BUILDING MAINTAINCE

SANDEEP KAUR
SHORT QUESTION / ANSWERS
Question 1:-what are the causes of efflorescence?
Answer:- A White Crystalline deposit sometimes found on the surface of concerte soon after
it is finished.
CAUSES
Efflorescence is caused when soluble salts and other waterdispersible
Material come to the surface of concrete and mortars . It is indused by low temperature , moist
conditins, condensation, rain, dew and water added to it.

Question 2:- What are the various types of defects in brick masonary wall?
Answer:-a) Sulphate attack
b)crystallization of salts from brick
c) corrosion of embedded iron or steel
d)shrinkage on drying

Question -3:-What do you mean by rising dampness?

Answer:- The presence of unwanted moisture in the structure of the building , either the
result of intrusion from outside or condensation from within the structure . A high proportion
of damp problems in buildings are caused by ambient climate dependent factors of
condensation and rain penetration.
 Question4 :- what do you mean by spalling of concrete ?
Answer:- Spalling ,sometimes called spaulding , it is the result of water entering brick ,
concerte , or natural stone . Spalling happens in concrete because of moisture and salts in
the concrete, it forces the surface to peel , pop out , or flake off , also called flaking ,
especially in limestone.
Question5:-What do you mean by life cycle of the building material?
Answer:-The life cycle of the building material can considered to have five stages:-
•mining/extraction/harvesting
•Manufacturing END OF
MATERIAL
•construction LIFE ISSUSE MATERIAL
RESOURCES
•Use AND
RECYCLING FOR GREEN
•Demonlition. EXTRACTION ETC ENERGY
LIFE CYCLE
PROCESSING
OF BUILDING USE OF
IMPACT ON
ENVIORNMENT MATERIAL SUSTAINABLE
MATERIAL
DESIGN FOR ECONOMIC
SUSTAINABILI AND
TY SOCIAL
ISSUES
Question5:-What are the causes of Dampness?
Answer:- CAUSES
•Old bathroom pipes damaged. Seals around baths and showers
•Corroded water pipes that are inside the walls
•Old bathroom pipes.
•Moisture enterapped during construction
•Pure quality of construction material.
Question6:-what is periodic maintenance?
Answer:- Significant activities carried out regularly (acc. To predefined schedule)to maintain the
condition or operational status of building, equipment, plant or system. Also called time based
maintaince.
Question7:-Describe of failure of cover concerete?
Answer:-The cracking of concrete cover due to steel corrosion may accelerate corrosion process an
lead to failure very rapidly. This means that the real state of corrosion is not uniform around a rebar
and status from pitting corrosion. This may cause non uniform expansion pressure around rebar.
Question8:-Describe Mainteince of flushing?
Answer:-Although flush water continuously rinses the bowl, the toilet should be scrubbed
clean regularly to maintain hygine and prevent the build up of stain. Maintaince is required for
the replacement or repair of some mechanical its or fitting . Mensural hygience products
should collected in a seprate bin.
Question9:-Define efflorocence?
Answer:-This is the migration of salts to surface of porous material , where it forms a coating
The essential process involves the dissolving of an internally held salt in water or occasionally
In another solvents.
. LONG QUESTION /ANSWERS
QUESTION 1.:- Enlist the different causes of deterioration and decay of building .
Explain the preventive measures one should be take to counter these problem in
building.Explain factors responsible for deterioration.
QUESTION 2:- what do you mean by retrofitting of the building ? explain the role of ndt
involved in it
QUESTION:3- Enlist the different types of cracks in the building ? What are the
possible causes of it ?how to repair it
QUESTION 4:- What do you mean by mainteince of a post occupied building ?
Explain its economic and significance in detail?
QUESTION 5:- What is the role of climate on the life cycle of the building ? Explain
in detail .
QUESTION 6:- What are the common defects caused due to water supply and sanitation
system in hise rise building ? Explain in detail how are they rectified ?
QUESTION 7:- What is the building mainteince why it is necessary?what are its
objectives , why it is important in context of an architect ?
QUESTION 8:- Name the five common defects of in the building and suggest measure to
rectify them ?
QUESTION 1.:- Enlist the different causes of deterioration and
decay of building . Explain the preventive measures one should be
take to counter these problem in building.
Answer:- DETERIORATION

