CONSIDERAŢII PRIVIND SELECTIVITATEA PROTECŢIILOR UNUI

TRANSFORMATOR DE PUTERE DINTR-UN POST AERIAN

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE PROTECTIONS SELECTIVITY

Rezumat: Instalatiile de joasa tensiune se alimenteaza din instalatiile Abstract: The low voltage systems are supplied from the medium
de medie tensiune peste un transformator de medie pe joasa tensiune. voltage systems through a medium/low voltage transformers. At
In cazul Postului de Transformare Aerian (PTA) de 20 / 0,4 kV, the 20 / 0,4 kV pole-mounted transformer, limiting the analysis, the
restrangand sfera de analiza, selectivitatea aparatelor de protectie protection selectivity has to be provided from the medium
trebuie sa fie asigurata de la celula de medie tensiune a statiei de voltage bay of the 110 / 20 kV substation that supplies the over-
transformare de 110/20 kV din care este alimentata linia aeriana head line where the transformer is connected, up to the last low
la care este racordat postul de transformare, pana la ultimul receptor voltage receiver without any discontinuity in the transformer
de joasa tensiune, fara a suferi vre-o discontinuitate in zona transfor- area. This paper is intended to detail the correct analysis of
matorului. Lucrarea isi propune sa intre in detaliile unei analize protection selectivity for a power transformer in a 20 / 0,4 kV
corecte a selectivitatii protectiilor unui transformator de putere pole-mounted transformer (in a village), with radial outputs in
dintr-un post de transformare aerian de 20 / 0,4 kV (din mediul low voltage overhead lines. A practical situation of selection of
rural), cu plecari radiale in linii aeriene de joasa tensiune, exemplifi- a 160 kVA transformer is presented.
cand criteriile de analiza pentru un transformator de 160 kVA.

Cuvinte cheie: transformator, sigurante, intreruptor, selectivitate, Keywords: transformer, fuses, circuit-breaker, selectivity, protections.
protectii.

1. Introducere 1. Introduction
Instalatiile de joasa tensiune se alimenteaza din cele de me- The low voltage systems are supplied from the m.v
die tensiune peste un transformator de medie / joasa tensiune. systems through a medium voltage / low voltage transformer.
In cazul Postului de Transformare Aerian (PTA) de 20 / At the 20 / 0.4 kV pole-mounted transformer the protection
0,4 kV, selectivitatea aparatelor de protectie trebuie sa fie selectivity has to be provided from the medium voltage bay
asigurata de la celula de medie tensiune (m.t.) a statiei de of the 110 / 20 kV substation that supplies the overhead line
transfor-mare de 110 / 20 kV din care este alimentata linia where the transformer is connected, up to the last low voltage
aeriana de 20 kV la care este racordat postul de transformare, receiver without any discontinuity in the transformer area.
pana la ultimul receptor de joasa tensiune (j.t.), fara vre-o Having in view the characteristics of the pole-mounted
discontinuitate in zona transformatorului. transformer, on the medium voltage side of the transformer
Avand in vedere specificul postului de transformare aerian, a switchgear with breaking capacity cannot be mounted
pe partea de m.t. a transformatorului nu se poate monta un (circuit breaker) so that only fuses are mounted for the inner
aparat de comutatie cu capacitate de rupere (intreruptor auto- (shortcircuit between windings, earthing faults etc.) and outer
mat tripolar) si se monteaza doar sigurante fuzibile, care sa faults transformer protection that can occur on the connections
asigure protectia transformatorului la defecte interne (scurt- between the transformer terminals and the input protection
circuit intre spire sau intre infasurari, atingeri la masa, etc.) terminals, both on medium voltage and low voltage side.
si la defecte externe care pot apare pe legaturile cuprinse intre On the l.v. side of the transformer, fuses or automatic
bornele transformatorului si bornele de intrare ale aparatelor circuit breaker with magneto-thermal trippers or electronic
de protectie, atat pe partea de m.t. cat si pe partea de j.t. relays can be mounted, in order to provide overload and
Pe partea de j.t. a transformatorului se pot monta sigurante shortcircuit protection to outer faults that can occur before
fuzibile sau intreruptor automat, echipat cu declansatoare their output terminals.
magnetotermice sau relee electronice, aparate care sa asigure
protectia la suprasarcina si scurtcircuit impotriva defectele 2. Fuse – fuse – fuse
externe care pot apare in aval de bornele lor de iesire. 2.1. 20 kV fuse – 0.4 kV fuse
The fuses on the medium voltage side of the transformer
2. Siguranta - siguranta -siguranta use only for its protection against inner and outer shortcircuits.
2.1. Siguranta 20 kV – siguranta pe coloana 0,4 kV Mainly the low voltage fuses have to provide transformer
Sigurantele fuzibile de pe partea de m.t. a transforma- protection against shortcircuits and overloads. Therefore
torului servesc exclusiv la protectia acestuia impotriva scurt- the rated current of the low voltage fuse has to be chosen
circuitelor interne si externe. In esenta, sigurantele de pe as close as possible to the rated current of the low voltage
partea de j.t. trebuie sa asigure protectia transformatorului winding of the transformer.
