CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Lesson 2
HYDROSTATICS FORCE AND PRESSURE
(BOUYANCY, STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES)

Lesson 2.1 Fundamentals of Hydrostatic Force

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, you are able to;

1. Interpret different forms of pressure measurement.
2. Employ principle of manometer to measure gauge and differential pressure.
3. Determine the variation of pressure in a fluid at rest.
4. Apply hydrostatic force in the design of gravity dams.
5. Calculate hydrostatic force and its location for a given geometry and
orientation of plane surfaces.
6. Differentiate between the center of gravity and center of pressure of
surfaces.
7. Employ Archimedes principle to solve numerical examples on Buoyancy.
8. Examine stability of a floating body by determining its metacentric height.
9. Determine the relative motion relationship between the mass particles of
fluids subject to acceleration or rotation

Time Frame: 3 week

Lesson 2.1 Principle of Hydrostatic Pressure

Introduction

Many fluid problems do not involve motion. They are just concern with the
pressure distribution in a static fluid and its effect on solid surfaces and on floating
and submerged bodies. When the fluid velocity is zero, denoted as the hydrostatic
condition, the pressure variation is due only to the weight of the fluid. Important
applications in this chapter are pressure distribution in the atmosphere and the

25 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

oceans and the design of manometer, mechanical, and electronic pressure

instruments.

Prepare a 1-L plastic bottle. Drill a hole (4” nail) near the
bottom, at least 2 inches from the top and at the middle.
Make sure that the drilled hole is of the same size. Cover
the holes with a duct tape before starting the activity. Fill
the bottle with water then take the duct tape at the bottom
hole. Let the water flow for 1 minute, then put back the duct tape back. Measure
the level of water from the bottom. Observe the velocity of the water gushing out
the hole. Repeat the activity with the middle hole then the top hole. Record your
observations. Do not forget to document the activity. Submit your answers through
any means mentioned in the syllabus or as agreed upon not later than 3rd week
after the class started.

Based on the observations you listed in the

preceding activity. Answer the following questions.
Submit your answers through any means
mentioned in the syllabus or as agreed upon not
later than 3rd week after the class started.
1. Which hole produce a faster flow? Why?
Answer:______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________.

2. Can the velocity of the flow in the hole related to the pressure inside
the bottle?
Answer:______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
________________________.

3. What cause the water flow through the hole? Explain

Answer:______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_________________.

26 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

4. Does the level of water the same after the activity of each hole?
Explain.
Answer:______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_________________.

5. In the context of civil engineering, cite a real life example you can
relate to the activity you just performed.
Answer:______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________.

PRESSURE
Pressure is defined as a normal force exerted
by a fluid per unit area. When we say pressure, we
mean it to only pressure with gas or liquid. In solids,
the pressure means the normal stress exerted by the
solid body to any contacting surface. In fluids we use the term pressure to mean:

“The perpendicular force exerted by a fluid per unit area”.

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝐹)
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑃) = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐴)

Unit; N/m2 (Pa)

The units used in practice vary:

• 1 kPa = 1000 Pa = 1000 N/m2
• 1 MPa = 1000 kPa = 1 × 106 N/m2
• 1 bar = 105 Pa = 100 kPa = 0.1 MPa
• 1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 101.325 kPa
= 1.01325 bars = 1013.25 millibars

Note that although force is a vector, pressure is a scalar. Pressure is a scalar

quantity because it is defined to be proportional to the magnitude of the force acting
perpendicular to the surface area.

Absolute Pressure and Gage Pressure

Absolute pressure is the actual pressure at a given point and measured
relative to the absolute vacuum. However, most of pressure-measuring devices
calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere thus indicating the difference between
atmospheric pressure and absolute pressure called gage pressure.