. Deterioration means the decay of the building with the passage of time , when not
maintained properly.
The material which are to be used for the construction , decay with the time if , do not
maintained properly or do not pay attention for the material such as Concrete, plaster, mortar
etc, our building may be decay faster . This is called Deterioration.
CAUSES OF DETERIORATION
1. Poor structural design.
2. Poor quality of construction.
3. Poor maintainace of the building .
4. Environmental problems and aging effects.
5. Poor construction and poor quality of materials.
6. Chemical effects.
7. Rusting of steel
8. Corrosion
9. Frosting
10. Organism growth
11. Human Activities
1. Corrosion:-it is the one of the main cause why many building deterioted . Building which
were build in 20th century are among the structureswhich are probably undergoing this
process , the concrete parts of building undergo the general corrosion due to expose to
carbon while exposure to chloride ion makes them undergo putting construction.
2. Frosting:-The freezing weather during winter when snow and hail are prelevent elements
Can cause frosting . Building which are made from frost susceptible stonesare subjected to
this deterioration factor. The frost can damage the stones especially those which have smaller
. pores
3. Organism Growth:-Another deteriorated factor to building is actually caused by the growth
of organism in the building what we typically think of arsthetic additions to building might
Eventually bring damage micro-organisms like , fungi,and bacteria on building .
3. Human activities:-the deterioration of many buildings structures are not only caused by
Weather and other organisms. Infact , there are many cause of building deterioration due to
Human carelessness such as not proper monthly or cylic maintaince etc.
4. Concrete corrosion:-Many modern building created during 20th century were from cocrete
in recent year .
PREVENTIVE MEASURE OF DETERIORATION
Question 2:- what do you mean by retrofitting of the building ?
explain the role of ndt involved in it .
ANSWER:- it is the process of modifying the structure after it has been constructed or any
change made to an existing structure to reduce or eliminate the possibility of damage to that
structure from flooding , erosion , high winds , earthquakes, or other hazards.
Or Ritrofitting prooves to be a better economic consideration and immediate shelter to problems
rather than replacement of buildings.
NEED OF RETROFITTING
•Building not design to code
•Updating of code and design practice
•Deterioation of strenth and aging
•Modification of existing structure.
ROLE OF NDT
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING method are used to evaluate concrete properties by assessing
the strength and other properties such as corrosion of rcc , permiability, cracking, and voids
structure . This type of testing is important for the evaluation of both new and old structures.
NDT is term used for the examination of materail and components in such a way that alows
materail to be examined without changing or destroying their usefulness .NDT can be used to
find , size and locate surface and subsurface flaws and defects.
 RETROFITTINGS TECHNIQUE

LOCAL RETROFITTING GLOBAL RETROFITTING

TECHNIQUES TECHNIQUES:-
To avoid failure of compounds and To provide an increased lateral
Also enhance overall performance:- Stiffness and strength to building
•Concrete jacking as a whole:-
•Steel jacking •Addition of infill walls
•Fibre reinforced polymer •Addition of steel braces
•Sheet drapping •Adittion of frames
•Energy dissipation devices
And base isolation.
QUESTION:4- Enlist the different types of cracks in the building ?
What are the possible causes of it ?how to repair it ?
Answer:- TYPES OF CRACKS

1.STRUCURAL CRACKS :-These cracks occur due to incorrect design, faulty

construction or overloading and these may endanger the safety of the building.
2. NON STRUCTURAL CRACKS:- They are due to internal forces developed in material
due to internal forces developed in material due to moisture variations , temp. variations ,
crazing, effect of gases , liquids etc .
3. BASED ON WIDTH :-a) thin- less than 1mm in width .
b) medium -1 to 2 mm in width
c) wide – more than 2mm in width