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562 The 6 International Power Systems Conference

impotriva scurtcircui-telor si a suprasarcinilor. Prin urmare, These differences between medium and low voltage fuses
curentul nominal al sigurantei de j.t. se recomanda sa se outlines two issues:
aleaga cat mai apropiat de curentul nominal al infasurarii - on one hand, it favoures their selective behaviour;
de j.t. a transformatorului. - on the other hand depending on their “goals” for the
Aceasta diferentiere de "sarcini" intre sigurantele fuzi- transformer protection it is recommended that the low
bile de m.t. si cele de j.t. de pe un transformator are doua voltage fuses have the time – current characteristic slow
aspecte contradictorii: or slow – fast, while the ones for medium voltage should
- pe de o parte, este o imprejurare care favorizeaza compor- have it fast, this making difficult their selective behaviour.
tarea lor selectiva;
- pe de alta parte, corespunzator "sarcinilor" ce le revin in When choosing the medium voltage fuse, the current peak
protectia transformatorului, este indicat ca sigurantele de (shock) that occurs when connecting the transformer to the
j.t. sa aiba caracteristica timp-curent lenta sau lent-rapida, network, has to be also taken into account as this peak value
cat timp cele de m.t. se recomanda sa aiba caracteristica could cause the uncommanded action of the protection. The
timp-curent rapida, ceea ce reprezinta o dificultate in shock current when connecting the transformer to the network
asigurarea comportarii lor selective. depends on the ferromagnetic core material (the peak value
La alegerea sigurantei fuzibile de m.t. se adauga necesi- is very high for a ferromagnetic core made of cold rolled plate
tatea de a lua in considerare varful (socul) de curent care se that has small losses) and on the transformer power i.e de-
produce la conectarea trasnformatorului la retea, varf care creases with its power.
poate determina interventia nedorita a protectiei. Curentul Note: The ratio between the shock and the rated current
de soc la conectarea la retea a transformatorului depinde de has an average value of 14 for transformers with powers up
materialului miezului feromagnetic (varf foarte inalt la miez to 220 kVA and usc = 4% and 6 for powers above 250 kVA
cu pierderi reduse) si de puterea transformatorului, respectiv and usc = 6 % [1] .
se micsoreaza cu puterea acestuia. The medium voltage fuses are chosen depending on the
Nota: Raportul intre curentul de soc si curentul nominal rated current on medium voltage side of the transformer
are valorea, in medie, de 14 pentru transformatoare cu puteri according to the following relation:
sub 220 kVA si usc= 4%, si de 6 pentru puteri peste 250 kVA
si usc= 6% [1] .
Alegerea sigurantelor fuzibile de m.t. se va face in functie
de curentul nominal pe partea de medie tensiune al trans-
formatorului, in baza relatiei:
Insig ≈ (1,3 … 2 ) Intrafo [A] (1)
Constituie un avantaj cunoasterea curentului de soc (si The shock current (and the material of the magnetic core)
a materialul miezului magnetic) pentru a decide alegerea unui is important to be known in order to decide the selection of
factor de multiplicare mai mic sau mai mare. a lower or higher multiplication factor.
Valorile recomandate difera functie de sursa de docu- The recommended values vary depending on the docu-
mentare, conform Tabel 1; se observa ca un fabricant de si- mentation source Table 1:
gurante recomanda valori mai mari pentru Insig fata de instructi- It can be ascertained that a fuse manufacturer recommends
unea MEE, in baza observatiei ca respectivul curent "asigura higher values for Infuse than MEE instruction based on the
suportarea unei suprasarcini de 30 % a transformatorului remark that this current “ensures the support for atransformer
si o functionare sigura la scurtcircuitele de pe bornele se- overload of 30 % and a safe operation for the shortcircuits
cundare ale transformatorului" . at the secondary transformer terminals”.
Si fabricantii de sigurante fuzibile de m.t. atrag atentia The medium voltage fuse manufacturers underline also
asupra faptului ca acestea trebuie sa suporte curentul de soc the fact that the fuses have to stand to the shock current
la conectarea transformatorului. Iata cateva recomandari [6]: when connecting the transformer. Below are some recom-
- valoarea curentului prezumat de pe caracteristica timp- mendations [6]:
curent a sigurantei fuzibile la momentul 100 ms, trebuie - the forecasted value of the current on the time – current
sa fie de cca. 12 ori mai mare decat curentul nominal al characteristic at 100 ms has to be about 12 times bigger
transformatorului; than the rated current of the transformer;
- curentul de intrerupere al sigurantei trebuie sa fie mai mic, - the fuse breaking current has to be lower and the breaking
iar capacitatea de rupere sa fie mai mare decat puterea de capacity higher than the network shortcircuit power where
scurtcircuit a retelei in locul de montare al transforma- the transformer is mounted;
torului; - the fuse rated current has to be higher (usually two times)
- curentul nominal al sigurantei trebuie sa fie mai mare (de than the maximum load current;
regula, de 2 ori) decat curentul maxim de sarcina al - the selectivity between the medium and low voltage fuses
transformatorului; or the automatic low voltage circuit breaker has to be
- trebuie analizata si selectivitatea intre sigurantele fuzibile also analysed.
de m.t. si cele de j.t. sau intreruptorul automat de j.t.. In order to reduce as much as possible the possibility of
Pentru a reduce la minimum posibilitatea aparitiei defec- outer faults occurrence from the “visual field” of the fuses
telor externe din "campul vizual" al sigurantelor de pe partea on the m.v side, short connections and pre-insulated conduc-
de m.t., se recomanda utilizarea legaturilor scurte si cu con- tors have to be used between the transformer terminals and
ductoare preizolate intre bornele transformatorului si bornele the protection equipment input terminals on the medium and
de intrare ale aparatelor de protectie de pe partea de m.t. si j.t. low voltage side.
