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CE6501- STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS – CLASSICAL METHOD

(FOR V – SEMESTER)

UNIT - II

T
CE
SV

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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UNIT – II

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND

ANSWERS

Influence lines
An influence line is a graph showing, for any given beam frame or truss,
the
variation of any force or displacement quantity (such as shear force, bending
moment, tension, deflection) for all positions of a moving unit load as it crosses the
structure from one end to the other.

Uses of influence line diagram

(i) Influence lines are very useful in the quick determination of reactions,
shear force, bending moment or similar functions at a given section
under any given system of moving loads and
(ii) Influence lines are useful in determining the load position to cause
maximum value of a given function in a structure on which load
positions can vary. T
A simply supported beam of span 10m carries a udl of 20 kN/m over its central
CE
4m length. With the help of influence line diagram, find the shear force
at 3m from the left support.

x 3
  0.3
SV

l 10
(l  x) 7
  0.7
l 10
Shear force at X = intensity of udl x area of udl below the udl
(0.7  0.3)
= 20 * 2 * 4  40 kN

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Muller – Bresalu principle.

Muller – Bresalu principle states that, if we want to sketch the
influence line for any force quantity (like thrust, shear, reaction, support
moment or bending moment) in a structure,
(i) we remove from the structure the restraint to that force quantity
(ii) we apply on the remaining structure a unit displacement
corresponding to that forces quantity.

For the two member determine bent in fig. sketch the influence line for VA.
If we deftly apply Muller – Breslau to the problem, we can first remove
support A and push A up by unit distance. Since the angle at B will remain unchanged,
our unit displacement will result in a rigid body rotation of θ (=1/4 radian) about C. So
the column CB will also have a horizontal displacement. (For the part AB, the diagram
is just the influence line diagram for shear in a S.S beam)
The diagram for BC must be understood to be the influence of horizontal loads on
the column on RA.

principle on which indirect model analysis is based

The indirect model analysis is based on the Muller Bresalu principle.
Muller Breslau principle has lead to simple method of using models
of structures to get the influence lines for force quantities like bending moments, support
moments, reactions, internal shears, thrusts, etc.
T
To get the influence line for any force quantity (i) remove the
restraint due to the force, (ii) apply a unit displacement in the direction of the force.
CE
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Begg’s deformeter
Begg’s deformeter is a device to carry out indirect model analysis on
structures. It has the facility to apply displacement corresponding to moment, shear
or thrust at any desired point in the model. In addition, it provides facility to
measure accurately the consequent displacements all over the model.

‘dummy length’ in models tested with Begg’s deformeter.

Dummy length is the additional length (of about 10 to 12 mm) left at
the extremities of the model to enable any desired connection to be made with the
gauges.

Three types of connections possible with the model used with

Begg’s deformeter.
(i) Hinged connection
(ii) Fixed connection
(iii) Floating connection

Use of a micrometer microscope in model analysis with Begg’s

deformeter
Micrometer microscope is an instrument used to measure the displacements of
any point in the x and y directions of a model during tests with Begg’s deformeter.
T
CE
Name the types of rolling loads for which the absolute maximum bending
moment occurs at the mid span of a beam.
Types of rolling loads:
(i) Single concentrated load
SV

(ii) Udl longer than the span

(iii) Udl shorter than the span
Absolute maximum bending moment in a beam
When a given load system moves from one end to the other end of a
girder, depending upon the position of the load, there will be a maximum
bending moment for every section. The maximum of these maximum bending
moments will usually occur near or at the mid span. This maximum of
maximum bending moment is called the absolute maximum bending moment,
Mmaxmax.

The portal frame in fig. is hinged at D and is on rollers at A. Sketch the

influence line for bending moment at B.
To get the influence line diagram for MB, we shall introduce a hinge
at B (and remove the resistance to bending moment). Now we get a unit rotation
between BA and BC at B.
BC cannot rotate since column CD will prevent the rotation. BA
would rotate freely (with zero moment). For θ =1 at B, displacement at A = 3m. The
displaced position shows the influence line for MB as shown in fig.

