate to the HSS,
ϕRn = ϕFwAw
= 0.75(0.6FEXX)(0.707We4Lw)
= 0.75 × 0.6 × 70 × 0.707 (3/8 − 1/16) × 4 × 11
= 306.22 kips
(d) Shear strength of the gusset plate,
ϕRn = ϕ(0.6Fyl)(2Lwt1)
= 0.9 × 0.6 × 50 × 2 × 11 × 1/2
= 297 kips
 90

The smallest value among the four cases above governs,

(ie ϕRn = 285.99 kips > Pu = 283.62 kips)

Use two-sided 3/8 in fillet weld with E70XX electrode with total length of 11 in.

4.3.4.2. Design Connection between the HSS (Vertical member) and the gusset plate

Vertical member HSS6×6×1/2,

A=9.74 in 2 , t=0.47 in
From analysis data,

Pu = 232.71 kips
= 1/2 in
Use t1

(a) Shear lag fracture strength in the HSS,

ϕRn = ϕFuAe (Ae = UAn)
An = Ag – 2 t t1

= 9.74 – 2 × 0.47 × 1/2

2
= 9.27 in

Assume Lw = 12 in

B2 + 2BH 6 2 +2×6×6
x = = = 2 . 25
4 (B + H) 4 (6+6 )
x̄ 2. 25
U = 1− ( L w ) = 1− ( 12 ) = 0.8125
ϕRn = ϕFuAe

= 0.75Fu(UAn)
= 0.75 × 62 × 0.8125 × 9.27
= 350.23 kips
(b) Shear strength of the HSS at welds,
ϕRn = ϕ(0.6Fy)(4Lwt)
= 0.9 × 0.6 × 50 × 4 × 12 × 0.47
= 609.12 kips
(c) Strength of the weld connecting the gusset plate to the HSS,
 91

ϕRn = ϕFwAw
= 0.75(0.6FEXX)(0.707We4Lw)
= 0.75 × 0.6 × 70 × 0.707 (3/8 − 1/16) × 4 × 12
= 334.06 kips
(d) Shear strength of the gusset plate,
ϕRn = ϕ(0.6Fyl)(2Lwt1)
= 0.9 × 0.6 × 50 × 2 × 12 × 1/2
= 324 kips
The smallest value among the four cases above governs,
(ie ϕRn = 324 kips > Pu = 232.71 kips)

Use two-sided 3/8 in fillet weld with E70XX electrode with total length of 12 in.

4.3.4.3. Design Connection between Gusset to Beam

Angle of the diagonal member from the vertical is

P
θ
Vu = P cos
 Vuc θ
Huc Hu = P sin θ
 Vub
Vuc Mub
eb Hub Rub
Huc w/2
H
gap r
ec 

8
θ = tan-1 = 38. 66 ≈39 degree
10

Diagonal member HSS5×5×1/2,

From analysis data,

Pu = 283.62 kips (Tension)

Horizontal component of truss force is

Hu1 = 283.62 sin39 = 178.49 kips

 92

Vertical component of truss force is

Hu1 = 283.62 cos39 = 220.41 kips

Moment,

db 10 .33
M u1 = Hu1×eb = Hu1× = 178. 49× =9 21 . 9 kips-in
2 2

Vertical member HSS6×6×1/2,

From analysis data,

Pu = 232.71 kips (Compression)

Horizontal component of truss force is

Hu2 = 0 kips

Vertical component of truss force is

Vu2 = 232.71 kips

Moment,

Mu2 = Hu2 × eb = 0 kips-in

Axial force,

Nu = Vu1 + Vu2 = 220.41 + (− 232.71) = 12.3 kips

Shear force,

Vu = Hu1 + Hu2 = 178.49 kips

Moment,

Mu = Mu1 + Mu2 = 921.9 kips-in

Try Size of gusset plate, X = 24 in, Y= 11 in

Shear force = 178.49 kips

Axial force = 12.3 kips

 93

Moment = 921.9 kips

Shear stress in gusset,

Vu 178 .49
fv = = = 29 .75 ksi
tp L 0.25×24

Axial stress in gusset,

Nu 12 .3
fa = = = 2. 05 ksi
tpL 0.25×24

Axial stress in gusset due to moment,

Mu Mu 4×921. 9
fb = = 2
= 2
=25 . 61 ksi
Zx t p L /4 0 .25×( 24 )

