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Grace Chen Period 1 WWI Unit Packet: Treaty of San Stefano and Berlin Conference (1878)

This document provides an overview of the key events leading up to and concluding World War 1, as well as details of the subsequent peace treaties. It describes the nationalist tensions in the Balkans region from the 1870s through the early 20th century that contributed to the outbreak of war. Key battles and political changes in 1918 helped bring the war to an end, with enormous human and economic costs. The peace treaties redrew national borders but failed to sustain long-term peace due to short-sighted terms and lack of enforcement.

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56 views4 pages

Grace Chen Period 1 WWI Unit Packet: Treaty of San Stefano and Berlin Conference (1878)

This document provides an overview of the key events leading up to and concluding World War 1, as well as details of the subsequent peace treaties. It describes the nationalist tensions in the Balkans region from the 1870s through the early 20th century that contributed to the outbreak of war. Key battles and political changes in 1918 helped bring the war to an end, with enormous human and economic costs. The peace treaties redrew national borders but failed to sustain long-term peace due to short-sighted terms and lack of enforcement.

Uploaded by

Black Arrows
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Grace Chen

Period 1
WWI Unit Packet

​ oad to WWI
R
Treaty of San Stefano and Berlin Conference (1878)
● Large Bulgarian state from Danube to Aegean Sea is created
● Viewed as increase of Russia’s power
● Congress of Berlin dominated by Bismark
● Demolished treaty of san stefano
● State reduced, rest given back to Ottoman
● Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania independent
● Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austria, cannot annex them
William II’s policies and their impact on France, Britain, and Russia (1890-1900)
● William II dismissed Bismark
● Dropped Reinsurance Treaty with Russia
● France and Russia military alliance in 1894
● 1907 Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, Russia) against Triple Alliance (Germany,
Austria, Italy)
● Two alliances battle over control of remnants of Ottoman Empire in Balkans
Bosnian Crisis (1908)
● 1878, Bosnia and Herzegovina under protection of Austria
● 1908 Austria annexed two Slavic territories
● Serbia outrage for unable to create large Slavic kingdom
● Austria wants to prevent threat towards Autro-Hungarian Empire
● Russian support Serb to increase authority in Balkans
● William demand Russian accept annexation or war with Germany
● Defeat in Russo-Japanese War Russia backed down
Balkan Crisis (1912)
● Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Greece organize Balkan League and defeat Ottoman
in First Balkan War
● Unable to divide up land of Macedonia and Albania
2nd Balkan Crisis (1913)
● Greece, Serbia, Romania, and Ottoman Empire defeated Bulgaria
● Bulgaria receive small part of Macedonia, rest divided between Serbia and Greece
● At London Conference arranged by Austria, German supported Austria decision in not
allowing Serbia creating independent Albania
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand (June, 1914)
● Assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis ferdinand and wife Sophia on June 28,1914
● By Bosnian activist who work for Black Hand, a Serbian terrorist organization
German and Austrian response (June-July, 1914)
● William II (Germany) promised to help Austria if it meant war
● July 14 decided to send ultimatum to Serbia to threaten war
● Issued on July 23 end of French state visit to Russia
● So severe that Serbia had to reject some
● Austria declared war on July 28 hoping to limit it to Serbia and Austria
Russian response (July, 1914)
● Determined to support Serbia from Bosnian crisis
● Tsar Nicholas II ordered partial mobilization of Russian army against Austria
● Russain General Staff informed tsar war against Germany and Austria
● Full mobilization of Russian army on July 29
The End of the War
Description of 2nd Battle of the Marne (July 1918)
● Withdrawal of Russia caused Germany last battle
● German forces advanced 40 miles to Marne River in the west
● French General Ferdinand Foch with 140000 American troops defeated Germans (July
18)
● With 1 million more American troops, Allied forces advanced toward Germany
Ludendorff's effort to protect military
● He informs leader that the war was lost (Sept 29, 1918)
● Lundendorff asks government to sue for peace
Impact on German government
● German government reforms to liberal government so Allies accept peace
● Council of workers and soldiers formed soviets taking over military and civilian
● William II left the country (Nov 9)
● Friedrich Elbert and socialist formed a republic
● Armistice (truce) signed ended war on Nov 11, 1918
Cost of the Great War (include description of Armenian Genocide)
● 8-9 million soldiers died on battlefield, 22 million wounded
● Birthrate in European countries declined with lost of young men
● “Lost generation” of veterans accustomed to violence and supported Hitler and Mussolini
● Civilians died from war, civil warm and starvation
● Turkish government killed Armenian men and expelled children and women with the
excuse of their rebellion and collaboration with Russia
● 7 months, 600000 Armenians killed, 500000 deported (400000 died)
● By Sept 1915, 1 million Armenians were dead from genocide

The Peace Treaties


Woodrow Wilson’s Goals (the U.S.)
● Submitted “Fourteen Points”
○ Open treaties (no secret treaties)
○ Reduction of weapons to only protect country
○ All wishes should be fulfilled to satisfaction- self determination
○ Create democracy gov. for equal political influence between states
○ Self determination encouraged anticolonial nationalist movements
Other States’ Goals (incl. Britain led by prime minister David Lloyd George)
● Secret treaties and agreements
● National interests also discussed
● Britain made Germans pay for war (Dec 1918)
Georges Clemenceau’s Goals (France)
● consideration for national security
● Revenge and security against German
● German no military, pay for war, give part of Rhineland to France
Why were Russia and Germany not involved?
● Russia is fighting a civil war, they did not want to negotiate with Communists in Russia
● Germany was not invited to attend
Treaty of Versailles (Jun 28, 1919) and its Impact on Germany
● Peace settlement with defeated nations: Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman
● Germany unhappy with War Guilt Clause (Article 231) declaring Germany and Austria
has to pay reparations for all result of war
● Germany reduce army to 100000 men and cut navy and no air force
● Lost Alsace and Lorraine to France, parts of Prussia to new Polish state
● Land in west demilitarized or barriers
New Nations after the War
● New nation states: Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria,
and Hungary
The Problem w/ Eastern Europe
● Mixed culture made it impossible to draw ethnic lines
● Compromises made caused problems in every state: Germans in Poland; Hungarians,
Poles, Germans in Czechoslovakia; Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians, Albanians
in Yugoslavia.
The Fate of the Ottoman Empire
● Ottoman split apart by peace treaty
● Arab was promised independence in Middle eastern Ottoman (not met)
● France took Lebanon and Syria, Britain took Iraq and Palestine
What were mandates, and who had them?
● Nation officially take territory for League of Nations
● The Allies (France and Britain) had the right
Why were these treaties unsuccessful in the long run?
● People believed peacemakers are short sighted
● Also, there were lack of enforcement of treaties
● U.S didn’t join league of nations, and alliance with France and Britain rejected
● Britain also left, so France had to deal with Germany on its own

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