General Physics 1 (1st Semester, 1st Quarter)

PHYSICS DERIVED UNITS AND UNIT PREFIXES

 Branch of science concerned with the DERIVED UNIT
nature and properties of matter and energy.  Combination of two or more base units.
 Applied mathematics. THREE (3) EXAMPLES:
 Uses mathematics to prove concepts of 1. AREA
science. Area=length ( m) x with ( m )=square meter (m2)
2. VOLUME
MEASUREMENT Area=length ( m ) x with ( m ) x height (m)=cubic meter (m3 )
 Defined as the process of comparing 3. SPEED
something with the standard to see its size, distance meter m
length, or mass. speed= = =
time second s
 Made up of a number or magnitude and a
unit. UNIT PREFIXES
TWO (2) SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT  Also called as metric prefix.
 Can be used to make a new unit larger or
1. METRIC smaller than the base unit.
 Based on meter, kilogram, and second.
THREE (3) EXAMPLES: TIME AREA
A. METER 1 min = 60 s 1 cm2 = 0.155 in.2
 Used to measure length. 1 h = 3,600 s 1 in.2 = 6.452 cm2
B. KILOGRAM 1 day = 86,400 s 1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2
 Used to measure mass. 1 day = 24 h
C. SECOND 1 year = 365.24 days
 Used to measure time. VOLUME MASS
2. BRITISH OR ENGLISH 1 ft3 = 7.477 gallons 1 slug = 14.59 kg
 Derived from parts of the body. 1 gallon = 3.788 l 1 N = 0.2248 lb
 Has constant values. 1 mL = 1 cm3 1 g = 6.85 x 10-5 slug
THREE (3) EXAMPLES: LENGTH
 Foot or inches 1 km = 1,000 m = 0.6214 mi
1 m = 3.281 ft = 39.37 in
 Yard
1 in = 2.54 cm
 Slug or pounds
1 ft = 30.48 cm
1 yd = 91.44 cm
MASS AND WEIGHT 1 mi = 5280 ft = 1.609 km
1. MASS
1 light year = 9.461 x 1015 m
 Amount of matter present in an object.
2. WEIGHT SIX (6) EXAMPLES
 Mass is affected by the acceleration due to EXAMPLE NUMBER 1:
gravity. The wavelength of the green emission line in the
 Newton is the unit for weight. spectrum of hydrogen is approximately 486
nanometers (nm). Express this length in meters
METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT (m).
 Measurement system proposed by Gabriel GIVEN:
Moulton base on a physical quantity of 486 nm
nature and not on human anatomy. UNKNOWN:
 Constitutes units based on powers of 10. 486 nm =?
 Composed of 7 base units. EQUATION:
1 nm = 1 x 10−9 m

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General Physics 1 (1st Semester, 1st Quarter)