Total axial stress,

fn =f a +f b =2 .05+25. 61=27 . 66 ksi

Shear Yielding of plate,

ϕRn = ϕ(0.6Fy) = 1×0.6×50 = 30 ksi > fv = 29.75 ksi

Tensile Yielding of plate,

ϕRn = ϕFy = 0.9×50 = 45 ksi > fn = 27.66 ksi

Weld of Gusset to Beam,

2 2
R = V 2 + N 2 =√ ( 178 . 49 ) + ( 12 .3 ) = 178 . 91 kips
√ u u

Use t 1 = 1/2 in

Minimum weld thickness,

1/4 <t 1 ≤1/2⇒ a min= 3/16 in

Maximum weld thickness,

 94

t1 =1/2≥1 /4 ⇒ amax = 1/2−1/16= 7/16 in

Use a = 3/8 in.

Design strength of unit length of weld,

ϕRnw = ϕFwAw

= ϕ(0.6FEXX)0.707aLw

= 0.75 × 0.6 × 70 × 0.707 × 3/8 × 1

= 8.35 kips/in

Since the web capacity may not exceed the plate shear rupture strength.
Shear Rupture Strength of base metal,

ϕRn = 0.75t(0.6Fu)
= 0.75 × 1/2 × 0.6 × 65
= 14.63 kips

Required length of fillet weld,

R u 178 . 91
Lw = = =21. 43 in
φR nw 8 .35

Use one-sided 3/8 in fillet weld with E70XX electrode with total length of 24 in.

Provide 24in ×11×1/2in gusset plate is adequate for this joint.

4.3.5. Design Calculation for Column to Beam and Web Member Joint Connection

(Type 2)

The connection design of diagonal member in truss to the 7rd floor (D46) is

calculated. Truss joint (type 2) is shown in appendix Figure B.12.

 95

E70
3/8" 6"

E70
5/16" 12" ¾" diameter Beam
W10×26
A325N bolt
L-6"×3.5"×1/2"

Beam
W10×26

W14 ×90
E70 5/16" 9" Column

Figure 4.16. Column to Beam and Truss Member Connection (type 2)

W 10 × 26 beam,
bf = 5.77 in, d = 10.33 in, tf = 0.44 in , tw = 0.26 in
W 14 × 90 column,
bf = 15.8 in, d = 15.72 in, tf = 1.56 in, tw = 0.98 in

Diagonal member HSS5×5×1/2,

A = 7.88 in2, t = 0.47 in, B = 5 in, D = 5 in

From analysis data,

Pu = 282.7 kips (Tension)

Use A36 steel for gusset plate.

Use A500 Grade C steel for diagonal member (HSS5×5×1/2).

By using Uniform Force Method,

Angle of the web member from the vertical is
8
θ = tan -1 10 = 38.66 ¿ 39 degree

Assume β= β̄=0 in
 96

10 .33
α = eb tan θ= tan 39 = 4 .18 in
2

Since α≠ᾱ , an eccentricity exists on the gusset to beam connection .

Calculate the interface forces,

10 . 33 2
r √
On the gusset to beam connection
b √
= α 2 +e 2 = ( 4 . 18 )2 + ( 2 ) = 6 . 64 in

α 4 .18
H ub = P u= ×282 . 7=177 .96 kips
r 6 .64
eb 0 . 5×10 . 33
V ub = Pu = ×282. 7=219 . 901 kips
r 6. 64
Check,
V ub =219.901 ksi

Pu cosθ=2 82.7 cos39=219.7 kips

V ub ≈ Pu cosθ(∴ ok )

H ub = 177.96 kips

Pu sin θ =2 82.7sin 35=177.91 kips

H ub ≈ Pu sin θ(∴ ok )

4.3.5.1. Design Connection between the HSS (Diagonal member) and the gusset plate

Diagonal member HSS5×5×1/2,

A = 7.88 in2, t = 0.47 in, B = 5 in, D = 5 in

From analysis data,

Pu = 282.7 kips
= 1/2 in
Use t1

Minimum weld thickness,

1/4 <t 1 ≤1/2⇒ a min= 3/16 in

 97

Maximum weld thickness,

t1 = 1/2≥1/4 ⇒ amax = 1/2−1/16= 7/16 in

∴ a=3 /8 in
(a) Shear lag fracture strength in the HSS,
ϕRn = ϕFuAe (Ae = UAn)
An = Ag – 2 t t1