CAUSES OF CRAKS
•Moisture change
•Thermal variations
•Elastic deformation
•Creep
•Chemical reaction
•Foundation movement and settlement of soil
•Vegetation.
1.Thermal variations:-it depends upon temperature variation, dimensions, colour, surface,
thermal conductivity, insulation, etc.when concreteing is done in summer at high temperature,
contraction due to drop in temperature in winter is high leading to thermal cracks .
When roof in a load bearing
structure undergoes
expansion , horizontal cracks
occur in cross walls as
shown:

•Thermal variations
PREVENTION OF THERMAL VARIATIONS:-
•Provision of expansion joints, slip joint,control jont.
•Slab should be provided thermal insulation .
•Span of slab should not be large .

•2. Moisture movement:-Reversable movement

Irreversable movement
Reversable movement:-
a)Material expand
b)Shrinks on drying
Irreversable movement
a)Material undergo some irreversable movement due to initial moisture change like
shrinkage of cement on initial drying.
b) Initial shrinkage in cement concrete and mortar depends upon : cement and water
content,maximum size grading , quality of aggregate , duration-method-temperature of
curing, presence of excessive fines in aggregate, humidity, typeof cement, temperature
of fresh concrete etc.
 Cracks at lintel level due to
SHRINKAGE CRACKS shrinkage and
Contraction of RCC slab .

SECTION
ELEVATION

PREVENTION OF SHRINKAGE CRACKS:

-a) Curing for atleast 10 days, drying shrinkage is much less.
b)Presence of excess silt,dust etc,in sand and stone , aggregate should not exceed 3%
c)Shrinkage is much less in coastal areas due to high humidity.
d)PPC and low gradeOPC have much less shrinkage.
e)The ideal temperature range should be 10 degree to 30 degree c.
.
MEASURE TO CONTROL CRACKS (BEFORE CONSTRUCTION)
a) In structural concrete shrinkage cracks are controlled by using temperature
rcc even in plain concrete a minimum 0.12%steel is recommended by
IS:Codes . It is more effective if smaller diametr bars –closely spaced are
used.
b) Cracks in masonary can be controlled by using rich mortar and delaying
plaster work till masonary has dried after curing .
c) Cement plaster richer than 1: 6 is harmful for external wall exposed to high
temperature variations , since it will create a stronger membrane than the
surface of brick .
d) Coarse well graded sand should be used for plaster . Fine sand will result in
carry cracks .
e) Strong bond between concrete and plaster prevents shrinkage cracks , if
rendering is done as early as possible after removal of shuttering .
f) Shrinkage cracks effects the apperance and finish and not the structural
stability .
g) Cracks in wall generally get localised at weaks sections , such as doors and
windows opemimgs or staircase walls ,
h) Construction joints should be avoided in concrete , however if necessary it
should be located at one fourth of span away from preceding beam .
QUESTION 5:- What do you mean by mainteince of a post occupied
building ? Explain its economic and social significance in detail?
Answer:-Post occupied building maintaince means :-

Economic and social significance

The aim and objective of mainteince to building and related infrastructure had been
examined but there still exists the economic and social significance which includes:-
a) Dilapidation and unhealthy building depresse the quality of life and in some ways
contributes the certain anti-social values , for instance uncompleted abandoned
building have continued to serve as hide out to criminals and social miscreants
b) Maintaince as has been shown arrest decay and failures thereby extending the
physical life of the building and thereby delays replacement and deters expenditure
on new construction
c) The apperence quality and general physical conditions of the building normally
refle t public pride or indiffernce , the level of prosperity in the area , social values
and behavior .
d) Certain building and infrastructure facilities by their appearance and location in the
vicinity or street add or improves the beauty of the enviornment.
QUESTION 6:- What is the role of climate on the life cycle of the building ? Explain
in detail .
Answer:- CLIMATE CHANGE
As per IPCC decleared that warming of the climate system is unequivocal
•Changes in temperature
•Hot extreme, heat waves and heavy precipation events
•Tropical cyclones with larger peak winds speeds
•Heavy precipition associated with ongoing increase of tropical sea surface teperature
•Decrease in snow cover.
HOW WILL CLIMATE CHANGE