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Caracteristicile sigurantelor de m.t. si de j.t. pot fi com- The characteristics of medium and low voltage fuses can
parate direct, intrucat ambele sunt determinate de aceeasi be directly compared because both are determined by the same
marime (integrala Joule) si tinand seama de raportul de trans- value (Joule integral) and taking into account the transformer
formare al transformatorului. Astfel, cu neglijarea pierde- ratio. Neglecting the no-load losses the two sets of fuses will
rilor de mers in gol, cele doua seturi de sigurante fuzibile be passed by the same current (regardless what currents are
vor fi parcurse de acelasi curent "raportat" (este indiferent reported, usually on the low voltage side).
la ce curenti se raporteaza, de regula la partea de j.t.). Thus the selectivity criterion for the fuses are the fol-
Prin urmare, criteriile de selectivitate pentru sigurantele lowing:
fuzibile sunt:
1. The medium voltage fuse characteristic has to be always
1.Caracteristica sigurantelor fuzibile de m.t. sa se gaseasca
higher than the low voltage fuse characteristic; the two
in permanenta deasupra caracteristicii sigurantelor fuzi-
bile de j.t.; cele doua carateristici sa nu se atinga si cu characteristics should not touch and cross;
atat mai putin sa se intretaie. 2. The Joule integral occurred in the medium voltage fuses
2. Integrala Joule dezvoltata in sigurantele fuzibile de m.t., when the fusible melts and the electric arc is extinguished
in cursul procesului de topire a fuzibilului si de stingere at the low voltage fuses, has to be lower than the Joule
a arcului electric in sigurantele fuzibile de j.t., trebuie sa integral required for the breaking of low voltage fuses.
aiba o valoare inferioara integralei Joule necesara pentru Very important remark: the selectivity analysis and
intreruperea sigurantelor de j.t.. assessment should not be made for the entire current field
O observatie foarte importanta: analiza si aprecierea on the abscissa of the fuse protection characteristics; the
selectivitatii nu trebuie facuta pe toata plaja curentilor din maximum shortcircuit current that could occur before the low
abscisa caracteristicilor de protectie a sigurantelor fuzibile, voltage fuses has to be taken into account, this current being
ci se va lua in considerare curentul de scurtcircuit maxim known according to the following relation (2), where: Sn ,
posibil care ar putea sa apara in aval de sigurantele fuzibile Un , uscn - rated transformer values.
de j.t., curent determinat din relatia (2), unde: Sn , Un , uscn - These are shown in Figure 1.
marimile nominale ale transformatorului. Cele precizate mai
sus sunt ilustrate in Fig. 1.
Isc = ( Sn / 3 Un x uscn ) x 100 [kA] (2)

Fig. 1 Selectivitatea intre sigurantele fuzibile de medie tensiune si de joasa tensiune ale transformatorului
Fig.1. Selectivity between the transformer medium voltage and low voltage fuses
Pentru studiu de caz, transformatorul ales este de 20 / For the case analysis the chosen transformer is 20 / 0.4
0,4 kV-160 kVA, In1 / In2= 4,62/231 A, uscn= 4,01 %; se aleg kV – 160 kVA, In1 / In2 = 4.62 / 231 A, uscn = 4.01%; the
aparatele de protectie, initial, dupa urmatoarele criterii: protection equipment is initially chosen according to following
- la curentulul nominal primar In1= 4,62 A si, pentru a tine criterion:
seama si de socul la conectare, se aleg sigurantele fuzibile - at the primary rated current In1 = 4.62 A in order to take
de m.t. tip FEn 10 A also into account the connection shock, medium voltage
- la curentul nominal secundar In2=231 A, se aleg siguran- type Fen 10 A are chosen ;
tele fuzibile de j.t. tip MPR (gL-gG, ~ 500 V) de 250 A - at the secondary rated current In2 = 231 A low voltage type
La analiza comportarii lor selective, prin compararea MPR (NH, gL-gG – 500 V) fuses of 250 A are chosen.
caracteristicilor, se constata ca sigurantele alese initial nu se The initial chosen fuses have no selective behaviour
comporta selectiv, luand drept "borna" pe axa curentilor cu- chosing as “terminal” on the current axis the maximum fault
rentul de defect maxim posibil de Imaxsc = 5,75 kA care se poate current Iscmax = 5.75 kA (calculated with relation 2) that can
produce la bornele de j.t. ale transforma-torului; comporta- occur at the low voltage transformer terminals; the selec-
rea selectiva se manifesta doar pentru Isc < 1,5 kA. tive behaviour appears only for Isc < 1.5 kA.
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564 The 6 International Power Systems Conference

Rezulta doua variante posibile de rezolvare: {FEn 10 There are two solving ways : {Fen 10 A + MPR 200A}
A + MPR 200 A} sau {FEn 16 + MPR 250 A}. or {Fen 16 + MPR 250 A}.
Vom alege initial prima varianta cu FEn 10 A + MPR Initially we will choose the first way: Fen 10 A + MPR
200 A; dupa analiza finala, daca rezulta curenti nominali prea 200A; after the final analysis if the rated currents are too
mici pentru sigurantele de pe plecarile de j.t., cu atat mai mult small for the low voltage output fuses and moreover there is
in cazul in care rezulta si necesitatea instalarii de cutii de se- necessary to install selectivity boxes on outputs, the analysis
lectivitate pe plecari, se poate relua analiza cu a doua varianta. can be repeated with the second solving way Fen + MPR
Dar, nu aceasta trebuie sa fie decizia definitiva, pentru 250 A.
ca, pe de alta parte, trebuie sa se tina cont si de faptul ca But this should not be the final decision because the
transformatorul poate fi supraincarcat cu sarcini, marimea si transformer can also be overloaded, the time and value of
durata admisibila a acestora depinzand de sarcina anterioara, these allowed overloads depending on the previous load, the
temperatura ambianta etc. Comportarea transformatorului environmental temperature, a.s.o. In this situation the trans-
este descrisa in acest caz prin "caracteristica de suprasar- former behaviour is described by the “overload characteristic”
cina sau supraincarcare" si care se regaseste doar in norma which is to be found only in the internal instruction or the
interna sau in catalogul fabricantului; in standardul STAS manufacturer’s catalogue; in STAS 440 / 1-90 only the
440 / 1-90, este specificata doar supraincarcarea admisibila in emergency allowed overload for transformers between 16 –
caz de avarie pentru transformatoarele cu puteri de 16-1600 1600 kVA and 6 – 24 kV are specified regardless of the initial
kVA si tensiuni de 6–24 kV, indiferent de preincarcarea preloading, its duration and the environmental temperature.
initiala, de durata ei si de temperatura mediului ambiant.