= 7.88 – 2 × 0.47 × 1/2

2
= 7.41 in

Assume Lw = 12 in

B2 + 2BH 5 2 +2×5×5
x̄ = = = 1 .875
4 (B + H ) 4 (5+5 )
x̄ 1. 875
U L
= 1 − ( w ) = 1 − ( 12 ) = 0.84

ϕRn = ϕFuAe

= 0.75Fu(UAn)
= 0.75 × 62 × 0.84 × 7.41
= 289.43 kips
(b) Shear strength of the HSS at welds,
ϕRn = ϕ(0.6Fy)(4Lwt)
= 0.9 × 0.6 × 50 × 4 × 12 × 0.47
= 609.12 kips
(c) Strength of the weld connecting the gusset plate to the HSS,
ϕRn = ϕFwAw
= 0.75(0.6FEXX)(0.707We4Lw)
= 0.75 × 0.6 × 70 × 0.707 (3/8 − 1/16) × 4 × 12
= 334.06 kips
(d) Shear strength of the gusset plate,
ϕRn = ϕ(0.6Fyl)(2Lwt1)
= 0.9 × 0.6 × 50 × 2 × 9 × 1/2
= 324 kips
 98

The smallest value among the four cases above governs,

(ie ϕRn = 289.43 kips > Pu = 282.7 kips)

Use two-sided 3/8 in fillet weld with E70XX electrode with total length of 12 in.

4.3.5.2. Design of Gusset to Beam Flange Connection

H ub=177 . 96 kips , V ub=219.901 ksi

Use A36 steel for gusset plate.

Use thickness of plate = ½ in

Ru = H√ ub2
+V 2=
ub
√( 177 . 96 )2+ ( 219. 901 )2= 282. 89 kips

V ub 219 . 901
θ =tan -1 = tan -1 = 51 .02≈ 51
H ub 177 . 96

Minimum weld thickness,

1/4 <t 1 ≤ 1/2⇒ a min= 3/16in

Maximum weld thickness,

t 1 = 1/2≥ 1/4⇒ amax = 1/2− 1/16= 7/16 in

∴ Use a= 5/16 in

Design strength of unit length of weld,

ϕRnw = ϕFwAw

= ϕ [0.6FEXX (1 + 0.5sin1.5 θ )]0.707aLw

= 0.75 × 0.6 × 70(1 + sin1.551) × 0.707 × 5/16 × 1
= 12.37 kips/in
Since the web capacity may not exceed the plate shear rupture strength.
Shear Rupture Strength of base metal,
ϕRn = 0.75t(0.6Fu)
= 0.75 × 1/2 × 0.6 × 58
 99

= 13.05 kips
Required length of fillet weld,
Ru 282 .89
Lw = = = 22. 87 in
φR nw 12 .37
Use weld length = 24 in.
Design strength weld , φRnw = 24×12.37=2 96 .88 kips > 282.7 kips

Therefore, it is satisfied.

Use two-sided 5/16 in fillet weld with E70XX electrode with total length of 24 in.

4.3.5.3. Design of Beam to Column Connection

Since the truss may be in tension or compression, the required strength of the

beam to column connection is as follows. The required shear strength is

Rub±V ub=0+219. 901=219 . 901 kips

In truss connection, axial force in beam and axial force in column are equal to

zero when the beam is connected to the column web. So, required axial strength is

zero because it is the sum of the axial forces in the beam and column.

Try L6×3.5×0.5×0'-9" welded to the beam web and bolted with the row of two

number ¾ in diameter A325N bolts in standard holes to the column web.

Area of one bolt, Ab

π
Ab = 4 × (0.75)2 = 0.44 in2

Design shear strength per bolt (single shear m=1) is

ϕRn = ϕ (0.4Fub)mAb

= 0.75 × 0.4 ×120 × 1 × 0.44

 100

= 15.90 kips/bolt

Design shear strength per bolt (double shear m=2) is

ϕRn = ϕ (0.4Fub)mAb

= 0.75 × 0.4 ×120 × 2 × 0.44

= 31.81 kips/bolt

Design tensile strength per bolt is

ϕRn = ϕ (0.75Fub)Ab

= 0.75 × 0.75 ×120 × 0.44

= 29.82 kips/bolt

Design bearing strength per bolt is

ϕRn = ϕ (2.4 d t Fu)

= 0.75 × 2.4 ×0.75 × 0.5 × 58

= 39.15 kips/bolt

The tensile force per bolt (rut) is the axial strength divided by total number of

bolts. As the axial strength is zero, the tensile force (rut) per bolt is equal to zero.

