MICROCONTROLLER

A microcontroller is a system on a chip (SOC) it has CPU, I/O ports, timers, RAM, ROM on a single chip or
it is like integrated on a single chip. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications it is used
in automatically controlled devices such as automobile engines and control system by this
microcontroller we could see changes in many devices especially electronic devices because of the
integrated circuits quality is improved and smaller devices could be made with less cost thus
microcontroller played a great role in our technology improvement. A microcontroller is a device that
executes a program to control other devices or machines. Microcontrollers are programmed in higher
level languages such as C++, or JAVA. A microcontroller is a single chip microcomputer which is made
through VLSI fabrication it is also called an embedded controller because microcontroller and its support
circuits are embedded or built into the devices they control.

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A MICROCONTROLLER BASICALLY HAS THESE COMPONENTS

CPU- central processing unit

RAM- Random access memory

Timers and counters

Interrupt control

Analog to digital converter

Interrupt controls

Oscillatory circuit

8051 MICROCONTROLLER ARCHITECTURE

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MICROCONTROLLER AND MICROPROCESSOR

Microprocessor and microcontroller are used for real-time applications they have some common
features and have many differences. A microprocessor is an integrated circuit which has the only CPU
they don’t have ROM RAM or I/O pins in them a designer has to add them externally to do the functions.
But in case of microcontroller it has CPU ROM, RAM, and others within a chip it is also known as a
minicomputer. The microcontroller does specific task-specific means were input and output relation is
defined some examples are keyboard mouse telephone, mobile watches… were as in microprocessor it
doesn’t do any specific task were input-output relation is not defined such as developing software,
websites…

CLASSIFICATION OF MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontrollers are divided by their bits, memory architecture, memory device and instruction set

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO BITS

8 bit- In this if the internal bus is 8 bit then the ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations. Examples
are 8051/8031/ pic1x.
16 bit- this microcontroller performance is greater compared to 8-bit. 16 bit can use 16 bit for its
operations were as in 8-bit it is only 8-bit examples are 8051 extended, pic2x

32-bit - it uses 32 bit to perform its operations these are used in medical devices and in control systems
PIC3X is an example

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MEMORY DEVICES

Embedded memory microcontroller – This is a type of microcontroller in which all the functional blocks
are available in a chip data memory I/O ports

External memory microcontroller – in this microcontroller all functional blocks are not available 8031
doesn’t have any program memory

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO INSTRUCTION SET

CISC – complex instruction set computer it allows the user to use one instruction to do the functions of
many simple instructions

RISC- reduced instruction set computer in this instruction set is reduced each instruction can be
operated on any register or in any addressing mode

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MEMORY ARCHITECTURE

Harvard memory architecture- in this microcontroller the program and data memory doesn’t have a
similar memory address space

Princeton memory architecture- in this the program and data memory have similar address space

TYPES OF MICROCONTROLLER

8051 microcontroller

It is designed by Intel in 1981 and it is an 8 bit microcontroller it has 40 pins dual inline package 128
bytes of RAM 4k byte of ROM in 8051 there are 2 busses one for programming and other for data
programming in microcontroller is complicated basically we write a program in C language and then it is
converted to machine language understood by microcontroller two types of memory is present the
program memory and data memory program memory stores the data being executed while data
memory stores the result temporarily

Renesas microcontroller

It is in the automotive microcontroller family that offers high-performance features with low power
consumption this microcontroller offers high security and embedded safety character for the
automotive applications RX microcontroller is an example which has 32 bit

AVR microcontrollers
The AVR microcontrollers have modified Harvard RISC architecture with separate memories for data and
program and speed of AVR is really high when compared to PIC and 8051

APPLICATIONS

 Industrial automation

 Communication application

 Motor control applications

 Test and measurement

 Medical applications

 Automobiles

 Cameras

 Security alarms

 Mobile phones

Microcontroller Types and

 Introduction to Microcontroller:

o Microcontroller Basics:

 Types of Microcontroller:

o Bits:

o Memory:

o Instruction Set:

o Memory Architecture:

 8051 Microcontroller:

o 8051 Microcontroller Architecture:

 PIC Microcontroller:

o PIC Microcontroller Architecture:

 AVR Microcontroller:

o AVR Microcontroller Architecture:

 ARM Microcontroller:

o ARM Microcontroller Architecture:

 Microcontroller Applications:

o Application of Microcontroller in Day to Day Life Devices:

o Application of Microcontroller in Industrial Control Devices:

o Application of Microcontroller in Metering & Measurement Devices