Catalan: Grammar Reference
Catalan: Grammar Reference
be Possessive adjectives
Afirmativa Negativa Pronoms I he she it we you they
Completa Contracta Completa Contracta de subjecte
Adjectius my his her its our your their
I am I’m I am not I’m not
possessius
He / She / He’s / She’s / He is not He isn’t
It is It’s She is not She isn’t Ús
It is not It isn’t Els adjectius possessius indiquen que alguna cosa
You / We / You’re / We are not We aren’t pertany a una persona.
You / They We’re / That is David’s bag. That is his bag.
You are not You aren’t
are You’re /
They’re They are not They aren’t Question words
Les partícules interrogatives Who, Where, What, When,
No es pot construir mai una frase sense el pronom de
How i How old encapçalen preguntes sobre dades
subjecte.
concretes.
It’s a good idea. Is a good idea.
En la llengua oral i en el registre informal de la llengua
En la llengua oral i en el registre informal de la llengua
escrita, sovint s’empren contraccions formades pel verb
escrita, es fan servir les formes contractes.
be i les partícules interrogatives. Who’s your favourite actor?
Interrogativa Respostes breus
have got
Afirmativa Negativa
Afirmativa Negativa
Am I happy? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
I’ve got a pen. I haven’t got a pen.
Is he / she / it happy? Yes, he / she / No, he / she /
it is. it isn’t. He’s / She’s / It’s got a pen. He / She / It hasn’t got a pen.
Are you / we / you / Yes, you / we / No, you / we / You’ve / We’ve / You’ve / You / We / You / They
they happy? you / they are. you / they They’ve got a pen. haven’t got a pen.
aren’t.
En la llengua oral i en el registre informal de la llengua
En les respostes breus negatives es fan servir les formes escrita, es fan servir les formes contractes.
contractes (però no en les afirmatives).
Interrogativa Respostes breus
‘Is she Italian?’ ‘Yes, she is.’ ‘Yes, she’s.’
Les partícules interrogatives van davant del verb be. Afirmativa Negativa
Where are they from? They are from where? Have I got a pen? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Ús Has he / she / Yes, he / she / No, he / she /
it got a pen? it has. it hasn’t.
El verb be es fa servir per donar i demanar informació
personal. Have you / we / Yes, you / we / No, you / we /
I’m Andrea and I’m thirteen. you / they got a you / they have. you / they
Are you from Murcia? pen? haven’t.
En les respostes breus s'inclou have, però no pas got.
Yes, I have. Yes, I have got.
Ús
Have got es fa servir per expressar possessió, vincles
familiars i coses que s’han de fer
He’s got two brothers and a sister.
They’ve got a maths exam.
94 Grammar reference
2 1
2 Grammar reference
& practice Catalan
Grammar reference • Starter unit
2 2
2 Grammar reference
& practice Catalan
Grammar practice • Starter unit
be have got
1 Write sentences using the affirmative (✓), 4 Order the words to make sentences or
negative (✗) or question (?) form of be. questions.
he / from / Bilbao ✓ got / you’ve / mark / good / a
He’s from Bilbao. You’ve got a good mark.
1 I / a Star Wars fan ✓ 1 teacher / new / got / a / she’s
2 3
2 Grammar reference
& practice Catalan
Grammar reference • Unit 1
Present simple: affirmative and Aquests indiquen amb quina freqüència passen les
negative coses.
100% 0%
Afirmativa Negativa always usually often sometimes never
I stay in bed late. I don’t stay in bed late. Es col·loquen en una posició diferent amb be, have got
He / She / It stays in bed He / She / It doesn’t stay in i els altres verbs (per exemple, play, watch, stay).
late. bed late. He is often late for school.
You / We / You / They stay You / We / You / They I’ve always got my phone with me.
in bed late. don’t stay in bed late. They don’t usually play on the computer.