27 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚

𝑃𝑣𝑎𝑐 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠

https://www.kau.edu.sa/Files/0057863/Subjects/Chapter%203
.pdf
Fig. 2.1 Absolute, gage and atmospheric pressure

Variation of Pressure with Depth

Pressure in a fluid at rest remains constant at horizontal direction. However,

fluid pressure increases with depth because more fluids rests on deeper layers
thus the added weight is balanced by the increase in pressure.

https://www.kau.edu.sa/Files/0057863/Subjects/Chapter%203
.pdf
Fig. 2.2 The pressure of fluid at rest increases with depth

To obtain a relation for the variation of pressure with depth, taking

equilibrium equation in vertical direction of the fluid element,

Σ𝐹𝑧 = 0
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝜌 𝑔 Δ𝑧 = 𝛾𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 Δ𝑧

28 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

https://www.kau.edu.sa/Files/0057863/Subjects/Chapter%203
.pdf
Fig 2.3 Pressure in a liquid at rest increases linearly with distance from a
free surface

If we take one point is on the atmosphere, say fluid surface, then;

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌 𝑔ℎ 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝜌 𝑔ℎ

PASCAL’S LAW

The effect of the pressure in a fluid remaining constant in the horizontal

direction is that “the pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure
throughout by the same amount” called the Pascal’s Law named after Blaise
Pascal (1623-1662). He realized that two hydraulic cylinders of different areas
could be connected, and the larger could be used to exert a proportionally greater
force than that applied to the smaller.

https://phys.libretexts.org
/

Figure 2.4 A typical hydraulic system with two fluid-filled cylinders, capped with
pistons and connected by a tube called a hydraulic line.

𝑃1 = 𝑃2

29 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝐴1 𝐴2

THE MANOMETER
Manometer is a device commonly used to measure small to moderate
pressure difference. The idea was based on the formula that the elevation change
in a fluid at rest corresponds to a fluid column.

https://phys.libretexts.org
/
Figure 2.5 A manometer

𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌 𝑔ℎ

Pressure below Layers of Different Liquids

Many engineering problems and some manometers involve multiple
immiscible fluids of different densities stacked on top of each other.

https://phys.libretexts.org
/

Figure 2.6 Pressure of layers of different liquids

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌1 𝑔ℎ1 + 𝜌2 𝑔ℎ2 + 𝜌3 𝑔ℎ3 = 𝑃1

30 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Hydrostatic Paradox
The hydrostatic pressure generates a force F on the area A. If these
areas are equal, this force only depends on the level h; the shape of the
vessel is irrelevant.

https://www.gunt.de/images/download/Fundamental
s-of-hydrostatics_english.

Fig. 2.7 Hydrostatic Paradox

Pressure Head
Pressure head in fluid mechanics is the pressure exerted by a liquid column
on the base of the container. It is represented as the height of the liquid column.
Pressure head is also called static head or static pressure head which is
represented by ‘h’.

𝑝
ℎ=
𝛾

To convert pressure head of liquid A to liquid B;

𝑆𝐴 𝜌𝐴 𝛾𝐴
ℎ𝐴 = ℎ𝐵 = ℎ𝐵 = ℎ𝐵
𝑆𝐵 𝜌𝐵 𝛾𝐵

To convert pressure head of any liquid to water;

ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑥 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑

Steps in solving manometer problems

1. Decide what measurement the head of the fluid be expresses. (feet or

meter)
2. Starting from a convenient point, usually the free surface, number in
order and the interface of different fluids.
3. Identify the points of equal pressure (consider the hydrostatic paradox
of homogeneous). Label these points of the same number.
4. Proceed from level to level, adding (going down) or subtracting (going
up) pressure heads as the elevation increases or decreases,
respectively with regard for the specific gravity of fluids.

31 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Example 2.1.1
Hydraulically-operated equipment is designed to transform a relatively small
input force into a much larger output force. For the system shown, determine the
weight W that can be supported by the piston at B when a 200-N force is applied
to the piston at A.
Solution;

The pressure under piston A is;

𝐹𝐴 200 𝑁
𝑃𝐴 = =𝜋 = 407437 𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝐴 (0.025𝑚𝑚) 2
4
= 407.437 𝑘𝑃𝑎

http://www.ce.siue.edu/examples/Worked_exa
mples_Internet_text-only/Data_files-
Worked_Exs-Word_&_pdf/hydrostatics.pdf
The pressure at point 200 mm below A must be the same with the pressure
at point B (under piston B) since the have the same elevation; (Pascal’s Law);

𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑃200𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐴 = 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 407.437 𝑘𝑃𝑎 + (900 3
) (9.81 2 ) (0.2 𝑚)
𝑚 𝑠
= 𝟒𝟎𝟗. 𝟐𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝑷𝒂

To find W, take equilibrium equation vertical at point B;