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A single rolling load of 100 kN moves on a girder of span 20m. (a)

Construct the influence lines for (i) shear force and (ii) bending moment for
a section 5m from the left support. (b) Construct the influence lines for
points at which the maximum shears and maximum bending moment
develop. Determine these values.

Solution:
(a) To find maximum shear force and bending moment at 5m from the left
support:
For the ILD for shear,
l  x 20  5
IL ordinate to the right of D =   0.75
l 20
For the IL for bending moment, IL ordinate at D =
x(l  x) 5 *15
  3.75 m
l 20

(i) Maximum positive shear force

By inspection of the ILD for shear force, it is evident that maximum
positive shear force occurs when the load is placed just to the right of D.
Maximum positive shear force = load * ordinate = 100 * 7.5
T
At D, SFmax + = 75 kN.
(ii) Maximum negative shear force
CE
Maximum negative shear force occurs when the load is placed just to
the left D.
Maximum negative shear force = load * ordinate = 100 * 0.25
At D, SFmax = -25 kN.
SV

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(iii) Maximum bending moment

Maximum bending moment occurs when the load is placed on the
section D itself.
Maximum bending moment = load * ordinate = 100 * 3.75 = 375 kNm
(b) Maximum positive shear force will occur at A. Maximum negative shear
force will occur at B. Maximum bending moment will occur at mid span.
The ILs are sketched in fig.

(i) Positive shear force

Maximum positive shear force occurs when the load is placed at A.
Maximum positive shear force = load * ordinate = 100*1
SFmaxmax + = 100 kN
(ii) Negative shear force
Maximum negative shear force occurs when the load is placed at B.
Maximum negative shear force = load * ordinate = 100 * (-1)
SFmaxmax = - 100 kN
(iii) Maximum bending moment
Maximum bending moment occurs when the load is at mid span
Maximum bending moment = load * ordinate = 100 * 5 = 500 kNm

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Draw the ILD for shear force and bending moment for a section at 5m from
the left hand support of a simply supported beam, 20m long. Hence,
calculate the maximum bending moment and shear force at the section, due
to a uniformly distributed rolling load of length 8m and intensity 10 kN/m
run.(Apr/May 05)

Solution:

(a) Maximum bending moment:

Maximum bending moment at a D due to a udl shorter than the span
occurs when the section divides the load in the same ratio as it divides the
span.

A1 D AD
In the above fig.   0.25, A1 D  2M , B1 D  6M
B1 D BD
Ordinates:
Ordinate under A1 = (3.75/5)*3 = 2.25
Ordinate under B1 = (3.75/15)*9 = 2.25
Maximum bending moment = Intensity of load * Area of ILd under the load
(3.75  2.25) * 8
T
= 10 *
2
At D, Mmax = 240 kNm
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(b) Maximum positive shear force

Maximum positive shear force occurs when the tail of the UDL is at D
as it traverses from left to right.

0.75
Ordinate under B1 = * (15  8)  0.35
15
Maximum positive shear force = Intensity of load * Area of ILD under load
(0.75  0.35) * 8
= 10 *
2
SFmax = + 44 kNm

(c) Maximum negative shear force

Maximum negative shear force occurs when the head of the UDL is at D
as it traverses from left to right.

Maximum negative shear force = Intensity of load * Area of ILD under the load
= 10(1/2*0.25*5)
Negative SFmax = 6.25 kN.

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Two point loads of 100 kN and 200 kN spaced 3m apart cross a girder of span
15m from left to right with the 100 kN load loading. Draw the
influence line for shear force and bending moment and find the value of
maximum shear force and bending moment at a section, 6m from the left
hand support. Also, find the absolute maximum moment due to the given
load system.
Solution:
(a) Maximum bending moment
x(l  x) 6 * 9
Max. Ordinate of ILD =   3.6 m
l 15
Maximum bending moment at D occurs under the critical load. This load,
when it moves from left to right of ‘D’ changes the sign of Lr, the differential loading rate,
where,
Wleft Wrig ht
Lr  
x lx
Now, let us try with 200 kN load. Firstly, keep this 200 kN load to the left of ‘D’.