Tabel 1. Ghid de alegere a sigurantelor fuzibile de medie tensiune
Table 1. Recommendations for the selection of medium voltage fuses
3.1.RE - I 15 - 87 / Anexa 9 Recomandare fabricant
Sn trafo
[kVA] Un = 6 (7,2) kV Un = 20 (24) kV Un = 6 (7,2) kV Un = 20 (24) kV
In trafo [A] In sig [A] In trafo [A] In sig [A] In sig [A] In sig [A]
160 15,2 25 … 31,5 4,6 6,3 … 10 31,5 … 63 16 … 25
Alegerea finala a sigurantei fuzibile de j.t., care asigura The final selection of the l.v fuse that provides also the
si protectia la suprasarcina a transformatorului, trebuie sa overload transformer protection should be the result of
fie rezultatul compararii caracteristicilor de suprasarcina comparation between the overload transformer character-
ale transformatorului cu caracteristica timp-curent a sigu- istics (set by the manufacturer) and the time – current char-
rantei fuzibile acteristic of the fuse.
In lipsa caracteristicilor specifice de la fabricant, am While the manufacturer’s characteristics were missing
facut comparatia cu caracteristica de supraincarcare de we compared with the emergency overload characteristic
avarie a transformatorului, de unde rezulta ca siguranta and we ascertained that the 200 A fuse observes conditions
fuzibila de 200 A indeplineste criteriile 1, 2 si 3; in plus, pe 1, 2 and 3; moreover based on the previous load measure-
baza masuratorilor de sarcina anterioare si a prognozei de ments and the consumption forecast for the next 15 years
consum pe urmatorii 15 ani, precum si functie de specificul as well as depending on the consumption (household, rural)
consumului (casnic, rural), rezulta ca transformatorul nu it can be seen that the transformer is not loaded at its rated
va fi incarcat la sarcina nominala sau la suprasarcini. value and neither at overloads.
Concluzii: Conclusions:
a) Protectia la suprasarcina nu va putea fi asigurata cores- a) The overload protection cannot be adequately provided
punzator prin sigurante fuzibile de j.t. with low voltage fuses.
b) Tinand cont şi de faptul ca, din analiza ultimelor ma- b) Having in view that the load measurements and power
suratori de sarcina si a balantei energetice pe post pentru balance for 1 – 15 years forecasted that the transformer
interval de 1-15 ani, transformatorul nu va fi incarcat will not be loaded more than 85 % of S n and the
mai mult de 85% din Sn, dar si de specificul consuma- comsumer types (only households) the final version with
torilor (exclusiv consumatori casnici), se poate stabili 100 A fuses with selective behaviour can be decided
varianta finala cu sigurante fuzibile de 100 A, cu com- compared with the medium voltage fuses.
portare selectiva fata de sigu-rantele de m.t.. c) Correct solving can only be made by using an automatic
c) Rezolvarea corecta se poate asigura numai prin utilizarea low voltage circuit breaker with thermal tripper adjusted
unui intreruptor automat de j.t., prevazut cu declansator to the transformer rated current and obviously, electro-
termic reglat la curentul nominal al transformatorului magnetic tripper (with / without delay).
si, evident, declansator electromagnetic (cu sau fara
temporizare).
2.2. Siguranţa fuzibilă pe coloana de 0,4 kV - siguranta 2.2. Fuse on 0.4 kV – fuse on radial output on the 0.4 kV
fuzibila pe plecare in linia aeriana de 0,4 kV overhead line
La alegerea curentului nominal al sigurantelor de pe ple- When chosing the rated current of the fuses on the radial
carile radiale in linie aeriana de j.t. din cutia de distributie a outputs on the low voltage overhead line from the distribution
PTA, trebuie sa se tina seama de urmatoarele [2], [3]: box, following have to be considered [2], [3]:
1. Selectivitatea intre sigurantele fuzibile de pe partea de 1. The selectivity between the fuses on the low voltage side
j.t. a transformatorului si sigurantele fuzibile de pe plecari, of the transformer and the output fuses is provided if a
se asigura daca se prevede o anume diferenta de curent certain rated current difference between the same manu-
nominal pe scara standardizata intre sigurante de aceeasi facturer’s fuses is provided with the same melting charac-
fabricatie, cu aceleasi caracteristici de topire (practic, teristics (practically the selectivity will be provided if
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selectivitatea va fi asigurata daca integrala Joule in cursul the Joule integral during the melting and the electric arc
duratei de topire si stingere a arcului electric in sigu- extinguishing is lower than the one occurred when the
ranta din aval are o valoare inferioara integralei Joule fuse located after is melting). According to the litera-
dezvoltate pe durata topirii sigurantei din amonte). Con- ture, the MPR fuses are behaving selectively if their rated
form literaturii de specialitate, sigurantele MPR se currents have a ratio of 1.6 ; in order to take into account
comporta selectiv intre ele daca curentii lor nominali also the imprecision of the fuse characteristics (tolerance
se gasesc in raportul 1,6; pentru a tine cont si de banda of +/- 20 % for melting currents) the selectivity is pro-
de neprecizie a caracteristicilor sigurantelor (o toleranta vided if the difference between the rated currents of the
de + 20% pentru curentii de topire), selectivitatea este two fuses is at least two steps on the standardized scale.