SOLUTION: Imagine that you are driving your car along EDSA.
−9 As you’re driving, you notice that the speed limit
486 nm x ( 1 x1nm
10 m
) signs have numbers like 80 (on the highway) and
60 (on the city). As you start to speed up, you
SAGOT:
realize that the signs are in km/h. What will be your
¿ 4.86 x 10−7 m speed limit both on the highway and on the city in
terms of m/s?
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS GIVEN:
 Technique of converting between units. A. 80 km/h
UNIT EQUALITY B. 60 km/h
 Also called as conversion factor. UNKNOWN:
 Equation that shows the equivalent amounts A. 80 km/h = m/s?
of different units. B. 60 km/h = m/s?
EXAMPLE NUMBER 2: EQUATIONS:
How many inches (in) are there in 12 meters (m)? 1 km = 1 x 103 m
GIVEN: 1 h = 3,600 s
12 m SOLUTION:
UNKNOWN:
A.
12 m = in?
80 km 1 x 103 m 1h
EQUATION:
1 m = 39.37 in h
x (
1 km )( 3,600 s)
SOLUTION:
12 m x ¿ ¿ 22.22 m/s
SAGOT: B.
¿ 472.44 ∈¿ 60 km 1 x 103 m 1h
EXAMPLE NUMBER 3: h
x (
1 km )( 3,600 s)
Maynilad uses cubic meter (m3) as the unit of a
volume of water used in each household. ¿ 16.67 m/s
Determine how many m3 are there in a 15 liters (l) EXAMPLE NUMBER 5:
tank of water. Speed limit: 55 miles per hour (mi/h or mph). What
GIVEN: is this speed in:
15 l A. meters per second (m/s)?
UNKNOWN: B. kilometers per hour (km/h or kph)?
15 l = m3? GIVEN:
EQUATION: 55 mi/h
1 ml = 1 cm3 UNKNOWN:
1 m = 1 x 10-3 l A. 55 mi/h = m/s?
B. 55 mi/h = km/h?
1 cm = 1 x 10-2 m
EQUATIONS:
= (1 cm) = (1 x 10-2 m) 3
1 mi = 1.609 km
= 1 cm3 = 1 x 10-6 m3
1 km = 1 x 103 m
SOLUTION: 1 h = 3,600 s
SOLUTION AND SAGOT:
1 ml 1cm3 1 x 10−6 m 3 A.
15 l x
( 1 x 10−3 l )( )(
1 ml 1 cm3 ) 55 mi 1.609 m 1 x 103 m 1h
h
x (1 mi )(
1 km )( 3,600 s)
SAGOT:
¿ 0.015 m 3 ¿ 24.58 m/s
EXAMPLE NUMBER 4: B.

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General Physics 1 (1st Semester, 1st Quarter)

55 mi 1.609 km σ
h
x (
1 mi ) SEM =
√N
Where:
¿ 88.50 km/h σ - standard deviation
EXAMPLE NUMBER 6: N - total number of measurements done
One hectare is defined as 1 x 104 m2. One acre is
4.356 x 104 ft2. How many acres are in one STANDARD DEVIATION
hectare? Formula:
GIVEN: ∑ (X −X )2
1 hectare
UNKNOWN:
σ=
√
Where:
N
1 hectare = acre? x - measurement
EQUATION: x̄ - mean
1 hectare = 1 x 104 m2 N - total number of measurements done
1 acre = 4.356 x 104 ft2
1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2
VARIANCE
SOLUTION:
Formula:
∑ (X− X )2
1 hectare x
1 x 104 m2
(
1 hectare )( 1 ft 2
0.0929 m2 )( 1 acre
4.356 x 104 ft 2 ) σ 2=
MEAN
√ N

Formula:
SAGOT:
x=
∑x
¿ 2.47 acres N
Where:
x - measurement
UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT TWO (2)
N - total number of measurements done
KINDS OF UNCERTAINTY
ONE (1) EXAMPLE:
1. RANDOM ERRORS The class was divided into 5 groups and each
 Statistical fluctuations in the measured data group measured the diagonal length of the
due to the limitations of the measurement whiteboard. Group 1 measured it as 2.54 m; Group
device. 2 as 2.46 m; Group 3 as 2.65 m; Group 4 as 2.55
2. SYSTEMATIC ERRORS m; and Group 5 as 2.39 m.
 Often due to a problem from the measuring Find the (A) variance and (B) standard deviation of
device which persists throughout the entire the measurements. (C) Also express the average
experiment. measurement in a form that includes uncertainty.
ACCURACY AND PRECISION
GROUP X ( X −X ) ( X −X )2
1 2.54m 0.02m 4x10-4m2
2 2.46m -0.06m 3.6x10-3m2
3 2.65m 0.13m 0.0169m2
4 2.55m 0.03m 9x10-4m2
5 2.39m -0.13m 0.0169m2
A. High precision, low accuracy N=5
B. Low precision, high accuracy
∑ ( X −X )2
=0.0387m2
C. High precision, high accuracy
STEP 1: Get the mean.
STANDARD ERROR OF THE MEAN (SEM)
Formula:
x=
∑x
N
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General Physics 1 (1st Semester, 1st Quarter)

2.54 m+2.46 m+ 2.65 m+2.55 m+2.39 m SCALARS AND VECTORS

x́=
5
TWO (2) QUANTITIES USED IN PHYSICS
12.59 m
x́=
5 1. SCALARS
 Quantities that can only be described by
x́=2.52 m their magnitude.