𝜋
+↑ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 𝑃𝐵 . 𝐴𝐵 − 𝑊 = (409.203)[ (0.3)2 ] = 0
4
http://www.ce.siue.edu/examples/Worked_exa
𝑊 = 28.9 𝑘𝑁 answer mples_Internet_text-only/Data_files-
Worked_Exs-Word_&_pdf/hydrostatics.pdf
FBD of
piston B

Example 2.2
A pressurized vessel contains water with some air above it, as shown below.
A multi-fluid manometer system is used to determine the pressure at the air-water
interface, point F. Determine the gage pressure at point F in kPa gage. Use h1 =
0.24m, h2 = 0.35 m and h3 = 0.52m. Assume the fluid densities are water: 1000
kg/m3, oil: 790 kg/m3 and mercury (Hg): 13,600 kg/m3.

32 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Solution;

Since the given units are in SI, we use

meter (m) as head unit. Let us recall the formula
for gage pressure and manometer;

𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝜌 𝑔ℎ

Take note; Point A and B have the same

elevation, so their pressures are equal.
The pressure at B using the points from F
to B must be the same when using from point 2
to B. https://www.learnthermo.com/examples/examp
le-problem.php?ch=1&lesson=E&problem=1

𝑃𝐹 + 𝑃𝐷 + 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃2 + 𝑃𝐴

kg m kg m
𝑃𝐹 + (1000 3
)(9.81 3 )(0.24𝑚) + (790 3 )(9.81 3 )(0.35𝑚)
𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 𝑠
kg m
= 0 + (13600 3 )(9.81 3 )(0.52𝑚)
𝑚 𝑠

𝑷𝑭 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟑𝟎𝟗 𝒌𝑷𝒂 answer

Example 2.3
A vertical tube of radius 1 cm, open at the top to the atmosphere, contains 2
cm of oil (soil =0.82) floating on 3 cm of water. What is the gauge pressure (pressure
in excess of atmospheric) at the bottom?

Solution;
Only the depth matters, summing up all pressure heads from the free
surface to bottom;

𝑃𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙 + 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚
kg m
= (0.82) (1000 3
) (9.81 3 ) (0.02𝑚)
𝑚 𝑠
kg m
+ (1000 3 ) (9.81 3 ) (0.03𝑚)
𝑚 𝑠

𝑷𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 = 𝟒𝟔𝟎 𝑷𝒂 answer

33 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Let us some fun remembering what we have discussed in

this lesson. Answer the following questions as best as
you can remember. Submit your answers through any
means mentioned in the syllabus or as agreed upon not
later than 3rd week after the class started.

Problem Solving. Solve the following problems.

1. You wants to sip water through a straw 50 cm tall. What is the minimum
pressure difference between the atmosphere and the inside of your mouth?
2. You try to clean your yard using a lawnmower with a large unpressurized
gasoline tank. As you start cleaning, a rock kicked up by your lawnmower
and hit the tank. It creates a 0.5 in hole in the tank 1 ft below the surface of
the gasoline (specific gravity = 0.8). Before the rock strike the tank, what is
the hydrostatic pressure at the point where the rock will hit?
3. A vertical tube 3m Long with one and closed is inserted vertically with the
open end down, into a tank of water until the open end is submerged to a
depth of 1.0 m. Assume absolute atmospheric pressure is 101.5 kPa.
Neglecting vapor pressure, how far will the water level in the tube be below
the level in the tank.
4. An inverted tube differential manometer
having an oil of specific gravity 0.9 is
connected to two different pipes carrying
water under pressure. Determine the
pressure in the pipe B. The pressure in pipe
A is 2 m of water.

http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/resourc
e/view.php?id=95318
5. The diameter of the piston of a hydraulic jack is 6 times greater than the
diameter of the plunger which is 200 mm. They are both at same height and
made of same material. The piston weighs 100 N and supports a mass of
50 kg. The jack is filled with oil of density 900 kg/m3. Calculate the force
required at the plunger to support the piston and mass if carries at a level
10 cm above that of plunger.
6. Why boiling point of water decreases as the pressure goes down?
7. Is there a negative absolute pressure? Explain in your own understanding.

34 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Good job students!!! We are done with our

discussions on hydrostatic pressure. As a future civil
engineer, it is very important to understand its effects
on the structures we built. When we design
structures, the very basis of the structural design is
the load or force it is resisting. The next topic will
discuss the hydrostatic force and the point which it
acts on the submerge surface.