asigurata daca diferenta intre curentii nominali este de 2. The fuse rated current on the low voltage output should
cel putin doua trepte pe scara standardizata. be a percentage of the maximum allowed current of the
2. Curentul nominal al sigurantei de pe plecarea de j.t. sa low voltage conductor (not insulated or stranded)
fie un procent din curentul maxim admisibil al conducto-
rului de j.t. (neizolat sau torsadat)
Insig = (0,8 – 0,85) Imaxcond [A] (3)
3. Sa se asigure conditia de deconectare a plecarii de j.t. in 3. The l.v output disconnecting condition should be observed
cazul scurtcircuitului monofazat la capatul plecarii: when there is a single-phase shortcircuit at the output end:
I(1)sc.min > 3 x Infuse [A] (4)
4. In cazul liniilor lungi, unde nu se poate asigura conditia 4. For long lines where the disconnection condition is
de deconectare, se admite sectionarea plecarii intr-un not observed, it is allowed to cut-off the output in a
punct pana la care se asigura aceasta conditie si, in acest point up to which this condition is observed and in that
punct, se pot monta in continuare sigurante fuzibile cu point fuses with separator can be mounted (in selectivity
separator (in cutie de selectivitate si cu rol de sectionare), boxes with cut-off role), fuses sized according to the
sigurante dimensionate conform criteriilor de mai sus. above conditions.
In studiul de caz analizat, pentru cele doua plecari aeriene In the analysed case study for the two overhead outputs,
din post ar rezulta - Fig.1: following would result – Fig 1:
- din criteriul de selectivitate fata de sigurantele fuzibile - according to the selectivity condition for the chosen
alese la pct. 1.1, respectiv tip MPR 200 A pe coloana de fuses at 1.1, respectively type MPR 200 A on 0.4kV,
0,4 kV, rezulta sigurante fuzibile In=125 A; fuses with Inn = 125 A should be used;
- plecarea 1: utilizand conductor TYIR 3x50 mm2 cu - output 1: using conductor TYIR 3 x 50mm2 with Imax =
Imax=141 A, rezulta ca ar trebui sa se "coboare" la sigu- 141 A lower fuses type MPR 100 A should be used and
rante fuzibile tip MPR 100 A, iar din criteriul de deco- according to the shortcircuit disconnection consition
nectare la scurtcircuit de capat I(1)sc =198 A, rezulta Isc = 198 A so that fuses with In < 63 A should be used. In
ca ar fi necesare sigurante cu In < 63 A ! In acest caz, this situation the 100 A fuse is kept on the output
se va pastra siguranta fuzibila de 100 A pe plecare in because of selectivity and conductor protection reasons
tabloul postului, din criteriile de selectivitate si de pro- and to take also into account the output load and a
tectie a conductorului, pentru a tine cont si de sarcina selectivity box (in the point resulted from the calculation)
de pe plecare si se va monta o cutie de selectivitate (in provided with fuses with In = 63 A (chosen from condi-
punctul rezultat din calcul) echipata cu sigurante fuzibile tions 1, 2, 3);
cu In = 63 A (alese din conditiile 1,2,3); - output 2: using conductor TYIR 3 x 70 mm2 with Imax =
- plecarea 2: utilizand conductor torsadat TYIR 3x70 mm2 180 A it can be ascertained that fuses 125 A can be kept and
cu Imax = 180 A, si urmand acelasi rationament ca mai sus, according to the end shortcircuit disconnection condition
rezulta siguranta fuzibila de 125 A pe plecare si se va Isc = 192 A, lower fuses with In < 63 A should be used. In
monta o cutie de selectivitate (in punctul rezultat din this situation also the 125 A fuse can be used on the output
calcul) echipata cu sigurante fuzibile cu In = 80 A. and a selectivity box will be mounted (in the calculated
Analiza devine foarte dificila in cazul utilizarii de transfor- point) with In = 80 A fuses (conditions 1, 2, 3).
matoare de putere redusa, de 16 si 25 kVA, deoarece: The analysis is very difficult if low power transformers
- nu se fabrica sigurante limitatoare rapide pentru protectia of 16 and 25 kVA are used because :
transformatoarelor de putere cu parametri 20 (24 kV) / - there are no quick limit fuses for power transformer
I1n = 0,46 – 0,72 A , I2n = 23 – 36 A; protection with 20 (24 kV) / I1n = 0.46 – 0.72 A, I2n =
- din conditia de selectivitate, rezulta un curent redus pentru 23 – 36 A;
sigurantele fuzibile de pe coloana de 0,4 kV si de pe - from the selectivity condition a lower current for the
plecarile din post, iar asigurarea selectivitatii pana la 0.4 kV and output fuses results and the selectivity up to
consumator devine practic imposibila in conditiile the the consumer is impossible if 16 – 25 A fuses are used;
utilizarii de sigurante fuzibile de 16-25 A; - large section stranded conductors (35, 50, 70 mm2) can
- devine improprie utilizarea conductoarelor torsadate de nomore be used with high allowable currents (> 120 A)
sectiuni mari (35, 50, 70 mm2), cu curenti admisibili mari compared with the rated low voltage currents.
(> 120 A) fata de curentii nominali pe j.t. As before 1989 such low power transformers would not
Datorita faptului ca, inainte de 1989, nu se punea problema be used in the 20 kV distribution networks, the technical
fabricarii si utilizarii in retelele de distributie de 20 kV a literature did not study such situations. Unfortunately not
transformatoarelor cu puteri asa de mici, nici o norma tehnica even after 1989 these situations are not analysed.
energetica sau indreptar de proiectare nu trateaza aceste cazuri 3. Fuse – circuit breaker – fuse
si, mai mult, nici dupa 1989 aceste situatii nu sunt tratate.
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566 The 6 International Power Systems Conference

3. Cazul siguranta – intreruptor automat – siguranta 3.1. 20 kV fuse – 0.4 kV circuit breaker
3.1. Siguranţa fuzibilă pe 20 kV – intreruptor automat For this solution imposed by conclusion c) at above 2.1
pe coloana de 0,4 kV or as a result of a utility strategy, the m.v. fuses are chosen
In acesta solutie, impusa fie prin concluzia c) de la pct. observing the conditions and stepts described at 2.1.