2. VECTORS
A. VARIANCE
 Quantities that can be described by both
∑ (X− X )2
2
σ =
√ N 
magnitude and direction.
Can be graphically presented by an arrow.
2 0.0387 m2
σ =
5
TAIL BODY HEAD
σ 2=7.74 x 10−3 m2 (ORIGIN) (MAGNITUDE) (DIRECTION)

SCALARS VECTORS
B. STANDARD DEVIATION Distance d Displacement d⃗
 Get the square root of the variance. Speed v Velocity ⃗v
Mass m Weight ⃗W
√ σ 2= √7.74 x 10−3 m2 Time t Force F
⃗
Temperature T Acceleration a⃗
σ =0.0880 m
Work W Momentum ⃗p
C. AVERAGE MEASUREMENT Power P
Energy E
2.52 m ± 0.04 m

= 2.56 m ADDITION OF VECTORS

= 2.48 m
TWO (2) METHODS IN ADDING VECTORS
The true value of the object is ranging between
1. GRAPHICAL METHOD
2.56 to 2.48 m.
GRAPHICAL IS DIVIDED INTO TWO (2)
Where:

2.52 m = average measurement A. PARALLELOGRAM

0.04 m = uncertainty  Useful if you are adding two vectors.

 Also known as tail-to-tail method.
STANDARD ERROR OF THE MEAN (SEM)
TWO (2) EXAMPLES
σ
SEM = NOTE: Assume that every 2 boxes is equal to 1
√N
cm.
0.0880 m EXAMPLE NUMBER 1:
SEM =
√5 Klay walks 500 m East and then turns North and
walks 300 m. Find he resultant vector (scale: 1 cm
SEM =0.04 m = 100 m).

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General Physics 1 (1st Semester, 1st Quarter)

GIVEN:
1 cm
d 1=500⃗m
⃗
( )
d 2=300
5 cm , E
100mm, N Hypotenuse
d T =5.8 cm
⃗ Opposite (y)
1 cm
d =300 m (
100 m )
⃗2 3 cm , N

θ=31°
d 1=500 m , E
⃗
d 2=300 m , N
⃗
d T =5.8 cm
⃗
Adjacent (x)

A. SOLVING FOR THE MAGNITUDE

USING THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
θ=31°
d 1=500 m , E
⃗ GIVEN x y
d 1=500 m , E
⃗ 500m 0
d 2=300 m , N
⃗ 0 300m

∑ x =500
(east)
m
∑ y=300 m
( north)
100 m
d T =5.8 cm
⃗
(
1 cm )
=580 m
d T =√ ¿ ¿
⃗

ANSWER (GRAPHICAL): d T =√ ¿ ¿
⃗

d T =583.10 m
⃗
d T =580 m, 31 ° NE
⃗
B. SOLVING FOR THE THETA
2. ANALYTICAL METHOD
tanθ= ( opp
adj )
 This method eliminates the chances for
human errors related to measuring and
plotting of vectors.
θ=tan −1 ( opp
adj )
 Analytical method uses the basic concepts
∑x
of trigonometry. θ=tan −1
( )
∑y
θ=tan −1 ( 300 m
500 m )
Press SHIFT → TAN → ANS → EQUALS (=) on
the calculator.