Wleft Wrig ht 200 100

Lr   =   22.22 (ve)
x lx 6 9
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Moving this load to the right of ‘D’,

Wleft Wrig ht 0 300

Lr   =   33.33 (ve)
x lx 6 9
Since, the sign of Lr changes, the 200 kN load is critical. The maximum bending
moment occurs at D when this 200 kN load is placed at D.
3.6
Ordinate under 100 kN load = * 6  2.4
9
Maximum bending moment =  (load * ordinate)  200 * 3.6  100 * 2.4

(b) Maximum shear force:

(i) Positive shear force
Fig. shows the load position for the absolute maximum positive shera force.
If the load train is moved to the left, the positive contribution due to the bigger (160 kN)
load is lost and a negative contribution is obtained.
If the load train moves to the right, the ordinates under to the loads decrease.
Hence, the indicated load position is the critical one.
Ordinate under 200 kN load = 0.6
0.6
Ordinate under 100 kN load =
T9
 0.4
Maximum positive shear force = 200 (0.6) + 100 (0.4)
CE
SFmax = + 160 kN.
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(ii) Negative shear force

Trying with 100 kN load, first keep this 100 kN load to the left of D. Then move this load
to the right of ‘D’ by 3m. If the value of the shear increment Si is a negative value, it
includes a decrease in negative shear force.
W 300 * 3
S i  c  W1   100  40(ve)
l 15
Hence, the negative shear force decreases when this load train is moved to the right
of ‘D’. Hence, to get maximum shear force, this 100 kN load should be kept just to the left
of D.
Ordinate under 100 kN load = 0.4
0.4
Ordinate under 200 kN load = * 3  0.2
6
Maximum negative shear force = 100*0.4 + 200*0.2 = 80
SFmax = - 80 kN

(c) Absolute maximum bending moment

(i) Resultant of the loads
Taking moments about 200 kN load,
T
100*3 = R.x, R = 300 kN. X = 1.0 m
Absolute maximum bending moment occurs under the load which is
nearer to the resultant ‘R’. The critical position is when the resultant ‘R’
CE
and the load are at equal distance from the centre of span © .
Distance of this 200 kN from C = Distance of ‘R’ from c.
SV

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Maximum ordinate of ILD (i.e) ordinate under 200 kN load = x(l  x)  3.733 m
l
Ordinate under 100 kN load = (3.733*6)/9 =2.489 m
Absolute maximum bending moment, Mmaxmax =  (load * Dis tan ce)
= 200 * 3.733 + 100*2.489 = 995.5 kNm

A train of 5 wheel loads crosses a simply supported beam of span 22.5 m.

Using influence lines, calculate the maximum positive and negative shear
forces at mid span and absolute maximum bending moment anywhere in
the span.(Nov/Dec 05)

Solution:
(a) Maximum shear force
(i) Positive shear force

To determine the load position to get the maximum positive shear force, let us keep
all the loads to the right of C. Then move W1 load to the left of ‘C’ by 2.5 m. if the
sign of shear increments Si is negative, it will indicate that W1 shall be retained at C.
T
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Wc
S i  W1
l
W = Total load on the span = 120 + 160 +400 + 260 +240 = 1182 kN.
C = Distance through which the load train is moved = 2.5 m

1180 * 2.5
Si   120  11.11 (ve)
22.5
Since Si is positive, the shear force increases due to thr shifting of W1 to the left of C.
Again, let us move W2 to the left of C by 2.5 m to check whether the shera force
further increases or not.