2.1 de mai sus, fie ca urmare a unei strategii a distribuitorului Because the low voltage circuit breaker should also
de energie electrica, sigurantele fuzibile de m.t. se aleg provide the overload protection of the transformer, it shall
respectand criteriile si pasii descrisi la pct. 2.1. be chosen having in view the fact that its rated current should
Intreruptorul automat de j.t., avand in vedere ca va trebui be as close to the low voltage winding rated current and its
sa asigure si protectia la suprasarcina a transformatorului, breaking capacity shall be bigger than the maximum shortcir-
se va alege pe baza criteriului ca trebuie sa aiba un curent cuit current after the circuit breaker terminals.
nominal cat mai apropiat de curentul nominal al infasu- In the analysed situation we assume that medium voltage
rarii de j.t. a transformatorului si, evident, capacitatea sa de fuses of Fen 10 A type were already chosen and a tripolar
rupere sa fie superioara valorii maxime de curent de scurt- circuit breaker with { Un = 500 V, In = 250 A, Icu = 35 kA with
circuit in aval de bornele intreruptorului. thermal adjustable tripper Ith = 250 A – adjusted at the
In studiul de caz, consideram ca s-au ales deja siguran- transformer rated current (In = 231 A) and fixed electromag-
tele fuzibile de m.t. tip FEn 10A, si se va alege un intreruptor netic tripper Im = 3 Ith without delay) is selected.
automat tripolar cu {Un=500V / 50 Hz, In = 250 A, Icu = 35 kA, Checking the selectivity between the two devices will be
cu declansator termic reglabil Ith = 250A - reglat la cu- performed based on the conditions at 2.1 comparing the
rentul nominal al transformatorului (In = 231 A) si declan- protection characteristics “reported” for the primary and
sator electromagnetic fix Im = 3Ith,, fara temporizare}. secondary current. It is obvious that the selectivity is provided
Verificarea selectivitatii intre cele doua aparate se va if the protection characteristic of the medium voltage fuse is
realiza pe baza criteriilor expuse mai sus la pct. 2.1, compa- always above the protection characteristic of the magnetic –
rand caracteristicile de protectie « raportate » la curentul thermal trippers of the automatic circuit breaker, referred to the
primar sau secundar. Evident, selectivitatea este asigurata “terminal” on the current axis, represented by the lower inten-
daca caracteristica de protectie a sigurantei fuzibile de m.t. sity currents compared to the maximum shortcircuit current
este intotdeauna deasupra caracteristicii de protectie a that can occur after the automatic circuit breaker terminals.
declansatoarelor magnetotermice ale intreruptorului automat, Regarding the analysed situation, according to Fig. 2,
cu raportare fata de "borna" de pe abscisa curentilor, repre- the chosen circuit breaker is operating selectively with the
zentata de curentii de intensitate mai mica decat curentul Fen 10 A medium voltage fuses up to a fault current of Isc =
de scurtcircuit maxim care se poate produce in aval de 4.5 kA very close to the limit “terminal” 5.75 kA; we consider
bornele intreruptorului automat. that there is no reason to choose a medium voltage fuse type
Referitor la cazul analizat, conform Fig. 2, rezulta ca FEn16 A. However the low voltage output fuses cannot have
intreruptorul ales functioneaza selectiv cu sigurantele fuzibile a rated current In > 50 A so that the protection selectivity
FEn 10 A pana la un curent de defect Isc= 4,5 kA. Dar, up to the final consumer shall be very difficult. Therefore
privind si in avans, spre sigurantele fizibile de j.t. de pe a circuit breaker with electromagnetic tripper Im = 5 Ith will
plecari, se observa ca acestea nu pot avea curentul be finally selected.
nominal In > 50 A, ceea ce ar face foarte dificila selecti- It should be outlined that the selectivity between the
vitatea protectiei pana la consumatorul final. Prin urmare, medium voltage fuses and low voltage automatic circuit
se va alege, in final, intreruptorul cu declansator electro- breaker is more difficult to be provided as the transformer
magnetic cu Im= 5 Ith.. rated power is higher because when the shock current de-
Si in acest caz, ar fi necesara, pentru luarea unei decizii fi- creases at the transformer connection, medium voltage fuses
nale optime, compararea caracteristicilor de suprasarcina ale with rated current according to Table 1 can be chosen. The
transformatorului cu caracteristicle de protectie ale declansa- situation is identical for the protection provided only with fuses.
toarelor magnetotermice ale intreruptorului automat de j.t.

Fig. 2 Selectivitate intre sigurante fuzibile de medie tensiune, intreruptor automat de joasa tensiune si sigurante fuzibile de joasa tensiune
Fig. 3 Selectivity between the medium voltage fuses, low voltage automatic circuit breaker and low voltage fuses
03-04.11.2005, Timişoara, Romania 567

3.2. Intreruptor automat pe coloana de 0,4 kV - siguranţă 3.2. Low voltage circuit breaker – fuse on the radial output
fuzibilă pe plecarea radială în linia aeriană de 0,4 kV on the 0.4 kV overhead line
In aceasta situatie, analiza poate incepe de la alegerea In this situation the analysis can start by chosing the low
sigurantelor fuzibile de j.t. pe plecarile din post, in baza voltage output fuses based on conditions 2, 3, 4 at above 1.2.
criteriilor 2, 3, 4 expuse la pct. 1.2 de mai sus. In the analysed situation, by chosing the automatic circuit
In cazul analizat, prin alegerea intreruptorului automat breaker sith Im = 5 Ith, the output fuses cannot have the current
cu Im=5Ith ,rezulta ca sigurantele fuzibile pe plecari nu pot In > 80 A, this current observing also the protection condition
avea curentul In >80 A, curent care satisface si conditia de of the output conductors; in order to fulfil the disconnection
protectie a conductoarelor pe plecari; pentru indeplinirea condition at Isc(l) section / selectivity boxes can be used with
conditiei de deconectare la I(1)sc , se pot utiliza cutii de switch and fuses selected according to 1.2.