θ=30.96 ° , NE
ANSWER (ANALYTICAL):
d T =583.10 m, 30.96 ° , NE
⃗

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General Physics 1 (1st Semester, 1st Quarter)

EXAMPLE NUMBER 2: GIVEN x y

d 1=10 km , N
⃗ 0 10km
Andre moves his car 10 km North, then he turns 20
d 2=20 km, W
⃗ -20km 0
km West. What is the total displacement of the car?
(scale: 10 km = 5 cm). ∑ x =−20 km
(west )
∑ y=10 km
(north)
GIVEN:

5 cm d T =√ ¿ ¿
⃗
d 1=10 km
⃗
(
10 km )
5 cm, N
d T =√ ¿ ¿
⃗

d T =22.36 km
⃗
5 cm
d 2=20 km
⃗
(
10 km )
10 cm, W B. SOLVING FOR THE THETA

θ=tan −1 ( opp
adj )
d T =11.2 cm
⃗ d 1=10 km , N
⃗
∑x
θ=tan −1
( )
∑y
θ=63 ° θ=tan −1 ( 2010 km
km )

Press SHIFT → TAN → ANS → EQUALS (=) on the

d 2=20 km, W
⃗ calculator.
θ=63.43° , WN

10 km ANSWER (ANALYTICAL):
d T =11.2 cm
⃗
(
5 cm )
=22.4 km
d T =23.36 km ,63.43 ° , WN
⃗
ANSWER (GRAPHICAL):
B. POLYGON METHOD
d T =22.4 km , 63° WN
⃗
 Useful if you want to add more than two
ANALYTICAL METHOD vectors.
 Also known as head-to-tail method.

Opposite (x) TWO (2) EXAMPLES

d T =11.2 cm
⃗
Adjacent
d 1=10 km
⃗ (y) Assume that every 2 boxes is equals to 1
, NNOTE:
Hypotenuse cm.
EXAMPLE NUMBER 1:

θ=63 ° An ant crawl on a table top. It moves 2 cm East,

turns 3 cm 40° North of East and finally moves 2.5
cm North. What is the ant’s total displacement?
(scale: 1 cm = 1 cm).
d 2=20 km, W
⃗
GIVEN:

1 cm
A. SOLVING FOR THE MAGNITUDE d 1=2 cm
⃗
1 cm( )
2 cm , E
USING THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
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General Physics 1 (1st Semester, 1st Quarter)

1 cm
d 2=3 cm
⃗
( )
1 cm
3 cm, 40 ° NE Adjacent (x)

1 cm A. SOLVING FOR THE MAGNITUDE:

d 3=2.5 cm
⃗
( )
1 cm
2.5 cm, N
USING THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
GIVEN x y
d 1=2 cm , E
⃗ 2cm 0
d 2=3 cm , 40 ° NE
⃗ 2.30cm 1.93cm
d 3=2.5 cm, N
⃗ 0 2.5cm

∑ x =−4.30
(east)
cm
∑ y=4.43 cm
(north)
d T =√ ¿ ¿
⃗
d 3=2.5 cm, N
⃗
d T =√ ¿ ¿
⃗

d T =6.17 cm
⃗

SOLVING FOR X AND Y COMPONENT FOR

d T =6.2 cm
⃗
d2

d 2=3 cm
⃗ SOLVING FOR X-COMPONENT
CAH (Cosine equals Adjacent over
Hypotenuse)
adj
cos θ= ( hyp )
θ=43 ° θ=40 ° NE
d 1=2 cm , E
⃗
hyp ( coshyp
θ=adj
)hyp
hypcosθ=adj
1 cm
⃗
( )
d T =6.2 cm
1 cm
6.2 cm 3 cm cos θ=2.30 cm