Lesson 2.2: Total Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces

Introduction
Last discussion is about hydrostatic pressure. The design of containment
structures requires computation of the hydrostatic forces on various solid surfaces
adjacent to the fluid. These forces relate to the weight of fluid bearing on the
surface. When a surface is submerged in a fluid, forces develop on the surface due
to then fluid. The determination of these forces is important in the design of storage
tanks, ships, dams, and other hydraulic structures. For fluids at rest we know that
the force must be perpendicular to the surface since there are no shearing stresses
present. The pressure varies linearly with depth if the fluid is incompressible.

Answer the following questions. Submit your answers

through any means mentioned in the syllabus or as agreed
upon not later than 4th week after the class started.
1. During construction, gate AB is temporarily held in
place by the horizontal strut CD. Determine the force in
the strut, if the gate is 3-m wide.

water

https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-
answers/construction-gate-ab-temporarily-held-place-horizontal-strut-cd-
determine-force-strut-gate-q9883227

35 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Based on your understanding with the preceding

lesson, answer the following questions. Submit your
answers through any means mentioned in the
syllabus or as agreed upon not later than 4th week
after the class started.
1. Which box is harder to push, a tightly closed
empty box submerged in water or the same
box filled with water on the atmosphere.
Explain.
2. What position of cylindrical water tank is
much safer, a vertical or horizontal position?
Explain and relate your answer to the usual
actual position of water tank you have seen.

Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces

Source: White, F. M (2003). Fluid Mechanics, 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill

Fig. 2.8 Distribution of the hydrostatic pressure on plane

surface

𝑑𝐹 = 𝜌𝑑𝐴 = 𝛾𝑦 sin 𝛼𝑑𝐴

𝐹 = ∫𝐴 𝜌𝑑𝐴 = 𝛾 sin 𝛼 ∫𝐴 𝑦𝑑𝐴

36 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Remember;

𝐴 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐴 first moment of area

𝐹 = 𝛾 sin 𝛼 𝑦 𝐴

But 𝛾 sin 𝛼 𝑦 = 𝑝 = pressure at centroid of A, then;

𝑭 = 𝒑𝑨

F is the magnitude of resultant of the hydrostatic force on plane

surface is the product of center pressure at centroid of area and the area of
the surface.

Center of Pressure
Center of pressure is in general below centroid since pressure
increases with depth. Center of pressure is determined by equating the
moments of the resultant and distributed forces about any arbitrary axis.

Determine ycp by taking moments about X- axis of figure 3.1,

𝑦𝑐𝑝 . 𝐹 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝐹 = 𝑦𝑝𝑑𝐴 = 𝑦(𝛾𝑦 sin 𝛼𝑑𝐴)

𝐴
But 𝐼𝑜 = ∫𝐴 𝑦2 𝑑𝐴 and transfer formula; 𝐼𝑜 = 𝑦 2 𝐴 + 𝐼

then;
𝑦𝑐𝑝 𝐹 = 𝛾 sin 𝛼 ∫ 𝑦2 𝑑𝐴 = 𝛾 sin 𝛼 (𝑦2 𝐴 + 𝐼)
𝐴

𝑦𝑐𝑝 𝑝𝐴 = 𝛾 sin 𝛼 (𝑦2 𝐴 + 𝐼)

𝑦𝑐𝑝 𝛾 sin 𝛼𝑦 𝐴 = 𝛾 sin 𝛼 (𝑦2 𝐴 + 𝐼)

𝑦𝑐𝑝 𝑦𝐴 = (𝑦2 𝐴 + 𝐼)

𝐼
𝑦𝑐𝑝 = (𝑦 + )
𝑦𝐴

𝐼
𝑦𝑐𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑦𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑦𝐴

For the location of 𝑥𝑐𝑝; the same derivation with the above and is equal to;

𝐼𝑥𝑦
𝑥𝑐𝑝 = (𝑥 + )
𝑦𝐴

37 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON CURVED SURFACES

If the surface is curved, the forces on each element of the surface will not
be parallel (normal to the surface at each point) and must be combined using some
vectorial method. The most significant method to solve these types of problems is
to calculate the vertical and horizontal components, and then combine these two
forces to obtain the resultant force and its direction.