sectionare / selectivitate cu separator si sigurante fuzibile Taking into consideration that an automatic circuit
alese ca la pct. 1.2. breaker has its protection characteristic composed of the
Avand in vedere faptul ca un intreruptor automat are characteristics of the two trippers (thermal and electro-
carateristica de protectie compusa din caracteristicile celor magnetic) each of these has to be compared with the low
doua declansatoare, termic si electromagnetic, este necesara voltage fuse characteristic.
compararea fiecareia cu caracteristica sigurantelor fuzibile In order to solve this situation, two solutions can be
de j.t. Pentru rezolvarea situatiei, se pot lua in discutie adopted:
doua solutii: - the electromagnetic tripper is adjusted to a current Im
- se regleaza declansatorul electromagnetic la un curent bigger than the one initially set in order to “increase” the
Im mai mare decat cel stabilit initial, pentru a se "salta" characteristic profile, but the Δt is not enough; usually
profilul caracteristicii cu un intervalul Δt, dar este insu- this situation involves the selection of a higher rated
ficient; de regula, aceasta solutie impune alegerea unui current circuit breaker (with highes expenses);
intreruptor cu un curent nominal mai mare (cu costuri - the selection of a delay electromagnetic tripper automatic
mai mari); circuit breaker so that the characteristic will be located
- alegerea unui intreruptor automat cu declansator electro- with Δt about 0.15 sec; is the practical solution that
magnetic cu temporizare, care permite obtinerea un provides a satisfactory selectivity with lower costs.
interval Δt ~ 0,15 sec. ; este solutia practica care asigura For the analysed situation according to fig 3 a time Δt =
o selectivitate satisfacatoare cu costuri mai reduse. 0.02 s results compared with the fuse characteristic with
In cazul analizat, din Fig. 2 rezulta un interval de timp In = 80 A this leading to a certain uncertainty in the selective
Δt = 0,02 sec. fata de caracteristica sigurantei fuzibile cu behaviour and requires the use of a selectivity box on outputs.
In = 80 A, ceea ce atrage o incertitudine in comportarea selec- Two other alternatives can also be used:
tiva si impune si cutie de sectionare / selectivtate pe plecari. - fuses with Infuse = 63 A fulfilling all the consitions: this is
Se mai pot analiza si alte doua variante: the cheapest solution that doesn’t require nomore to use
- sigurante fuzibile cu Insig= 63 A, care satisfac toate the section box and an earthing socket of max 4 Ω at the
conditiile; este solutia cea mai ieftina, care nu mai rod a.s.o;
presupune utilizarea cutiei de sectionare, realizarea unei - in order to use fuses with In = 100 A the circuit breaker
prize de pamant de max. 4 ohmi la stalp etc. can also have delay electromagnetic tripper (version much
- pentru a putea utiliza sigurante fuzibile cu In = 100 A, se more expensive than the above solution with 63 A fuses).
poate echipa intreruptorul cu declansator electromagnetic
cu temporizare (varianta mult mai scumpa decat varianta 4. Conclusion
de mai sus cu sigurante fuzibile de 63 A). 1. It is known that the protection of an electric system should
fulfill entirely and partially following conditions: selec-
4. Concluzii tive – quick – sensitive – safe – economical. The protec-
1. Este cunoscut faptul ca, protectia unei instalatii electrice tion is selective when a fault causes the tripping of the
trebuie sa indeplineasca, in ansamblu si pe componente, protection located before it.
urmatoarele conditii: sa fie selectiva – rapida – sensibila – 2. This paper intends to focus on an actual topic: the selec-
sigura in functionare - economica. Instalatia de protectie tion of protections for a pole-mounted transformer in a
este selectiva atunci cand un defect determina actio- rural area, with radial overhead outputs and the detailed
narea elementului de protectie din amonte. analysis of the conditions that should be fulfilled in order
2. Lucrarea si-a propus sa se focalizeze pe un subiect "la to provide the protection selectivity with real examples.
zi": alegerea aparatelor de protectie a unui transformator 3. We urge on the following issue : who has to perform the
dintr-un post de transformare aerian din mediul rural, cu protection selectivity analysis for a pole-mounted
plecari in linii aeriene radiale si analiza detaliata a cri- transformer ?
teriilor de asigurare a selectivităţii tuturor protectiilor 4. The first answer in mind after several discussion on this
aferente, exemplificand cu date concrete pe un caz real. issue, was that this should be performed by the trans-
3. Chestiunea pe care vrem sa o propunem spre dezbatere former designer. In our opinion however this position is
specialistilor si factorilor de decizie in domeniu, cu cea false because according to the regulations (MF / MLPTL
mai mare insistenta, este urmatoarea: cui revine sarcina Decision no. 1013/ 873 and no. 1014 / 874) the designer
de a face analiza selectivitatii protectiilor la post de cannot choose a certain maufacturer and switchgear /
transformare aerian ?! protection model; he can only set the technical rated
4. Primul impuls, rezultat din multe discutii pe aceasta tema, values based on the technical and design regulations.
a fost ca sarcina sa fie transferata imediat proiectantului 5. The protection selectivity analysis should only be made
postului de transformare. Dupa parerea noastra este o by the network designer if the protection equipment are
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568 The 6 International Power Systems Conference

pozitie falsa: in condiile legii (Ordin MF / MLPTL nr. supplied by the beneficiary and not through a bid.