ANSWER (GRAPHICAL): SOLVING FOR Y-COMPONENT

SOH (Sine equals Opposite over Hypotenuse)
d T =6.2 cm, 43° NE
⃗

ANALYTICAL METHOD d 3=2.5 cm, N

⃗ sin θ= ( opp
hyp )

hyp ( sinθ=opp
hyp ) hyp
d THypotenuse
⃗ =6.2 cm Opposite (y)
hypsinθ=opp

d 2=3 cm
⃗ 3 cm sinθ=1.93 cm
Opposite (y)
B. SOLVING FOR THE THETA

θ=tan −1 ( opp
adj )
θ=43 ° θ=40 ° NE
d 1=2 cm , E
⃗ Adjacent (x)
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General Physics 1 (1st Semester, 1st Quarter)

EXAMPLE NUMBER 1: You are on a treasure hunt

∑x
θ=tan −1
( )
∑y
and your map says “walk due West for 52 m, then
walk 30° North of West for 42 m, and finally walk
due North for 25 m.” What is the magnitude and
θ=tan −1 ( 4.43 cm
4.30 cm )
direction of the resultant vector? (scale: 10 m = 1
cm)
Press SHIFT → TAN → ANS → EQUALS (=) on the
GIVEN:
calculator.
1 cm
θ=45.85 ° , N of E
d 1=52 m
⃗
( )
10 m
5.2 cm, W

ANSWER (ANALYTICAL): 1cm

d T =6.17 cm , 45.85 ° , N of E
⃗
d 2=42 m
⃗
( )
d 3=2510
⃗ m,mN
4.2 cm, 30 ° NW

1cm
EXAMPLE NUMBER 2:
Ian walks 10 m East, then turns 5 m North and
d 3=25 m
⃗
( )
10 m
2.5 cm, N

finally walks 5 m West. Find the resultant vector

(scale: 5 m = 5 cm).

GIVEN: d T =10 cm
⃗
5 cm
d 1=10 m
⃗
( )
1m
10 cm , E
d 2=42 m
⃗
5 cm
d 2=5 m
⃗
( )
5m
5 cm, N

5 cm
d 3=5 m
⃗
( )
5m
5 cm, W
θ=30° θ=28°
d 1=52 m , w
⃗
d 3=5 m , w
⃗
d T =7 cm
⃗ d 2=5 m , N
⃗
10 m
⃗
( )
d T =10 cm
1 cm
100 m

ANSWER (GRAPHICAL):
d 3=25
⃗
d T =100
⃗ m,m,
28N° NW
θ=45.5 °
ANALYTICAL METHOD
d 1=10 m , E
⃗

Opposite (y)
5m
d T =7 cm
⃗
( )
5 cm
7m
Opposite (y)

ANSWER (GRAPHICAL):
d T =7 cm , 45.5 ° NE
⃗

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General Physics 1 (1st Semester, 1st Quarter)

θ=tan −1 ( opp
adj )
d T =10 cm
⃗
∑x
d 2=42 m Hypotenuse
⃗
θ=tan −1
( )
∑y
46 m
θ=tan −1 ( 88.37 m)

Press SHIFT → TAN → ANS → EQUALS (=) on the

θ=30° θ=28° calculator.
Adjacent (x) d 1=52 m , w
⃗ θ=27.50° , NW
Adjacent (x)
ANSWER (ANALYTICAL):

A. SOLVING FOR THE MAGNITUDE d T =99.63 m ,27.50 ° , NW

⃗

USING THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM EXAMPLE NUMBER 2:

A commuter airplane starts from an airport and
GIVEN x y takes the following route. It flies to a city (City A)
d 1=52 m ,W
⃗ -52m 0 located at 15 km in a direction 30° North of East,
next it flies 5 km 20° West of North to City B, finally
d 2=42 m, 30 ° N of W-36.37m
⃗ 21m
it flies 30 km due West to City C. Find the resultant
d 3=25 m, N
⃗ 0 25m vector (scale: 1 cm = 2 km).
∑ x =−88.37
(west)
m
∑ y=46 m
(north) GIVEN:
1 cm
d 1=15 km
⃗
( )
2 km
7.5 cm, 30 ° NE
d T =√ ¿ ¿
⃗
1 cm
d T =√ ¿ ¿
⃗ d 2=5 km
⃗
( )
2 km
2.5 cm, 20 ° WN