La forma afirmativa es construeix amb l’infinitiu sense Verb Posició de l’adverbi
to. En la tercera persona del singular (he, she, it), s’hi Afirmativa be darrere del verb
afegeix -s, -es o -ies.
have got entre have i got
La majoria de s’afegeix -s
els altres davant del verb
verbs meet ➞ meets play ➞ plays Negativa be darrere del verb
spend ➞ spends stay ➞ stays
have got entre have i got
Verbs acabats en s’elimina la y abans d'afegir -ies
consonant + -y els altres entre don’t / doesn’t i el verb
carry ➞ carries copy ➞ copies
fly ➞ flies study ➞ studies Interrogativa be darrere del subjecte
Verbs acabats en s’afegeix -es have got entre el subjecte i got
o, ch, sh, x, ss go ➞ goes watch ➞ watches els altres davant del verb
finish ➞ finishes fix ➞ fixes
miss ➞ misses Present simple: questions
La negativa es construeix amb do not o does not + Interrogativa Respostes breus
l’infinitiu sense to.
Afirmativa Negativa
En la llengua oral i en el registre informal de la llengua
escrita, es fan servir les formes contractes. Do I collect Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
She does not draw. ➞ She doesn’t draw. things?
We do not bake. ➞ We don’t bake. Does he / she / Yes, he / she / No, he / she /
it collect things? it does. it doesn’t.
Ús
Do you / we / Yes, you / we / No, you / we /
El present simple es fa servir:
you / they collect you / they do. you / they don’t.
1 per descriure fets que passen amb regularitat o
things?
constantment.
We finish school at 3.30. La interrogativa es construeix amb Do / Does + subjecte
I don’t spend a lot of time on my phone. + verb.
2 per descriure situacions permanents. Do / does es fa servir en respostes breus afirmatives, i
We live in the countryside near Barcelona. don’t / doesn’t en les negatives.
Lucia and Ruben speak Spanish and English.
3 per expressar opinions. Ús
We think this TV programme is interesting. Les partícules interrogatives Who, What, When, Why,
I don’t like fast food restaurants. How, How often, How much i What time van davant de
Sovint el present simple es fa servir amb els adverbis de do / does.
freqüència. What time do you finish school?
Javier always does his homework. How often do they go to the shops?
You never stay in bed late.
96 Grammar reference
2 4
2 Grammar reference
& practice Catalan
Grammar practice • Unit 1
97
2 5
2 Grammar reference
& practice Catalan
Grammar reference • Unit 2
98 Grammar reference
2 6
2 Grammar reference
& practice Catalan
Grammar practice • Unit 2
It’s delicious!
99
2 7
2 Grammar reference
& practice Catalan
Grammar reference • Unit 3
Interrogativa Respostes breus El past simple té una única forma per a totes les
persones. I visited Paris. You visited Lisbon.
Afirmativa Negativa
El past simple dels verbs regulars es construeix afegint
Was I scared? Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t. -ed a l’infinitiu del verb sense to.
Was he / she / it Yes, he / she / No, he / she / My brother helped me with my homework last night.
in the cave? it was. it wasn’t. Fixa’t en l’ortografia dels verbs regulars:
Were you / we / Yes, you / we / No, you / we / you /
La majoria de s’afegeix -ed
you / they with you / they were. they weren’t.
verbs look ➞ looked play ➞ played
the teacher?
Verbs acabats s’afegeix -d
La forma interrogativa es construeix amb was / were +
en -e arrive ➞ arrived live ➞ lived
el subjecte.
Was the tour good? Were you in Warwick on Friday? Verbs acabats la consonant es duplica i s’afegeix -ed
Les partícules interrogatives encapçalen les preguntes. en vocal + stop ➞ stopped travel ➞ travelled
Who was your guide on the trip? consonant
Les respostes breus es formen amb el subjecte + was / Els verbs irregulars tenen unes formes pròpies de past
were / wasn’t / weren’t. simple:
Was José in Rome last month? No, he wasn’t. do ➞ did get ➞ got go ➞ went have ➞ had
there was, there were Consulta la llista de verbs irregulars de la pàgina 136.