1013 / 873 si nr. 1014 / 874) proiectantul nu poate stabili 6. Thus after the bid or direct contracting the builder orders
un fabricant si un anume model de aparat de comutatie si to certain approved suppliers / manufacturers the elements
protectie ci, pe baza principiilor de proiectare cuprinse in contained by the pole-mounted transformer. The builder
normele tehnice si indreptarele de proiectare specifice, could get from the medium voltage fuse and transformer
trebuie sa stabileasca doar caracteristicle tehnice nominale, supplier / maufacturer the data required for the protection
pe baza carora intocmeste caietele de sarcini. selectivity analysis but he doesn’t know the manufacturer
5. Sarcina de a realiza analiza selectivitatii protectiilor of the switchgear and low voltage protections to be
transformatorului ar trebui sa revina, de drept, proiectan- included in the board.
tului de retele doar in cazul in care aparatele de protectie 7. Finally the board manufacturer is the one that knows the
sunt puse la dispozitie de beneficiarul, nemaifacand type of the low voltage devices (home or imported) to be
obiectul unei licitatii. mounted, these being selected based on the minimum /
6. Altfel, dupa adjudecarea lucrarii prin licitatie sau incre- maximum conditions imposed by the designer. Knowing
dintare directa, constructorul de specialitate este cel ce from the builder the characteristics of medium voltage
comanda, la diversi furnizari/fabricanti atestati in domeniu, fuses and transformer, the board manufacturer is the one
elementele ce compun postul de transformare si care intra that holds all the technical data for a correct analysis of
in analiza selectivitatii protectiei. Constructorul ar putea the protection selective operation; obviously if certain
sa obtina, de la furnizorul/fabricantul sigurantei fuzibile devices are changes he can and should contact the
de m.t. si cel al transformatorului, caracteristicile nece- designer.
sare analizei selectivitatii protectiei, dar nu cunoaste 8. The question is: what is the legal framework to set these
nici el fabricantul aparatelor de comutatie si protectie responsibilities for each involved party ? If these responsi-
de j.t. care vor fi incluse in tabloul electric de post. bilities are missing the protection devices will still be
7. In final, fabricantul tabloului electric este cel ce cunoaste chosen based on design rated values and calculations,
tipul aparatelor de j.t. (indigene sau de export) care se this could lead to “compromised” technical solutions.
vor monta in tablou, aparate alese in baza conditiilor 9. It is not difficult that after the builder purchased all the
minimale / maximale impuse prin caietul de sarcini de components of the pole-mounted transformer, the designer
catre proiectantul de retele. Obtinand si caracteristicile shall require to the manufacturer the protection character-
sigurantelor fuzibile de m.t. si ale transformatorului, istics in order to perform a complete selectivity analysis
prin intermediul constructorului ce va executa lucrarea but the question is: if the protection selectivity is not
in retea, fabricantul tabloului electric este cel care arc provided with the selected devices what has to be done ?
putea detine toate datele tehnice pentru a face o corecta Who pays for changing the devices ?
analiza a functionarii selective a protectiilor transfoma- 10. The situation is different for the premounted transformers:
torului in cauza; evident, pentru eventuale schimbari de the manufacturer choses all the protections and he is the
aparataj, poate si trebuiue sa aiba un dialog interactiv cu one to perform the protection selectivity analysis. We even
proiectantul de retele care a intocmit caietul de sarcini consider that the results of this analysis should be sub-
cuprins in proiect. mitted to the beneficiary as part of the technical docu-
8. Intrebarea este: care este cadru legal prin care sa se mentation.
stabileasca aceste responsabilitati, pentru fiecare parte 11. The technical standards and specific design specifications
implicata in lucrare ? In lipsa asumarii unor responsa- have to be reviewed in order to contain also the analysis
bilitati, aparatele de protectie vor fi alese (in continuare) of 16 – 25 kVA pole-mounted transformers.
doar pe baza parametrilor nominali si a relatiilor de calcul
din indreptarele de proiectare, ceea ce poate avea ca Bibliografie (References)
rezultat solutii "compromise" tehnic. 1. Centea, O.: Protectia instalatiilor electrice de joasa tensiune.
9. Nu este dificil ca, dupa ce constructorul a achizitionat Editura tehnica, Bucuresti, 1982
toate elementele componente ale postului de transformare, 2. *** Indreptar de proiectare a protectiilor prin relee si sigu-
proiectantul sa solicite fabricantilor de aparataj caracte- rante fuzibile in reteaua de joasa tensiune,1RE-Ip 45-85,
ICEMENERG, Bucuresti,1987
risticile de protectie ale acestora si sa realizeze o analiza 3. *** Instructiune privind calibrarea, inlocuirea si evidenta
completa a selectivitatii protectiilor transformatorului, sigurantelor fuzibile, 3.1.RE-I15-87, ICEMENERG, Bucuresti,
dar intrebarea care se pune este: daca nu se obtine 1989
selectivitatea protectiilor cu aparatele furnizate, care este 4. *** Trip curves for distribution. Circuit-breakers with thermo-
procedura de urmat ? magnetic releases (ABB SACE) si Time current characteristics
10. O gestionare corecta a functionarii selectivite a protectiilor of fuse link NV, gL-gG ~ 500V prin ELECTROALFA INTL.
are implicatii si in activitatea de exploatare a posturilor Botosani
de transformare aeriene, drept pentru care ne exprimam 5. *** Elemente de inlocuire de inalta tensiune, limitatoare de
opinia ca este obligatorie reanalizarea selectivitatii curent, de interior si exterior. Caracteristicile timp-curent.
SF 01 / 99. EXIMPROD Buzau
protectiilor in situatii precum defectarea sau simpla 6. *** Consulting / FAQ for protection of power transformers.
« rocadare » a transformatorului existent si racordarea de SIBA fuses.
noi consumatori permanenti care duc la modificarea
semnificativa a sarcinii (preincarcarea) transformatorului.
11. Normele tehnice energetice si indreptarele de proiectare
specifice trebuie sa fie revizuite pentru a cuprinde si
analiza posturilor de transformare aeriene realizate cu
transformatoare de 16 - 25 kVA