d T =99.63 m
⃗
1 cm
SOLVING FOR X AND Y COMPONENT FOR
d 3=30 km
⃗
( )
2 km
15 cm, W

d2 d 2=5 km
⃗
θ=20°
SOLVING FOR X-COMPONENT d 3=30 km, w
⃗
d T =11.1 cm
⃗
CAH (Cosine equals Adjacent over
Hypotenuse) d 1θ=56
⃗ °
=15 km
hypcosθ=adj
42 m cos 32° =36.37 m
θ=30°
SOLVING FOR Y-COMPONENT
SOH (Sine equals Opposite over Hypotenuse)
hypsinθ=opp
2 km
42 m sin32 °=21 m d T =11.1 cm
⃗
( )
1 cm
22.2 km

B. SOLVING FOR THE THETA ANSWER (GRAPHICAL):

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General Physics 1 (1st Semester, 1st Quarter)

d T =22.2 km, 56 ° WN
⃗ SOH (Sine equals Opposite over Hypotenuse)

ANALYTICAL METHOD hypsinθ=opp

d 2=5 km
⃗ 5 km sin20 ° =1.71km Adjacent (y)

Opposite
Adjacent (y) (x)
θ=20°
d 3=30 km, w
⃗
SOLVING FOR Y-COMPONENT (adjacent)
d T =11.1
⃗ cm (x)
Opposite CAH (Cosine equals Adjacent Opposite
over(y)
Hypotenuse dθ=56
⃗ °
1=15 km Hypotenuse)
hypcosθ=adj

θ=30° 5 km cos 30 °=4.70 km

Adjacent (x) B. SOLVING FOR THE THETA

A. SOLVING FOR THE MAGNITUDE:

θ=tan −1 ( opp
adj )

USING THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM ∑x

GIVEN x y
θ=tan −1
( )
∑y
d 1=15 km , 30° NE 12.99km
⃗ 7.5km
d 2=5 km , 20 ° WN -1.71km
⃗
d 3=30 km, W
⃗ -30km
4.70km
0
θ=tan −1 ( 18.72 km
12.2 km )

∑ x =−18.72
(west )
km
∑ y=12.2 km
(north)
Press SHIFT → TAN → ANS → EQUALS (=) on the
calculator.
θ=56.91° , WN
d T =√ ¿ ¿
⃗
ANSWER (ANALYTICAL):
d T =√ ¿ ¿
⃗
d T =22.34 km , 56.91° ,WN
⃗
d T =22.34 km
⃗
EXAMPLE NUMBER 3:
SOLVING FOR X AND Y COMPONENT FOR An airplane trip involves three legs, with two
d1 stopovers. The first leg is due east for 620 km; the
second leg is southeast (45°) for 440 km; and the
SOLVING FOR X-COMPONENT (adjacent) third leg is at 53° south of west, for 550 km, as
CAH (Cosine equals Adjacent over shown. What is the plane’s total displacement?
Hypotenuse) (scale: 1 cm = 100 km).

hypcosθ=adj GIVEN:

15 km cos 30 °=12.99 km

SOLVING FOR Y-COMPONENT (opposite)

d 1=620 km
⃗
( 1001 cmkm ) 6.2 cm, E
SOH (Sine equals Opposite over Hypotenuse)
hypsinθ=opp
d 2=440 km
⃗
( 1001cmkm ) 4.4 cm , 45° SE
15 km sin30 °=7.5 km