Wc 1180 * 2.5
Si   W2   160  28.89 (ve)
l 22.5
Since Si is negative, it undicates that to get maximum positive shear force, W2 should
stay just right of C.
Ordinate of ILD
 0.5
* (11.25  2.5)  0.39
Ordinate under W1 = 11.25

22.5  11.25
Ordinate under W2 =  0.5
T 22.5
CE
0.5
Ordinate under W3 = * 8.75  0.39
11.25

0.5
Ordinate under W4 = * 3.25  0.28
SV

11.25

0.5
Ordinate under W5 = * 3.75  0.17
11.25

Maximum positive shear force = (laodxordinate)

= 120 (-0.39) + 160 (0.5) +400 (0.39) +260(0.28) + 240 (0.17)

At C , SFmax + = 302.8 kN.

ii) Negative shear force

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To determine the position of loads to get the maximum negative shear force, move the
loads one by one to the right of C and computer the value of Si.If Si becomes negative it
will indicate a decrease in negative shear force due to that movement.

First let us move the leading W5 to the right of C by 2.5 m and calculate Si

Wd
Si=  W5
l

W5 = 240 kN; d = 2.5 m

1180x2.5
Si =  240  108.89(ve)
22.5

Since Si is –ve it indicates that W5 should stay just to the left of C.

Ordinates of ILD:

x 11.25
T
Ordinate under W5 =   0.5
CE
l 22.5

0.5
Ordinate under W4 = x(11.25  2.5)  0.39
11.25
SV

0.5
Ordinate under W3 = x(11.25  5.0)  0.278
11.25

0.5
Ordinate under W2 = x(11.25  7.5)  0.167
11.25

0.5
Ordinate under W1 = x(11.25  10)  0.056
11.25

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Maximum negative shear force at C = 240(-0.5)+260(-0.39)+(400(-0.278) +160(-0.167)

+120(-0.056)

Fmax = 366.04 kN.

b) Absolute maximum bending moment

i) Position of resultant of all loads


Taking moments about W1, 120(0)+160(2.5)+400(5.0)+260(7.5)+240(10.0) =R. x

R = 1180kN

x = 5,72m from W1

ii) Location of absolute maximum bending moment

Absolute maximum bending moment occurs under the load, which is nearest to the
resultant ‘R’.(In this problem W3 is nearest to the resultant ‘R’).The distance between C
T
and R and the distance between C and W3 shall be equal.
CE
Distance between R and center of span(C) = ½ (0.72) =0.36 m

In this fig. Shows the IL for bending moment at the critical spot D, 10.89 m fro A.
SV

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Ordinates of ILD:

Maximum ordinate of ILD

x(l  x) 10.89(22.5  10.39)

(i.e) Ordinate under W3 =   5.62
l 22.5

5.62
Ordinate under W2 = x8.39  4.33
10.89

5.62
Ordinate under W1 = x5.89  3.04
10.89

5.62
Ordinate under W4 = x9.11  4.41
11.61

5.62
Ordinate under W5 = T x6.61  3.20
11.61

Absolute maximum bending moment =120 (3.04)+160(4.33)+400(5.62)+260(4.41)+

CE
240 (3.2)

Mmax max = 5220.2 kN.m

SV

5) A girder a span of 18mis simply supported at the ends. It is traversed by a train of

loads as shown in fig. The 50 kN load loading. Find the maximum bending moment
which can occur (i) under the 200 kN load (ii) Under 50 kN load, using influence line
diagrams.

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Solution
:

a) Maximum bending
moment

i) Under 200 kN
loads.

To get the maximum bending moment under W3 the resultant R and W3 should be at equal
distances from the center of the span C.For that the point of action of resultant R should
be determined first.

a) Resultant of loads:

R = 450

kN

Taking moments
W4
about
T
CE

200(3) +100 (3+2) +50(3 +2+3) = 450 x

SV

x = 3.33 from W4

b) Bending moment under 200 kN load

Distance between C and 200 kN load = Distance between C and R = 0.33/2 = 0.165 m.

