vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND
ABBREVIATIONS xvi

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 PREAMBLE 1
1.2 IMPACT OF CFCs ON OZONE
DEPLETION 2
1.3 IMPACT OF CFCs ON GLOBAL
WARMING 3
1.4 INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS ON
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 4
1.5 OUTLINE OF THE THESIS 5

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 INTRODUCTION 6
2.2 REVIEWS ON ALTERNATE
REFRIGERANTS 7
2.3 REVIEWS ON INTERNAL HEAT
EXCHANGER 14
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CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

2.4 CONCLUSIONS FROM THE

LITERATURE SURVEY AND
OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT
RESEARCH WORK 24
2.4.1 Back ground and objective of the
present work 27

3 EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY AND

DATA REDUCTION 29
3.1 EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY 29
3.1.1 Environmental Chambers 33
3.1.2 Window Air conditioner 33
3.1.3 Measurements and
Instrumentation 35
3.2 INFILTRATION INTO THE INDOOR
CHAMBER 36
3.3 CAPILLARY OPTIMIZATION 37
3.4 CHARGE OPTIMIZATION 39
3.5 INTERNAL HEAT EXCHANGER
DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 41
3.5.1 Design of Shell and Coil Type
IHE 42
3.5.2 Optimization Procedure 43
3.6 EFFECT OF ISOLATING A
PORTION OF EVAPORATOR 44
3.7 TEST CONDITIONS 50

3.8 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 51

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CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

3.8.1 Retrofitting Procedure 52

3.9 DATA REDUCTION WITH SAMPLE
DATA 52
3.10 ERROR ANALYSIS 57

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 58

4.1 RANGE OF EXPERIMETNS 58
4.2 REFRIGERANT MASS FLOW RATE 59
4.3 SPECIFIC REFRIGERATING
EFFECT 62
4.4 REFRIGERATION CAPACITY 64
4.5 COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE
TEMPERATURE 66
4.6 CAPILLARY INLET
TEMPERATURE 69
4.7 PRESSURE RATIO 70
4.8 COMPRESSOR POWER 72
4.9 COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE 74
4.10 EFFECTS OF USING IHE 76
4.11 EFFECTS OF RETROFITTING
WITH R407C 79
4.12 COMPARISION OF
EXPERIEMTNAL RESULTS WITH
SIMULATION RESULTS 81
4.13 COMPARISION OF PRESENT
EXPERIMETNAL RESULTS WITH
EARLIER STUDIES 83
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CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

5 CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR

FUTURE WORK 86
5.1 CONCLUSION 86
5.2 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK 88

APPENDIX 1 REFRIGERANT
SELECTION 89
APPENDIX 2 ERROR ANALYSIS 93
APPENDIX 3 SIMULATION 102

REFERENCES 106

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 114

VITAE 115
 x

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1.1 HCFCs regulation schedule 4

2.1 Summary of derived thermodynamic data
(Devotta et al 2001) 10
2.2 Refrigerants tested in the study by Dongsoo et al
2000 19
3.1 Technical data of experimental setup 34
3.2 Measurements and instrumentation 35
3.3 Physical dimensions of internal heat exchanger 42
3.4 Test conditions - comparison with the earlier
studies 50
3.5 Data reduction with sample data - R22 without
IHE 53
3.6 Data reduction with sample data - R22 with IHE 54
3.7 Data reduction with sample data - R407C without
IHE 55
3.8 Data reduction with sample data - R407C with
IHE 56
4.1 Comparison of experimental results and IMST-
ART simulation results 82
4.2 Comparison of the effects of IHE and retrofitting
with R407C with earlier studies 84
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TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

A1.1 Thermo-physical properties of selected

refrigerants 90
A2.1 Sample data for R22 without IHE case 93
A2.2 Sample data for R22 with IHE case 98
A2.3 Sample data for R407C without IHE case 99
A2.4 Sample data for R407C with IHE case 100
A3.1 IMST-ART simulation input data 103
 xii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

2.1 Variation of COP with evaporator

temperature at condenser temperature of
55oC (Devotta et al 2005) 10
2.2 Comparison of COP of R22 and R407C at
various operating conditions(Devotta et al
2005) 12
2.3 Comparison of evaporator and condenser
pressure drops of R22 and R407C at
various operating conditions (Devotta et al
2005) 13
2.4 Effect of using various refrigerants when
compared to R22 reported by Dongsoo et
al 2000 for systems without SLHX 19
2.5 Effect of using a SLHX on COP for
various refrigerants Dongsoo et al 2000 20
2.6 Effect of using internal heat exchanger in
an R22 system by Meyer and Wood 2001 22
2.7 Relative variation in refrigerating capacity
by using IHE (Navarro et al 2005) 23
2.8 Relative variation in COP by using IHE
(Navarro et al 2005) 23
 xiii

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

3.1 Schematic diagram of vapour compression

system with internal heat exchanger 30
3.2 T-S diagram of vapour compression system
with internal heat exchanger 30
3.3 Schematic diagram of the test facility 31
3.4 Photograph of experimental set up 31
3.5 Panel showing the mass flow meter and
instrumentation 32
3.6 Photograph showing internal heat
exchanger 32
3.7 Heat infiltration into the indoor chamber
with temperature difference across the
walls 36
3.8 Variation of COP with capillary length 39
3.9 Variation of COP with refrigerant quantity
for R22 40
3.10 Variation of COP with refrigerant quantity
for R407C 40
3.11 Internal heat exchanger 42
3.12 Effect of internal heat exchanger coil
length on COP 43
3.13 Valve arrangements to reduce the
evaporator coil length 45
3.14 Evaporator coil surface temperature
distribution (No isolation of evaporator
area) 45
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FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