There are two cases:

Case I: If the fluid is above the curved surface

Horizontal Component (Rh)

The resultant horizontal force of a fluid
above a curved surface is:
Rh = Resultant force on the projection
of the curved surface onto a vertical plane (i.e.
along line AC in the above figure).
Recall that the force must be normal to
the plane, so if we take the vertical plane, the
force will act horizontally through the center of
pressure of the projected vertical plane as
shown in figure below, and we can use
pressure diagram method.
Source:
White, F. M (2003). Fluid Mechanics, 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hil

𝑅ℎ = = 𝛾 ℎ 𝐴 Fig. 2.9 Resultant Hydrostatic

Force of a curved surface

Source: White, F. M (2003). Fluid Mechanics, 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hil

Fig. 2.10 Horizontal Component of the Resultant Hydrostatic Force of a

curved surface

Vertical Component (Rv)

Because the fluid is at rest, there are no shear forces on the vertical edges,
so the vertical component can only be due to the weight of the fluid. The resultant
vertical force of a fluid above a curved surface is:

38 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Rv = Weight of fluid directly above the curved surface and will act vertically
downward through the center of gravity of the mass of fluid as shown in figure
below.

𝑅𝑣 = 𝜌 𝑔 𝑉 = 𝛾 𝑉

Source: White, F. M (2003). Fluid Mechanics, 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hil

Fig. 2.11 Vertical Component of the Resultant Hydrostatic Force of a

curved surface

Resultant Force (R)

The overall resultant force is found by combining the vertical and horizontal
components vectorialy:
𝑅
𝑅 = √𝑅ℎ 2 + 𝑅𝑣 2 𝜃 = tan−1 ( 𝑅𝑣 )
ℎ
This resultant force acts through point O at an angle (θ) with Rh .The position
of O is the point of intersection of the horizontal line of action of Rh and the vertical
line of action of Rv as shown in figure 3.5.

Case II: If the fluid is below the curved surface

Horizontal Component (Rh)

The calculation of horizontal force Rh is the same as in case I.

Vertical Component (Rv )

Vertical force component in case of

fluid below curved surface: If the curved
surface AB is removed, the area ABDE will
replaced by the fluid and the whole system
would be in equilibrium. Thus the force
required by the curved surface to maintain
equilibrium is equal to that force which the
fluid above the surface would exert (weight
of fluid above the curved surface). i.e. The
resultant vertical force of a fluid below a
curved surface is:
Source: White, F. M (2003). Fluid Mechanics, 7th ed. New York:
McGraw-Hil

Fig. 2.12 Resultant Hydrostatic Force of

a curved surface

39 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Rv = Weight of the imaginary volume of fluid vertically above the curved

surface.
Example 2.3
Determine the distance h for which the gate is just about to open. Neglect
the weight of the gate.

Solution;
The value of h will not depend on
the gate width (distance measured
perpendicular to the plane of the figure)
because the width would cancel out of
the equation for the sum of moments Water
about the support C. So, let us assume a
1-ft width of gate.

Pressures;
𝑙𝑏
𝑝𝐵 = (2 𝑓𝑡) (62.4 ) = 124.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓
𝑓𝑡3

𝑙𝑏
𝑝𝐷 = (2 + ℎ 𝑓𝑡) (62.4 ) = (124.8 + 62.4 ℎ)
𝑓𝑡3

Force per length;

𝑤𝐵 = (124.8)( 1) = 124.8 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡

𝑤𝐷 = (124.8 + 62.4ℎ)( 1) = (124.8 + 62.4ℎ) 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/

16639/mod_resource/content/1/WEEK%207
%20OF%20AQS110%20FLUID%20MECHANIC
FBDS.pdf
with hydrostatic pressure
diagram

Resultant Forces;

1
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = (2) (2)(124.8) = 124.8 𝑙𝑏
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = (6)(124.8) = 748.8 𝑙𝑏
𝐹𝐶𝐷1 = (ℎ)(124.8) = 124.8 ℎ 𝑙𝑏
1 2
𝐹𝐶𝐷2 = ( ) (ℎ)(62.4ℎ) = 31.2 ℎ 𝑙𝑏
2

https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/
16639/mod_resource/content/1/WEEK%207
%20OF%20AQS110%20FLUID%20MECHANIC
S.pdf