SOLVING FOR X AND Y COMPONENT FOR

d 3=550 km
⃗
( 1001 cmkm ) 5.5 cm, 53 ° SW
d2
SOLVING FOR X-COMPONENT (opposite)
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General Physics 1 (1st Semester, 1st Quarter)

d 1=620 km, E
⃗
d 3=40 km , E
⃗
θ=51° θ=45 ° d 2=35 km
⃗ d 2=440 km
⃗

d T =9.6 cm
⃗ d T =8.3 cm
⃗

d 1=26 km, N
⃗
θ=53° θ=30°
d 3=550 km
⃗ θ=58°

100 km
d T =9.6 cm
⃗
(
1 cm )
960 km
10 km
ANSWER (GRAPHICAL):
d T =8.3 cm
⃗
(
1 cm )
83 km

d T =960 km ,51 ° SE
⃗ ANSWER (GRAPHICAL):

EXAMPLE NUMBER 4: d T =83 km ,58 ° EN

⃗
Mary leaves the office, drives 26 km/h due North
ANALYTICAL METHOD
and turns onto a street and continues in a direction
30° North of East for 35 km/h and finally turns onto Opposite (x)
the highway due East for 40 km/h. What is her total
displacement from the office? (scale: 10 km = 1 cm) d 3=40 km , E
⃗

GIVEN: dAdjacent
⃗ 2=35 km (y) Hypotenuse Opposite (y)
1 cm
d 1=26 km
⃗
(
10 km )
2.6 cm , N

1 cm d T =8.3 cm
⃗
d 2=35 km
⃗
(
10 km )
3.5 cm, 30 ° NE d 1=26 km, N
⃗
θ=30°
1 cm θ=58°
Opposite (x)
d 3=40 km
⃗
(
10 km )
4 cm , E

A. SOLVING FOR THE MAGNITUDE:

USING THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM

GIVEN x y
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General Physics 1 (1st Semester, 1st Quarter)

d 1=26 km, 30 ° N
⃗ 0 26km magnitude of the ostrich’s velocity
d 2=35 km, 30° NE 30.31km
⃗ 17.5km components? (scale: 1 m/s = 1 cm)
d 3=40 km , E
⃗ 40km 0 GIVEN:

∑ x =70.31km
(east )
∑ y=43.5 km
(north) 1 cm
d 1=7 m/ s
⃗
(1 m/s )
7 cm, 68 ° NW
d T =√ ¿ ¿
⃗

d T =√ ¿ ¿
⃗

d T =82.68 km
⃗

SOLVING FOR X AND Y COMPONENT FOR Hypotenuse

d2
SOLVING FOR
Opposite (y) X-COMPONENT d 1=7 m/ s
⃗
CAH (Cosine equals Adjacent over
Hypotenuse)
hypcosθ=adj
35 km cos 30 °=30.31 km

SOLVING FOR Y-COMPONENT

SOH (Sine equals Opposite over Hypotenuse)
hypsinθ=opp
35 km sin30 ° =17.5 km

B. SOLVING FOR THE THETA

θ=68 °

θ=tan −1 ( opp
adj )
Adjacent (x)

∑x
θ=tan −1
( )
∑y
MECHANICS • Branch of physics dealing with the
study of motion.
θ=tan −1 ( 70.31 km
43.5 km ) TWO (2) AREAS OF MECHANICS
Press SHIFT → TAN → ANS → EQUALS (=) on the 1. KINEMATICS
calculator.  Mathematical description of motion
(kinematic quantities).
θ=58.26° , EN
2. DYNAMICS
ANSWER (ANALYTICAL):  Study of the causes of motion (force).
d T =82.68 km ,58.26 ° , EN
⃗ MOTION

 Change in position with respect to a

EXAMPLE NUMBER 6: reference point.
An ostrich is running at a speed of 7.0 m/s in a
THREE (3) TYPES OF MOTION
direction of 68.0° north of west. What are the

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General Physics 1 (1st Semester, 1st Quarter)