Ordiantes of ILD :

x(l  x)
ILD under W3 =
l

X= 8.335m

l-x = 18-8.835 = 9.165 m

8.835 * 9.1365
ILD under W3 =  4.50 m
18

4.5 * 5.835
ILD under W4 =  2.97 m
8.835

4.5 * (3  4.165)
ILD under W2 =  3.52 m
9.165

4.5 * 4.165 9.165

ILD under W1 =
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CE2302–STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I/UNIT III
21
 2.05 m

Bending moment under the 200 kN load

= 200 (4.5) + 100 (2.97) + 100 (3.52) +50 (2.05) = 1651.5 kNm.

(ii) Bending moment under the load 50 kN load

To get the maximum bending moment under W1 , W2 and R must be at equal

distances from the centre of span ©. Distance between C and R = Distance between C and
W1 = ½ (2 – 0.33 + 3) = ½ (4.67) = 2.335 m

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Ordinates of ILD:

x(l  x) 11.335 * 6.665

ILD under W1 =   4.20 m
l 18

x(l  x) 4.2 * 8.335

ILD under W2 =   3.09 m
l 11.335

x(l  x) 4.2 * 6.335

ILD under W3 =   2.35 m
l 11.335

x(l  x) 4.2 * 3.335

ILD under W4 =   1.24 m
l 11.335

Bending moment under the load 50 kN load

= 4.2 (50) + 3.09 (100) +2.35 (200) +1.24 (100) = 1113 kN m.

6.Draw the I.L for reaction at B and for the support moment MA at A for the
propped cantilever in fig. Compute the I.L ordinates at 1.5 m intervals.

Solution:
T
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Remove the restraint due to RB (remove support B)

Apply a unit displacement (upward).

When RB = 1, then YXB is the displacement at section x due to

SV

unit load applied at B.

d2y d 2y
Mx = -EI  R B .x  1.x : EI  x
dx 2 dx 2

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2
dy x
EI   C1
dx 2
 x3
EIy   C1 x  C1
6

At x= 12, y = 0, dy/dx = 0

Hence , C1 = 72, C2 = -576

1  x2 
  
EI  6
YXB = 72x 576



 576
YBB (at x = 0 ) =
EI

When we plot this against x, we get the I.L for RB. T

CE
Xm 0 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12

RB 1 0.814 0.632 0.463 0.312 0.184 0.085 0.022 0.00

SV

Fig. is the influence line diagram for RB.

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To get the I.L for M A have to

(i) Introduce a hinge at A and

(ii) We have to apply a unit rotation at A. Instead we will apply a unit moment at A
find the general displacement at any x from B. We will then divide the
displacement by the actual rotation at A.

MA 1
RB  RA  1/12
d 2y x
Due to M x  EI 2

dx 12
dy  x 2
Ei   C1
dx 24

T
CE
SV

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The ordinates of the I.L.D for MA at 1.5 m intervals are tabulated below.

X 0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 10.5 12.0

ILD 0.0 -0.738 -1.406 -1.934 -2.250 -2.285 -1.960 -1.230 0.0

7. In a simply supported girder AB of span 2om, determine the maximum

bending moment and maximum shear force at a section 5m from A, due to
the passage of a uniformly distributed load of intensity 20 kN/m, longer
than the span.

Solution:

(i) Maximum bending moment

Since the udl is longer than the , the criterion for maximum bending
moment at a section is that the whole span should be loaded as shown in fig.

(ii) Maximum shear force

T
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Maximum negative shear force at a section occurs when the
head of the load reaches the section ((i.e. when the left portion AX is loaded and right
portion XB is empty)
SV

(iii) Maximum positive shear force:

Maximum positive shear force occurs at X when the tail of the

load is at X as it moves from left to right. (i.e. AX is empty and the portion XB is loaded)

Maximum positive shear force = RA

CE2401& DRCBMS UNIT-2

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