Check design strength of bolt for tension-shear interaction,

shear strength 219 . 901

r uv = = =13 . 74 kips/bolt<15 . 9 kips/bolt
number of bolts 16
F'ut = 117 – 1.9fuv ¿ 90

13.74
= 117 – 1.9 ( 0.44 )

= 57.67 ksi < 90 ksi

 101

ϕRn = ϕF'utAb

= 0.75 × 57.67 × 0.44

= 19.03 kips/bolts >

r ut =0 kips/bolt

Check bearing strength of bolt holes

With Lc= 1 .125in(<edge distance= 1 . 5in) and s=3in, the bearing strength of the top
of bolt is
ϕRn = ϕ(LctFu) ¿ ϕ(2.4dtFu)

= 0.75×1.125×0.5×58

= 24.47 kips/bolt < 39.15 kips/bolt

And the bearing strength of each remaining bolts is

ϕRn = ϕ(s – d/2) t Fu

= 0.75(3 − 0.75/2) ×0.5×58

= 57.09 kips/bolt

Since the strength of each bolt exceeds the single shear strength of the bolts,

bearing strength is ok.

Design of weld,

Ru =
√(177.96)2+(219.901)2= 282.89 kips
219 . 901
θ =tan -1 =51.02≈ 51
177 . 96

Minimum weld thickness,

1/4 <t 1 ≤1/2⇒ a min= 3/16 in

Maximum weld thickness,

t1 = 1/2≥ 1/4⇒ amax = 1/2−1/16= 7/16 in

 102

∴ Try weld size ,a= 5/16 in

Design strength of unit length of weld,

ϕRnw = ϕFwAw

= ϕ [0.6FEXX (1+0.5sin1.5 θ )]0.707aLw

= 0.75 × 0.6 × 70(1+0.5sin1.551)0.707 × 5/16 × 1

= 12.36 kips/in

Since the web capacity may not exceed the plate shear rupture strength.
Shear Rupture Strength of base metal,

ϕRn = 0.75t(0.6Fu) = 0.75 × 1/2 × 0.6 × 58 = 13.05 kips

Required length of fillet weld,

Ru 282. 89
Lw = φRnw = 12. 36 = 22.89 in
Use weld length = 18 in.
Design strength weld ,φRnw = 18×12.36= 222 .48 kips > 169 .1 kips

Therefore, it is satisfied.

Use two-sided 5/16 in fillet weld with E70XX electrode with total length of 18 in.

4.4. Design of Column Splices

Column splices are classified as two types according to column type C 1 and
C2.Column splices (Type 1) and (Type 2), are shown in Fig. 4.15. and Fig. 4.16. Both
methods of bolted connection and welded connection are used in column splice
connection. For bolted connection, A325-N bolts is used for bearing type connection.
For welded connection, E 70 electrode are used with SMAW (Shield Metal Arc
Welding) process.

4.4.1. Design calculation for column splice (Type 1)

Column type C1 that have maximum load at 4th storey is designed.
5/16” fillet weld
 103

Vu =13.43 kips
W14x211
1.5”
8-3/4” Øbolts 3.5”
3.5”
3.5”
W14x398 1.5”

Section A-A

Figure 4.17. Column Splice

Shear force = 13.43 kips (From analysis data)

Use 3/4"  A-325 bolts as a bearing type connection (A 325-N) having threads
in shear plane.
The design strength in single shear (m=1) is