1. ROTARY MOTION 1. SOLVING FOR v

 Motion about a fixed point.
 Examples are Ferris wheel and carousel. d
v=
t
2. LINEAR MOTION
 Motion which follows a straight linear path.
2. SOLVING FOR d
 Examples are parade of the soldiers and
train moving in a straight track.
3. RECIPROCATING MOTION t ( v=dt )t
 Repetitive up-and-down or back-and-forth
linear motion.
tv=d∨d=vt
 Examples are ack and pinion mechanism, a
Scotch yoke mechanism and a traversing
head shaper. 3. SOLVING FOR t

FOUR (4) KINEMATICS QUANTITIES v d

=
1. DISTANCE 1 t
 Length of the path the body has taken. d vt
=
 Answers the question “how much ground v v
an object has covered?” d
t=
v
2. DISPLACEMENT
 Shortest length between the initial position
and the final position of a body. SIX (6) EXAMPLES
 Answers the question “how far out of place
an object is?” EXAMPLE NUMBER 1:
In a field trip, the bus travelled a distance of 100
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DISTANCE AND kilometers in 3 hours. What is its speed in m/s?
DISPLACEMENT GIVEN:
d=100km
t=3h
UNKNOWN:
v=?
EQUATION:
d
v=
t
3. SPEED SOLUTION:
 How fast an object moves, but it does not
give any information on what direction is 100 km
v=
moving. 3h
 Distance travelled per unit time. SAGOT:
v=33.33 km/h
4. VELOCITY
 Contains both the speed and direction.
CONVERSION:
 Rate of change of position with respect to
time. 1 km = 1 x 103 m
1 h = 3,600 s
30 km 1 x 103 m 1h
h
x (
1 km )( 3,600 s)

THREE (3) FORMULAS

¿ 9.26 m/s
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General Physics 1 (1st Semester, 1st Quarter)

EXAMPLE NUMBER 2: d=8.5 km

If the speed of the car is 2 m/s. How long will it take UNKNOWN:
for it to reach a distance of 30 km? t=?
EQUATION:
GIVEN:
v=2 m/s d
t=
d=30 km v
UNKNOWN: SOLUTION:
t=? 4.25 km
t=
EQUATION: 155 km/h
d
t= ¿ 0.27 h
v
SAGOT:
SOLUTION:
0.27 h= ( 601mins
h )
30 km= ( 1000 m
1 km )

t=16.2 mins
¿ 3000 m
EXAMPLE NUMBER 5:
3000 m A horse trots away from its trainer in a straight line,
t= moving 38 m away in 9.0 s. It then turns abruptly
2 m/ s
and gallops halfway back in 1.8 s. Calculate below.
SAGOT: LETTER A:
t=15,000 s Its average speed

d
EXAMPLE NUMBER 3: v=
t
You are driving home from school steadily at 95
km/h for 180 km. It then begins to rain and you slow 38 m+(19 m)
down to 65 km/h. You arrive home after driving 4.5 v=
9 s +1.8 s
h. How far is your home from school?
GIVEN: v=5.28 m/s
v=65 km/h
t=2.61 h LETTER B:
UNKNOWN: Its average velocity using away from the trainer as
d=? the positive direction.
EQUATION:
⃗d
d=vt ⃗v =
t
SOLUTION:
d= ( 65 km/h )( 2.61 h ) 38 m+(−19 m)
⃗v =
SAGOT: 9 s +1.8 s
d=169.65 km
⃗v =1.76 m/s
EXAMPLE NUMBER 4: EXAMPLE NUMBER 6:
2 trains approach each other on parallel tracks. A person jogs eight complete laps around a 400 m
Each has a speed of 155 km/h with respect to the track in a total time of 14.5 mins. Calculate his
ground. If they are initially 8.5 km apart, how long average speed in m/s.
will it be before they reach each other (in minutes)?
GIVEN: GIVEN:
v=155 km/h d=400m x 8 = 3200m

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General Physics 1 (1st Semester, 1st Quarter)

t=14.5mins x 60 = 870s
UNKNOWN:
v=?
EQUATION:

d
v=
t
SOLUTION:

3200 m
v=
870 s
SAGOT:

v=3.68 m/s

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