40 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/
16639/mod_resource/content/1/WEEK%207
%20OF%20AQS110%20FLUID%20MECHANIC
S.pdf
Free body diagram of resultant force

By summation of Moment about C,

2 ℎ 2ℎ
+↺ Σ𝑀𝐶 = 0 = −(124.8) ( ) − (748.8)(3) + (124.8 ℎ) ( ) + (31.2 ℎ2 )( )
3 2 3

𝒉 = 𝟒 𝐟𝐭 answer

Example 2.4
Determine the minimum weight W of gate BC required to keep the gate
closed. The gate is 2-ft wide and of uniform density. The specific weight of water
is 62.4 lb/ft3

Solution;
There are two ways to analyse the
problem,
1. Consider the pressure acting
directly on BC (Fig. A)
Or
2. Consider a free body consisting of
gate BC together with the water
under BC (Fig. B).

41 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/
16639/mod_resource/content/1/WEEK%207
%20OF%20AQS110%20FLUID%20MECHANIC
S.pdf

Fig. A Fig. B

Figure B. is easier to analyze since the given dimensions are already in

horizontal and vertical.
So analysing Fig. B,
For pressures;

𝑃𝐵 = (62.4)(2.5) = 156 𝑝𝑠𝑓

𝑃𝐶 = (62.4)(5.5) = 343.2 𝑝𝑠𝑓

For the load intensities (per unit length);

𝑤𝐵 = (156)(2) = 312 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡

𝑤𝐶 = (343.2)(2) = 686.4 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡

https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/
16639/mod_resource/content/1/WEEK%207
%20OF%20AQS110%20FLUID%20MECHANIC
S.pdf FBD of the Resultant Forces

42 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

By summation of Moments about point B,

+↺ Σ𝑀𝐵 = 0
1 4 1
= 𝑊 (2) + (62.4)(4)(3)(2) ( ) − 686.4(4)(2) − (312)(3)(1.5) − (686.4 − 312)(3)(2)
2 3 2

𝑾 = 𝟑𝟓𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒃 answer

Example 2.5
Dams are equipped with spillway gates to control the water level of the
reservoir in the event of a flood for safety
reasons. Consider a spillway gate that
consists a circular arc AB as shown in the
figure. The arc has a radius of 3 meters and
the water level is at 6 meters. The spillway
gate is 8 meters wide. What is the magnitude
and the line of action of the resultant force
exerted on the circular surface AB by the fluid?

https://www.ecourses.ou.edu/c
gi-
Horizontal Component of the Resultant Force bin/ebook.cgi?doc=&topic=fl&c
hap_sec=02.4&page=case_intro
The horizontal projection of the curved
surface AB is the plane area AC. The x-
component of the resultant force is given by the
normal force acting on this plane area. That is,

𝑅𝑥 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝐶
𝑅𝑥 = (1000)(9.81)(4.5𝑥3𝑥8) https://www.ecourses.ou.edu/c
gi-
𝑅𝑥 = 1059.48 𝑘𝑁 bin/ebook.cgi?doc=&topic=fl&c
hap_sec=02.4&page=case_intro
Horizontal Component of the
Resultant Force

Note that hc is the vertical distance to the centroid of plane area AC.

43 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Vertical Component of the Resultant Force

The vertical -component of the resultant force

is the weight of the water directly above the curved
surface (i.e., imaginary volume ABEF).

𝑅𝑦 = 𝜌𝑔 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐴𝐵𝐸𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔 ( 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐴𝐷𝐸𝐹 + 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝐴𝐵𝐷

32
𝑅𝑦 = (1000)(9.81)[(3𝑥3𝑥8) + 𝜋 ( 4 )(8)]
https://www.ecourses.ou.edu/c
𝑅𝑦 = 1261.06 𝑘𝑁 gi-
bin/ebook.cgi?doc=&topic=fl&c
hap_sec=02.4&page=case_intro
Vertical Component of the
Resultant Force

Hence, the resultant force is given by;

𝑅 = √𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2

𝑅 = √(1059.48)2 + (1261.06)2

𝑹 = 𝟏𝟔𝟒𝟕. 𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝑵 answer

https://www.ecourses.ou.edu/c
And the angle θ is given by gi-
bin/ebook.cgi?doc=&topic=fl&c
1261.06 hap_sec=02.4&page=case_intro
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
1059.48

𝜽 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟗𝟔° answer

44 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

To test your retention on our just concluded

discussions, answer the following questions.
Submit your answers through any means
mentioned in the syllabus or as agreed upon not
later than 4th week after the class started.