Rn = (0.45Fu )mA b

b

= 0.65×0.45×120×1×0.442 = 15.51 kips/bolt

13 .43
The number of bolts = 15 .51×2 = 0.43
Use 4 bolts on each side of the connection.
Use c/c spacing = 3.5 in > 3d = 3×0.75 = 2.25 in
Use edge distance = 1.5 in > 1.5d = 1.5×0.75 = 1.125 in
Thickness of flange = 2.845 in
Thickness of web = 0.98 in
Try plate thickness = 1 in
Use 5/16 in fillet weld produced by SMAW and E 70 electrodes having
minimum tensile strength FEXX of 70 ksi.
Effective throat dimension,
te = 0.707 a = 0.707×5/16 = 0.22 in
The design strength per unit length of a fillet weld,
Rnw = te (0.6FEXX)
= 0.75×0.22×0.6×70 = 6.93 kip/in
4-3/4" bolts
The total length Lw of fillet weld,
Lw = 4 bf + 2d –2tw
= 4 × 15.8+ 2 × 15.72 – 2 × 0.98 = 92.68 in
 104

Total design strength = 92.68×6.93

= 642.27 kips > 13.43 kips  Satisfied

4.4.2. Design calculation for column splice (Type 2)

Column type C2 that have maximum load at 4th storey is designed.

5/16” fillet weld

W14x283 Vu =11.27 kips

1.5”
8-3/4” Øbolts 3.5”
3.5”
3.5”
1.5”
W14x398

Section A-A

Figure 4.18. Column Splices

Shear force = 11.27 kips (From analysis data)

Use 3/4"  A-325 bolts as a bearing type connection (A 325-N) having threads
in shear plane.
The design strength in single shear (m=1) is

Rn = (0.45Fu )mA b

b

= 0.65×0.45×120×1×0.442 = 15.51 kips/bolt

11.27
The number of bolts = 15 .51×2 = 0.36
Use 4 bolts on each side of the connection.
Use c/c spacing = 3.5 in > 3d = 3×0.75 = 2.25 in
Use edge distance = 1.5 in > 1.5 d = 1.5×0.75 = 1.125 in
Thickness of flange = 2.845 in
Thickness of web = 1.29 in
Try plate thickness = 1 in
 105

Use 5/16 in fillet weld produced by SMAW and E 70 electrodes having

minimum tensile strength FEXX of 70 ksi.
Effective throat dimension,
te = 0.707 a = 0.707×5/16 = 0.22 in
The design strength per unit length of a fillet weld,
Rnw = te (0.6FEXX)
= 0.75×0.22×0.6×70 = 6.93 kip/in
The total length Lw of fillet weld,
Lw = 4 bf + 2d –2tw
= 4 × 16.11+ 2 × 16.74 – 2 × 1.29 = 95.34 in
Total design strength = 95.34×6.93

= 660.71 kips > 11.27 kips  Satisfied

4.5. Design Calculation for Base Plates

Column base plates distribute the concentrated loads acting in the elements of
columns to the supporting medium. The heavy loads must be distributed to prevent
crushing of the concrete support. Base plate performs a complete analysis and design
of centred loaded rectangular base plates with vertical compression load.
4.5.1. Type 1 (Column type C1 and C2)
Calculation of base plate is selected as maximum load 937.41 kips.

bf
m

d 0.95d N

m
n 0.8bf n
B

Figure 4.19. Base Plate Section (Type 1)

Assume concrete pedestal dimension at least 2 in larger than the base plate in
each direction.
W 14×398 column of A572 Grade 50 steel
 106

'
bf = 16.59 in, d = 18.29 in , f c = 3.0 ksi, fy = 50 ksi
From analysis data, compressive load, Pu = 937.41 kips
Required plate area,

Pu 937 .41
= (0.85f c ) = 0.6×0.85×3
'
A1 = 612.686 in2

The plate should be approximately square, with slight differences in

dimensions B and N to give nearly equal values for m and n.
0.8 bf = 0.8 × 16.59 = 13.27 in
0.95 d = 0.95 × 18.29 = 17.38 in
Try B = 24 in, N = 24 in  A1 = 576 in2
Concrete pedestal dimension  B+ 2 = 26 in
N+ 2 = 26 in
A2 = 26 × 26 = 676 in2

A2 676
A1
= √ 576 = 1.08< 2
Preliminary required A 1 612.686
Required A1 = 1 . 08 = 1.08 = 565.56 in2
Check bearing strength,

A2
f c' A1
A1
ϕPn =  (0.85)
= 0.6 × 0.85 × 3 × 576 × 1.08
= 951.78 kips > Pu = 937.41 kips
Therefore, it is satisfied.
Use B = 24 in, N = 24 in
For Plate thickness, using cantilever method
m = 0.5 (N – 0.95d)
= 0.5 (24 – 0.95 × 18.29) = 3.31 in
n = 0.5 (B – 0.8bf)
= 0.5(24 – 0.8 × 16.59) = 5.364 in
2Pu n 2
BN(0.9)f y
Required,t =
 107

2×937 . 41×5 .3642

= √ 24×24×0 .9×50 = 0.622 in
Take t = 1 in.
Use 24 in × 24 in × 1 in base plate.

