Farady’s Law

University of Technology
Electrical Engineer
Second stage

Faraday’s law

And it’s application’s

Under the supervision of Dr. Mohammed Husham

Preparation Ali Khalid Raheem

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Farady’s Law

Faraday Laws of Electromagnetic Induction:

Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction (referred to as Faraday’s law) is a basic law of

electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an
electromotive force (EMF). This phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction.

Faraday’s law states that a current will be induced in a conductor which is exposed to a changing
magnetic field. Lenz’s law of electromagnetic induction states that the direction of this induced
current will be such that the magnetic field created by the induced current opposes the initial
changing magnetic field which produced it. The direction of this current flow can be determined
using Fleming’s right-hand rule.
Faraday’s law of induction explains the working principle of transformers, motors, generators, and
inductors. The law is named after Michael Faraday, who performed an experiment with a magnet
and a coil. During Faraday’s experiment, he discovered how EMF is induced in a coil when the flux
passing through the coil changes.

Faraday’s Experiment:
In this experiment, Faraday takes a magnet and a coil and connects a galvanometer across the coil.
At starting, the magnet is at rest, so there is no deflection in the galvanometer i.e the needle of the
galvanometer is at the center or zero position. When the magnet is moved towards the coil, the
needle of the galvanometer deflects in one direction.

Faraday’s First Law:

Any change in the magnetic field of a coil of wire will cause an emf to be induced in the coil. This
emf induced is called induced emf and if the conductor circuit is closed, the current will also
circulate through the circuit and this current is called induced current.

Faraday’s Second Law:

It states that the magnitude of emf induced in the coil is equal to the rate of change of flux that
linkages with the coil. The flux linkage of the coil is the product of the number of turns in the coil
and flux associated with the coil.

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Farady’s Law

This law shows the relationship between electric circuit and magnetic field.

A coil is connected to a galvanometer and a magnet is moving through it; he found how emf is
induced in the coil when flux linked with it changes

emf: voltage generated flux: φ=BA

B= l𝐵l

A: surface area at right angle with 𝐵

POSITIONS BETWEEN MAGNET AND COIL:

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Farady’s Law

PRINCIPLE OF FARADAY’S LAW:

Faraday’s law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will
interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (emf) a phenomenon called
electromagnetic induction . It is the fundamental operating principal of transformers , inductor , and
many type of electrical motors, generators and solenoids.

ADVANTAGES OF FARADAY’S LAW:

-CHEAP

-RELIABLE

-controllable

-efficient

- Clean & green

DISADVANTAGES OF FARADAY’S LAW:

-Coal and oil: • dirty • Non renewable

-Nuclear fusion: • expensive • radioactive

-geothermal:• Clean • renewable

Faraday concluded:

whenever there is relative motion between conductor and a magnetic field, the flux linkage with a
coil changes and this change in flux induces a voltage across a coil.

Faraday’ Statements:

Any change in the magnetic field of a coil of wire will cause an emf induced in the coil.

This emf induced is called induced emf

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Farady’s Law

if the conductor circuit is closed the current will also circulate through the circuit , it is
called induced current.

Magnetic field should change if something:

1. moved a magnet towards or away from the coil

2. moved the coil into or out of the magnetic field

3. changed the area of a coil placed in the magnetic field

4. rotated the coil relative to the magnet.

Faraday Law Formula:

Consider, a magnet is approaching towards a coil. Here we consider two instants at time T1 and time
T2 .

Flux linkage with the coil at time,

Flux linkage with the coil at time,

Change in flux linkage,

Let this change in flux linkage be,

So, the Change in flux linkage

Now the rate of change of flux linkage

Take derivative on right-hand side we will get

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Farady’s Law

The rate of change of flux linkage

But according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, the rate of change of flux linkage is
equal to induced emf.

How to increase efm induced in a coil:

 By increasing the number of turns in the coil i.e N, from the formulae derived above it is
easily seen that if the number of turns in a coil is increased, the induced emf also gets
increased.

 By increasing magnetic field strength i.e B surrounding the coil- Mathematically, if

magnetic field increases, flux increases and if flux increases emf induced will also get
increased. Theoretically, if the coil is passed through a stronger magnetic field, there will be
more lines of force for the coil to cut and hence there will be more emf induced.

 By increasing the speed of the relative motion between the coil and the magnet – If the
relative speed between the coil and magnet is increased from its previous value, the coil will
cut the lines of flux at a faster rate, so more induced emf would be produced.

Lenz completes the law by adding a minus:

The polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a

current whose magnetic field opposes the change which
produces it.

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Farady’s Law

Applications of Faraday Law:

Faraday law is one of the most basic and important laws of electromagnetism. This law finds its
application in most of the electrical machines, industries, and the medical field, etc.

1. Electrical Transformer
It is a static ac device which is used to either step up or step down voltage or current. It is used in
generating station, transmission and distribution system.

The basic principle behind working of a transformer is the phenomenon of mutual induction
between two windings linked by common magnetic flux.

When, primary winding is connected to a source of alternating voltage, alternating magnetic flux is
produced around the winding. Most of the flux gets linked with the secondary winding which is
called as 'useful flux' . EMF gets induced in the secondary winding according to Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction.

TURNS RATIO

VP - is the Primary Voltage

VS - is the Secondary Voltage

NP - is the Number of Primary Windings

NS - is the Number of Secondary Windings

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Farady’s Law

2. Induction Cooker:
It uses one of the odd quirks of electromagnetism: if you put certain materials into a rapidly
alternating magnetic field, the material absorbs the energy and heats up. That's because the field
creates electrical currents inside the material, and the resistance of the material converts this
electrical energy into heat, which is transferred to the food inside the pan.

3. Electromagnetic Flow Meters:

It is used to measure velocity of blood and certain fluids. When a magnetic field is applied to
electrically insulated pipe in which conducting fluids are flowing, then according to Faraday's law,
an electromotive force is induced in it. This induced emf is proportional to velocity of fluid flowing

-And It is also used in musical instruments like an electric guitar, electric violin, etc.

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Farady’s Law

References:
1. Sadiku, M. N. O. (2007). Elements of Electromagnetics (4th ed.). New York & Oxford:
Oxford University Press. p. 386. ISBN 0-19-530048-3.

2. Hayt, William (1989). Engineering Electromagnetics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

p. 312. ISBN 0-07-027406-1. The magnetic flux is that flux which passes through any and
every surface whose perimeter is the closed path.
3. Harrington, Roger F. (2003). Introduction to electromagnetic engineering. Mineola, NY:
Dover Publications. p. 56. ISBN 0-486-43241-6.
4. Clerk Maxwell, James (1904). A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. 2 (3rd ed.). Oxford
University Press. pp. 178–179, 189.
5. Whelan, P. M.; Hodgeson, M. J. (1978). Essential Principles of Physics (2nd ed.). John
Murray. ISBN 0-7195-3382-1.