All the parts of the world will experience significant changes in climate over this
century . These can be summerised as:-
•Hotter driers summers
•Milder wetter winters
•More frequent extreme winter presipitation
•Significant decresse in soil moisture content in the summer
•Net sea level rise and increses in sea surge height
•Possible higher wind speeds.
 HOW WILL CLIMATE CHANGE

Today, buildings are responsible for more than 40% of global energy used, and as one
third of global greenhouse gas emissions , both in developed and developing
countries.
IMPACT ON CONSTRUCTION

CLIMATE FACTORS IMPACTS

1.SOIL DRYING- -Increase will affect water tables and foundation

in clay soils

2. TEMPERATURE -Max. and min. changes will afect heating ,

cooling , air conditioning costs and thermal air
movement. frequency of cycling through
freezing point will affect durability.

3. RELATIVE HIMIDITY -Incerase will affect condensation and associated

damage or mould growth

4.PRECIPITATION -Increase and decrease will affect water tables

(foundations and basements ), cleaning costs will
increase in winters.
 5. RADIATION -Increase may affect need for solar glare control.

6.CLOUD- -Increase in winter will increase the need for electric

lightening: reduction in summer may reduce the
need for electric lightening for certain buildings.

COMPONENTS , SUB- IMPACTS

STRUCTURES AND WHOLE
BUILDING:-
1. AIR CONDIOTIONING- Need to upgrade airtightness

2. BASEMENTS Increased risk of heavy or subsidence .

(SUB-STRUCTURES) Water ingress, consequential damage to
finish and stored items..

3. MATERIALS Plastics life is reduced due to increased

radiations . Increased salts spray zone in
marine areas will reduce life duration.

4. ROOFS Incresed fixing costs and risk of failures due

to gales , winds and precipition .
5. WHOLE BUILDING Incresed cleaning costs due to wind . Gales ,
relative humidity , precipition.

6.STRUCTURE /CLADDING/ Increased risk of cracking due to different

RENDERS/MEMBRANES thermal or moistures movements

7. TIMBER-FRAMED Increased risk of failure due to increased in

CONSTRUCTION relative humidity , depending on design .
QUESTION 6:- What are the common defects caused due to water
supply and sanitation system in hise rise building ? Explain in detail
how are they rectified ?
Answer:- DEFECTS
1.CRACKS IN CLAY DRAIN
2.ROOT IN SEWER CLAY PIPES
3.LEAKING OF PIPES
4.DETERIORATION OF MATERIALS
5.TRAP SEAL LOSS
OTHER DEFECTS MAY BE
1. FUNGUS STAIN
2. EROSION OF MORTAR JOINTS
3. PEELING OF PAINT
4. DEFECTIVE PLASTER RENDERING
5. CRACKING OF WALLS
6. DEFECTIVE RAINWATER GOODS
7. INSECTS TERMINATE ATTACKS
8. DAMPNESS PENETRATION THROUGH WALLS
9. UNSTABLE FOUNDATION
 CAUSES AND PREVENTION

1.CRACKS IN CLAY DRAIN:-

CAUSES
not been maintained for many years , a periodic cleaning.
PREVENTION
should be performed as a preventative step to avoid my major sewer main problems

2.ROOT IN SEWER CLAY PIPES:-.