4.5.2. Type 2 (Column type C3)

Calculation of base plate is selected as maximum load 297.22 kips.

bf

d 0.95d N

n 0.8bf n
B

Figure 4.20. Base Plate Section (Type 2)

Assume concrete pedestal dimension at least 2 in larger than the base plate in
each direction.
W 14 ¿ 90 column of A 50 steel
'
bf = 14.52 in, d = 14.02 in, f c = 3.0 ksi, fy = 50 ksi
From analysis data, compressive load, Pu = 297.22 kips
Required plate area,
Pu
= (0.85f c )
'
A1
297.22
= 0.6×0. 85×3 = 194.261 in2
0.8 bf = 0.8 × 14.52= 11.62 in
0.95 d = 0.95 × 14.02 = 13.32 in
Try B = 18 in, N = 18 in  A1 = 324 in2

Concrete pedestal dimension  B+2 = 20 in

 108

N+2 = 20 in
A2 = 20 × 20 = 400 in2

A2 400
A1
= √ 324 = 1.23 < 2
Check bearing strength,

A2
f c' A1
A1
ϕPn =  (0.85)
= 0.6 × 0.85 × 3 × 324 × 1.23
= 609.736 kips > Pu = 297.22 kips
Therefore, it is satisfied.
Use B = 20 in, N = 20 in
For Plate thickness, using cantilever method
m = 0.5 (N – 0.95 d)
= 0.5 (20 – 0.95 × 14.02) = 3.34 in
n = 0.5 (B – 0.8bf)
= 0.5 (20 – 0.8 × 14.52) = 4.19 in

2Pu n 2 2×297 .22×4 . 192

Required t =
BN(0.9)f y
= √ 20×20×0 . 9×50 = 0.76 in
Take t = 1 in.
Use 20 in × 20 in × 1 in base plate.
Summarized data of base plates are shown in Table 4.6.
Table 4.6. Design Results for Base Plate

Type of base plate Size(in) Applied load(kips)

1 24×24×1 937.41

2 20×20×1 297.22

4.6. Design of Short Column

The steel area of longitudinal reinforcing in the column is provided 2% of the
area of column according to ACI code and side cover is considered 2.5 in. The
concrete pedestal will have a dimension at least 2 in larger than the base plate. Short
 109

columns are classified as three types according to types of base plate size. Design
calculations for short columns are expressed in following section.
4.6.1. Type 1 and type 2 Column,

24 in × 24 in base plate, fy = 50 ksi,

f c = 3.0 ksi

Size of column based on base plate = 26 in × 26 in

Use 26 in × 26 in column.
The axial load of 937.41 kips and bending moment of 2166.404 kips-in are
based on analysis results.
26"

26"

Figure 4.21. Detail of Short Column

Column for W 14×398

As = 0.02 × 26 × 26 = 13.52 in2
Use 8 # 8 bar®As = 6.28 in2
8 # 9 bar®As = 8.00 in2
Clear cover = 2.5 in
21
Centre to centre spacing of steel = 4 = 5.25 in
3 # 9® As = 3 in2
2 # 8® As = 1.57 in2
2 # 8® As = 1.57 in2

ϕPn = 0.65 × (0.85

f c A + A f )
c s y

= 0.65 × (0.85 × 3 × 26 × 26 + 14.28 × 50)

= 1584.57 kips > Pu = 937.41 kips
 110

Therefore, it is satisfied.
The bending moment capacity about origin of the column,
M n = 0.9 Asfyl
= 0.9 × 50 (3.00 × 10.5 + 1.57 × 10.5 + 1.57×5.25)
= 2530.24 kips-in > Mu = 2166.404 kips-in
Therefore, it is satisfied.