Singular Plural La negativa del past simple dels verbs regulars i dels
irregulars es construeix amb did not + l’infinitiu sense to.
Afirmativa There was a very There were a lot of Se sol fer servir la contracció didn’t.
dark tunnel. visitors at the castle.
We didn’t lose our teacher in the dark tunnels.
Negativa There wasn’t a light There weren’t any ghosts La interrogativa es construeix amb l'auxiliar did +
in the tunnel. in the old building.
l'infinitiu sense to.
There was i there were són les formes de past simple de Did you talk to the guide after the visit?
there is i there are. There was es fa servir amb les formes Les respostes breus es construeixen amb el subjecte +
del singular, i there were amb les del plural. Les formes did / didn’t.
negatives són there wasn’t i there weren’t. Did you like the class trip to Granada? Yes, I did.
There wasn’t a big shop at the visitor centre.
Ús
There weren’t any good books about the tunnels.
El past simple es fa servir per descriure accions que es
La interrogativa es forma invertint l’ordre de was / were i
van acabar en un moment concret del passat. Sovint
there. Was there a café? There was a café?
s’hi inclouen expressions com ara yesterday, last week,
Ús
on Thursday, in 2014, two days ago.
There was i there were es fan servir per descriure coses He watched a film about time travel yesterday.
que hi havia en el passat.
100 Grammar reference
2 8
2 Grammar reference
& practice Catalan
Grammar practice • Unit 3
101
2 9
2 Grammar reference
& practice Catalan
Grammar reference • Unit 4
2 10
2 Grammar reference
& practice Catalan
Grammar practice • Unit 4
2 11
2 Grammar reference
& practice Catalan
Grammar reference • Unit 5
2 12
2 Grammar reference
& practice Catalan
Grammar practice • Unit 5
105
2 13
2 Grammar reference
& practice Catalan
Grammar reference • Unit 6
will and won’t La forma negativa pot anar a l’acció, al resultat o a totes
dues parts de la frase.
Afirmativa If he doesn’t have a compass, he’ll get lost.
I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They ’ll climb the We won’t win the challenge if we get lost in the trees.
tree. If we don’t make a big noise, we won’t find help.
Negativa La interrogativa es forma col·locant will + subjecte
I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They won’t stay still. al començament de la proposició que expressa el
resultat.
Interrogativa
Will you help me if I carry your bag?
Will I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they find drinking Do you help me … ?
water?
Ús
Respostes breus
El condicional de primer grau es fa servir per predir el
Afirmativa Negativa resultat d’una acció. Serveix per parlar de coses que es
Yes, I / you / he / she / it / No, I / you / he / she / it / creu que poden passar en el futur, i d’aquelles que es
we / you / they will. we / you / they won’t. considera que són possibles.
L’afirmativa es construeix amb will + l’infinitiu sense to.
The desert will be hot in the day.
must and should
La negativa es construeix amb won’t + l’infinitiu sense to. must
We won’t lie in the sun. Afirmativa Negativa
La interrogativa es construeix amb will + subjecte + I / You / He / She / It / I / You / He / She / It /
infinitiu sense to. Les partícules interrogatives (What, We / You / They must be We / You / mustn’t leave
Where, When) van al començament de la frase. fit to go on the adventure the camp after dark.
Will you light a fire? Where will we find food? trip.
En les respostes breus s’hi utilitzen will i won’t. should
Will you help me? Yes, I will.
Afirmativa Negativa
Ús I / You / He / She / It / I / You / He / She / It /
Will es fa servir per fer prediccions sobre el futur. We / You / They / should We / You / They /
wear warm clothes. shouldn’t drink all the
The first conditional: will and won’t water at once.
Acció Resultat Must i should tenen una única forma per a totes les
If I climb a tree, I’ll be safe. persones.