CAUSES
Roots are attracted to water vapour that escapes through cracks or loose joints in
sewer pipes . This means roots will move towards and penetrate through cracks
,loose joints or any openings in sewer pipe. They feed off the water and began to
grow inside the pipe. This happens even in the winter when trees appear to be
dormant.
3.LEAKING OF PIPES:-.
CAUSES
Temperature changes:- you need both hot and cold water running through
building . These temperature changes within the pipe might cause some pipes to
burst or crack leading to leakages. Some pipes cold during raining season and
contract,when water runs through them,the expansion causes services to form
which in time leads to leaks.
 4..DETERIORATION OF MATERIAL:-
CAUSES
Due to exxessive amount of acid created by a substanial amount of hydrogen in the
system
PREVENTION
Yearly maintaince is must to protect the building from deteriation

5.TRAP SEAL LOSS:-

CAUSES

•Direct effect of the minus and plus pressure inside the system due to inadequate
ventilation
•System due to inadequate ventilation
•Self siphonage
•Indused siphonage
PREVENTION

•Inspection work at sewer line

•Pipeline inspection work should be there.
QUESTION 7:- What is the building mainteince why it is necessary?what are its
objectives , why it is important in context of an architect ?
Answer:-maintaince is the process to prevent of decay and degradation of the
building , it is the process of ensuring that building and other assect retain a good
appearance and operate at optimum effeciency . No building will ever be maintaince
free , but the quality of of the design and workmanship can minimise the level
required . Or building maintaince is the combination of technical and
administrative actions to ensure the items and elements of a buildng in an
acceptable standered to perform its required function .
OBJECTIVES

•To preserve machinery , building and servives , in a good operating condition

•To restore it back to its original standered
•To improve the facilities depending upon the development that is taking place in the
building engineering
•All the buildings deterioted from the time they are completed . The rate of deterioration
depends on the number of factors . Not all the factors can be controlled by the
occupants of the building .
•to ensure the fullest availability of production equipments , utilities and facilities at
optimal costs .
 WHY IMPORTANT
It is very important that building continue to be maintained to ensure that they can
function as properly maintained to ensure that they can function as efficiently and
effectively as possible . Architects and designers influence not merely the aesthetics of
building and other physical acpects but also the way individual precieve and go above
performing everyday activities.
1. Facility Programming:- the development of facility programme will be lead by an
architect in collabration with specialized facility programme, engineers, consultants,
facility managers , contractors and manufactures.
2. Design terms :- architects put together the design term for project . The design term
basic responsibility is to transform the owner s facility program into detailed design
..the term determines the design requirement, specifies and draws up the project ,
produces the construction documents and administers the construction contract.
3. Selecting in building :- Architects frequently help the building owner in selecting and
acquiring the building site for new construction , or for existing buildings , increasing
current condition and uploading a survey site selection is very important because it is
long lasting.
4. Selecting in building:- the architect and design team select the material used in building
.these decision are sometimes a balancing act between constructability, aesthetics, durability
Regulatives, and costs.
5. Co-ordination:- Architects are generally involved with coordination the information and work
Of design team members .later in construction phase , a construction managermay coordinate
The work of contractor.
QUESTION 8:- Name the five common defects of in the building and suggest
measure to rectify them ?
Answer:- defects are defined as the determination of building features and services to
Unsatisfactory quality levels of requirment of users . The defects can be devided into two
categories:-
a) Structural defects
b) Non structural defects
In general there are sevral building defects which usually occur to building parts such roofs,
walls,floors, ceilings, toilet, doors an windows.
Defects are:-
1. Cracks
2. Dampness
3. Corrosion
4. Settlement
5. effloroscence
1.Cracks on walls – it is the1.nature
Cracks
of many construction materials to crack as they
expand and contract , particularly with exposure to moisture as they get wet and dry out
alternatively.
CAUSES AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES
•Elastic deformation :- it occurs when a material strains under stress. When 2
materialsdifferent shear stresses in these material create cracks at the junction.
PREVENTIVE MEASURE
Create slip joint under the support of concrete slab on walls . Provide horizontal movements
joint between the top of brick panel and reinforced cement concrete beam
 •Thermal Movement :- most material expand when they are heated and contracted when
are cooled .
PREVENTIVE MEASURE
Joints should be constructed like construction joints , expansion joints , control joints and
slip joints.