4.6.2. Type 3 Column,

20 in × 20 in base plate, fy = 50 ksi,

f c = 3.0 ksi

Size of column based on base plate = 22 in × 22 in

Use 22 in × 22 in column.
The axial load of 297.22 kips and bending moment of 503.807 kip-in are
based on analysis results.

22"

22"

Figure 4.22. Detail of Short Column

As = 0.02 × 22 × 22 = 9.68 in2
Use 8 # 10 bar®As = 10.1 in2
Clear cover = 2.5 in
Centre to centre spacing of steel = 17/2 = 8.5 in
3 # 10®As = 3.79 in2

ϕPn = 0.65 × (0.85

f c A + A f )
c s y

= 0.65 × (0.85 × 3 × 22 × 22 + 10.1 × 50)

= 1130.48 kips > Pu = 297.22 kips
Therefore, it is satisfied.
The bending moment capacity about origin of the column,
 111

M n = 0.9 Asfyl
= 0.9 × 50 × (3.79 × 8.5)
= 1449.68 kips-in > Mu = 503.807 kips-in
Therefore, it is satisfied.
The short columns design according to column C1, C2 and C3 are summarized
in Table 4.7.

Table 4.7. Design Results for Short Column

Centre to
Short Column Size Required Required bar
centre
Type (in) steel area (in2) number and size
spacing (in)
1 and 2 26×26 13.52 8#8 & 8#9 5.25
3 22×22 9.68 8#10 8.5

4.7. Design of Stair

This structure includes three stairs and two lifts. For span 9 ft, the design
calculation of stair procedure is below.

9'-0"

W10×45 landing beam

No3 bar @ 5.5" c/c
5'-0" ( Main Steel)
12"
Waist thickness = 5"
6"

No3 bar @ 10" c/c

( Distribution Steel)
W10×22 floor beam

Figure 4.23. Typical Stair Design

Number of steps = 9 nos
Tread = 12in, Riser = 6 in
Overall length = 10.3 ft
Effective length = 9 ft
 112

Unit weight of concrete = 150 pcf

Live load = 100 psf
Assume waist thickness = 5 in

Waist weight =
[ 10 . 3×1×(125+1 )×150] = 772.50 lb

Step weight =
(9× 12 ×12×6× 1441 )×150 = 337.50 lb
Total dead load = 772.50 + 337.5 =1110 lb
1110
Dead Load = 9 = 123.33 lb/ft
Live Load = 100 lb/ft
f c' = 3.0 ksi, f = 50 ksi
y

f c' = 3.0 ksi ¿ 4ksi → β 1 =0.85

'
fc 87
0 .75×0 . 85×β 1 × ×
ρmax f y ( 87+f y )
=

3 87
0.75×0 . 85× 0 . 85× ×
ρmax = 50 ( 87+50 )

ρmax
= 0.0206

ωu = 1.4ωD + 1.6ωL

= 1.4×123.33 + 1.6×100

= 332.662 lb/ft
2
ωu L
Mu = 10

332. 662×92 12
×
= 10 1000
= 32.34 kips-in
Determination of waist thickness,
ϕMn = Mu
 113

0 .59 ρf y
(
φ ρ b d 2 f y 1−
fc' ) = Mu

0 .59×0 . 0206×50
0.9
¿ 0 .0206×12×d 2×50 1− ( 3 ) = 32.34
Required d = 1.91 in
Required waist thickness, h = 1.91 +1 = 2.91 in
Thus, the assume waist = 5 in is satisfactory for stair.
Use h = 5 in, d = 5−1 = 4 in
Determination of steel area,

2 Mu
a =d− √ d 2−
0 . 765fc'b

2×32 .34
=4− √ 4 2−
0 .765×3×12
= 0.31 in
Mu
a
φ f y (d - )
Required As = 2
32.34
0 .31
0.9×50(4 - )
= 2
= 0.19 in2/ft
200 200
ρmin = = =0. 004
f y 50000
A s ( min) =ρ min bh
= 0.004×12×5 = 0.24 in2/ft

Use # 3 bar at 5.5 in centre to centre spacing of main steel.(

A s = 0.24 in 2 ¿

2
0.19 in )
For distribution steel,
A s ( min) = ρ min bh
= 0.002×12×5 = 0.12 in2/ft

Use # 3 bar at 10 in centre to centre spacing of main steel.(

A s = 0.13 in 2 > 0.12
2
in )