3.15 Variation of mass flow rate with evaporator

area isolation 46
3.16 Variation of compressor discharge
temperature with evaporator area isolation 47
3.17 Variation of capillary inlet temperature
with evaporator area isolation 47
3.18 Variation of pressure ratio with evaporator
area isolation 48
3.19 Variation of compressor power with
evaporator area isolation 48
3.20 Variation of refrigeration capacity with
evaporator area isolation 49
3.21 Variation of COP with evaporator area
isolation 49
4.1 Effect of evaporator temperature on
refrigerant mass flow rate 60
4.2 Effect of condenser temperature on
refrigerant mass flow rate 61
4.3 Effect of evaporator temperature on
specific refrigerating effect 62
4.4 Effect of condenser temperature on specific
refrigerating effect 63
4.5 Effect of evaporator temperature on
refrigeration capacity 65
4.6 Effect of condenser temperature on
refrigeration capacity 65
4.7 Effect of evaporator temperature on
compressor discharge temperature 67
 xv

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

4.8 Effect of condenser temperature on

compressor discharge temperature 67
4.9 Effect of evaporator temperature on
capillary inlet temperature 69
4.10 Effect of condenser temperature on
capillary inlet temperature 70
4.11 Effect of evaporator temperature on
pressure ratio 71
4.12 Effect of condenser temperature on
pressure ratio 71
4.13 Effect of evaporator temperature on
compressor power 73
4.14 Effect of condenser temperature on
compressor power 73
4.15 Effect of evaporator temperature on COP 75
4.16 Effect of condenser temperature on COP 75
4.17 Effects of IHE on vapour compression
system with R22 77
4.18 Effects of IHE on vapour compression
system with R407C 78
4.19 Effects of retrofitting R22 system with
R407C without IHE 79
4.20 Effects of retrofitting R22 system with
R407C with IHE 80
4.21 Comparison of performance of R22 system
without IHE and R407C system with IHE 81
 xvi

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Symbols

o
Tavg - Average chamber temperature C
p'5 - Capillary inlet pressure with internal heat exchanger bar
p5 - Capillary inlet pressure without internal heat bar
exchanger
o
T'5 - Capillary inlet temperature with internal heat C
exchanger
o
T5 - Capillary inlet temperature without internal heat C
exchanger
p'1 - Compressor inlet pressure with internal heat bar
exchanger
p1 - Compressor inlet pressure without internal heat bar
exchanger
o
T'1 - Compressor inlet temperature with internal heat C
exchanger
o
T1 - Compressor inlet temperature without internal heat C
exchanger
p'2 - Compressor outlet pressure with internal heat bar
exchanger
p2 - Compressor outlet pressure without internal heat bar
exchanger
o
T'2 - Compressor outlet temperature with internal heat C
exchanger
 xvii

o
T2 - Compressor outlet temperature without internal heat C
exchanger
P'c,r - Compressor power with internal heat exchanger kW
( refrigerant side)
Pc,r - Compressor power without internal heat exchanger kW
( refrigerant side)
P'c,a - Compressor Wattmeter reading with internal heat kW
exchanger(air side)
Pc,a - Compressor Wattmeter reading without internal heat kW
exchanger(air side)
h'5 - Enthalpy at capillary inlet with internal heat kJ/kg
exchanger
h5 - Enthalpy at capillary inlet without internal heat kJ/kg
exchanger
h'1 - Enthalpy at compressor inlet with internal heat kJ/kg
exchanger
h1 - Enthalpy at compressor inlet without internal heat kJ/kg
exchanger
h'2 - Enthalpy at compressor outlet with internal heat kJ/kg
exchanger
h2 - Enthalpy at compressor outlet without internal heat kJ/kg
exchanger
o
Te - Evaporator temperature C
o
Tfinal - Final temperature of indoor chamber C
Q'l - Heat infiltration with internal heat exchanger kW
Ql - Heat infiltration without internal heat exchanger kW
o
Tinitial - Initial temperature of indoor chamber C
Q'h - Load on evaporator (Measured Heater load) kW
 xviii

Qh - Load on evaporator (Measured heater load) without kW

internal heat exchanger
ma - Mass of air inside the indoor chamber kg
m'r - Refrigerant mass flow rate with internal heat kg/s
exchanger
mr - Refrigerant mass flow rate without internal heat kg/s
exchanger
Q'e - Refrigerating capacity with internal heat exchanger kW
Qe - Refrigerating capacity without internal heat exchanger kW
q'e - Refrigerating effect with internal heat exchanger kJ/kg
qe - Refrigerating effect without internal heat exchanger kJ/kg
Cp,a - Specific heat capacity of air kJ/(kg.K)
∆t - Time s

Abbreviations

COP - Coefficient of Performance without internal heat

exchanger
COP' - Coefficient of Performance with internal heat exchanger
DBT - Dry Bulb Temperature
FSR - Full Scale Reading
IHE - Internal Heat Exchanger
PR - Pressure Ratio without internal heat exchanger
PR' - Pressure Ratio with internal heat exchanger
SIM - Simulation
WBT - Wet Bulb Temperature
WIHE - With Internal Heat Exchanger
WOIHE - Without Internal Heat Exchanger