•Chemical reaction :- Chemical reaction may occur due to materials used to make the
concrete ,or material that come into contact with concrete , after it has hardened .
PREVENTIVE MEASURE
If sulphate content in soil exceeds 0.2% or in ground , water exceeds 300 parts per
millions use very dense concrete and either increses richness of mix into 1:1 to 1:5 to
prevent cracking due to corrosion.
2.Dampness:-Dampness is generally defined as uncounted and excessive water moisture .
The existing of dampness in building is one of the damaging failures that
really must be taken care of .
CAUSES
•Rain penetration •Defective orientation
•Level of site •Extraped moisture
•Drainability of soil •Defective construction
•Climatic condition
 EFFECTS OF DAMPNESS
•Building become aesthetically poor
•It cause dry rot to wooden members povided in building
•It causes corrosion of metals ued in buildings
•Plaster peels off .
•Paint blistered and bleached and surface disfigured
•Holes and pits are formed in topping of floor
•Un hygenic condition in building

TYPES OF DAMPNESS
•Rising Dampness
•Falling of penetrating dampness
•Condensation Dampness
•Rising Dampness:- it is the result of water rising through walls by means of capillary action.
•Moisture may stem from the soil around the outside of walls or from moisture rising through floo
Construction. As a result,capillary lift through the fine pores in brickwork and masonary
Solution
•Replacement of physical damp proof course
•Injection of liquid or cream chemical damp proof course
•Porous tubes
•Land drainage
•Falling and penetrating Dampness:- falling or penetrating dampness when water penetration
reaches inside masonary walls . There is large array of different issues that can cause
penetrating dampness.
problem arises:-
•Damp patches
•Salt effloroncence
•Mould
•Blistering of walls paint
•Deterioration of plaster
Condensation dampness:-
• is the formation of liquid drops from water vapour.
• occurs when water in the air inside the building condenseson the cooler surface.
•Cracks damp patches which appear and disaapear on regular basis
Preventive measures:-.
•DPC
•By surface treatment
•By special device / techniques
•The site should be located on high ground and wall drained soil to safeguard against foundation
Dampness
•All exposed walls should be of suffcient thickness to safeguard against rain protection
•Brick of superior quality from defects should be used
•Good quality cement mortar 1:3 used
•Cavity walls are move realiable than solid walls in preventing dampness.
Effloroscence:- it is caused due to entry of moisture into brickwork and soaking it to saturation .
once the moisture has entered , it moves upward due to capilaary action
CAUSES
•porous nature of structure
•Cracks on wall
•Existing voids left due to bad workmanship
•Small tress and plants in wall
•Non existence of DPC
EFFECTS
•Dry rot of woodwork
•Distinguish of masonary
•Damage to furniture
•Crumbling of plaster
STEPS TO AVOID EFFLOROSCENCE
•Ingress of water is checked
•Plaster is removed both inside and outside and is left to dry
•Voids in the wall are filled
•Walls are washed with tamarind water to remove stains
•Walls are replastered with cement mortar not than 1:4 and water proofing administures.
 PREVENTIVE MEASURES
•Patching up of defects such as cracks and full of plaster
•Repairing doors, windows, replacement of glass panel
•Checking and repairing electric wiring
•Re plastering of walls are required
•Rerranging disturbed roofing tiles .
Corrosion of concrete:- corrosion of steel reinforcement is a major problem influcing the long
term performance of reinforced concrete structures.

It occurs due to attacks

Of aggressive agent

Chloride ions Cloride

From marine Deicing contained
envoirnment salt aggregate
 CAUSES

CORROSION

carbonation Chloride Stray currents

AT CONSTRUCTION From envoirnment

Marine. Salt,
Calcium chloride, groundwater, salts,
Saline , sea sand magnasite