Raul must be careful with the knife.
If he / she / it eats the fruit, he / she / it ’ll feel ill. Raul musts be careful with the knife.
If you / we / you / they you / we / you / they ’ll Must i should es fan servir amb l’infinitiu sense to.
follow the river, find the village. You must listen now. They should sit here.
El condicional de primer grau consta de dues Les formes negatives de must i should són must not i
proposicions: If + present simple, will. should not. El verb principal va en l’infinitiu sense to.
Les frases condicionals poden anar encapçalades per
We mustn’t touch this. We mustn’t to touch this.
l’acció: Ús
If you light a fire, you’ll feel warmer. Should es fa servir per donar consells i recomanacions.
o pel resultat: You shouldn’t buy that torch. It’s expensive.
You’ll feel warmer if you light a fire.
Must descriu obligacions fermes.
You must wear shoes in the jungle at all times.
It’s really important.
2 14
2 Grammar reference
& practice Catalan
Grammar practice • Unit 6
The first conditional: will and won’t 5 Complete the text. Use should, shouldn’t, must
or mustn’t.
2 Choose the correct words.
If we don’t take / won’t take a water bottle,
we are / ’ll be thirsty.
1 I look / ’ll look for some food if you find / Lark Hill School
’ll find some drinking water.
Information for new students
2 If it will be / is very hot on holiday, they buy /
’ll buy some cool clothes. Ӻ You mustn’t run in the school. It’s very
3 Will / Do you make dinner if I light / ’ll light a dangerous.
fire? Ӻ Students (1) eat chewing gum
4 If you ’re / ’ll be patient and determined, you in class. This is forbidden.
win / ’ll win the Desert Challenge. Ӻ You (2) always wear a uniform.
5 If we buy / will buy a tent, do / will you come You’ll need to go home if you wear jeans.
camping with us?
Ӻ If possible, all students (3) try
6 If she doesn’t bring / won’t bring a sleeping
to do two hours of homework every evening.
bag, she ’s be / ’ll be cold at night.
Ӻ Students (4) arrive later than
3 Complete the sentences using the correct form 8.30 in the morning. This is very important.
of the verbs in the box.
Ӻ You (5) have unhealthy food for
eat feel listen to make not find see lunch. It’s better to have more healthy food.
not swim Ӻ You (6) walk or take the
If she makes a noise, the tiger will hear us. bus to school if you can. It’s good for the
1 If he any big animals, he’ll stay still. environment.
2 They won’t survive if they water.
3 If we have some free time, we the
radio.
107
2 15
2 Grammar reference
& practice Catalan
Grammar reference • Unit 7
2 16
2 Grammar reference
& practice Catalan
Grammar practice • Unit 7
2 17
2 Grammar reference
& practice Catalan
Grammar reference • Unit 8
2 18
2 Grammar reference
& practice Catalan
Grammar practice • Unit 8
3 Complete the sentences using the present 5 Order the words to make sentences or
perfect form of one of the verbs in brackets. questions.
My uncle likes travelling and he’s learned four she / ever / has / been / the United States / to ?
different languages. (learn / know) Has she ever been to the United States?
1 Fernando a 15 km race. 1 eaten / food / never / Brazilian / they’ve
That’s a long way! (fly / run)
2 They live far from the coast and they 2 judo / tried / have / ever / you ?
the sea before. (not see /
not look) 3 never / I’ve / lost / mobile phone / my
3 She’s a children’s author. She
any books for adults. (not send / not write) 4 has / my sister / never / book / this / read
4 You two competitions.
You’re lucky! (lose / win) 5 this / sung / song / ever / have / they ?
5 I in a mountain river before.
It’s really cold in here! (not swim / not drive)
111
2 19
2 Grammar reference
& practice Catalan
Grammar reference • Unit 9
2 20
2 Grammar reference
& practice Catalan
Grammar practice • Unit 9
113
2 21