Problem Solving. Answer the following problems.

1. Determine the magnitude and line of
action of the resultant hydrostatic
force acting on the end of the tank,
which is filled to the top with water.
The density of water is 103 kg/m3

http://www.ce.siue.edu/examples/Worked_examples_Internet_text-
only/Data_files-Worked_Exs-Word_&_pdf/hydrostatics.pdf
.
2. An accident happen on the curved area of the road. A car slides off into the a
3 m deep river and lands on its side at 45° to the horizontal such that the
passenger side door are jammed into riverbed. Compute the force required to
open the driver’s door if the car remains watertight and the bottom of the door
is just touching the riverbed. Assume the door is a rectangle of height 1.2m
and width 0.9 m weighing 30 kg with the handle on the opening edge.

3. The gate shown in figure below

consists of a quarter of a circular
cylinder and is used to maintain
a fluid(S = 1.25) depth of 4 m.
Determine the weight of the gate
per meter of length.

http://www.fkm.utm.my/~syahruls/resources/
SKMM1313/3-Plane.pdf

45 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

4. A homogeneous gate of 10-m width and 5-m length is hinged at point A and
held in place by a 12-m-long brace as shown. As the bottom of the brace is
moved to the right, the water level remains at the top of the gate. The line of
action of the force that the brace exerts on the gate is along the brace. Assume
(a) Plot the magnitude of the force exerted on the gate by the brace as
a function of the angle of the gate, θ, for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 90°.
(b) (b) Repeat the calculations for the case in which the weight of the
gate is negligible. Comment on the results as θ → 0.

http://www.fkm.utm.my/~syahruls/resources/
SKMM1313/3-Plane.pdf

5. Figure below shows the side view of a tank with curved gate. The width of the
gate is 2 ft. The tank contains water and is filled to a depth of 32 in. Determine
the magnitude and location of the forces acting on the gate.

http://www.fkm.utm.my/~syahruls/resources/
SKMM1313/3-Plane.pdf

6. Curved panel BC in Fig. below is a 60° arc, perpendicular to the bottom at C.

If the panel is 4 m wide into the paper, estimate the resultant hydrostatic force
of the water on the panel.

http://www.fkm.utm.my/~syahruls/resources/
SKMM1313/3-Plane.pdf

46 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

We are done with the discussions of principle of

hydrostatics pressure and the hydrostatic forces on
submerged surfaces. In the next lesson, we will apply
these principles by analysing the stability and safety of
a gravity dam.

Lesson 2.3 : Application of Hydrostatic Forces – Dams

Introduction

A very common application of hydrostatic force is the analysis of dams. A

dam is a barrier that restricts or stops the flow of water, helps suppress floods, as
well as providing irrigation, industrial, and aquaculture uses. Due to its durability,
easy to construct and little maintenance, concrete gravity dams are the most
preferred these days. Is designed in such a way that its own weight resists the
external forces. It is important to note also that it is not just sufficient to design a
strong dam structure, but it is equally important to check the foundation as well for
structural integrity.

PRE-TEST. Submit your answers through any means

mentioned in the syllabus or as agreed upon not later than
4th week after the class started.
A gravity dam can resist a maximum lateral force of
90 kips. (a) What is the maximum height of the dam if there
is no downstream (right side of dam)? (b) What if the water
depth downstream is 10 ft? (c) Would it be a good idea to
design the dam for the condition of part (b)? Explain.

https://www.ecourses.ou.edu/cgi-
bin/ebook.cgi?doc=&topic=fl&chap_sec=02.3&p
age=example

47 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Answer the following questions. Submit your

answers through any means mentioned in the
syllabus or as agreed upon not later than 4th week
after the class started.
1. When designing a dam, what do you think
the main considerations? Explain.
2. There are different types of dams, how the
designers select a certain type over the
others?
3. What are the uses of dams?

DAM
A dam is a barrier built across a stream, river or estuary to
hold and control the flow of water for the purposes of drinking
water supplies, irrigation, flood control and hydropower
generation.

http://osp.mans.edu.eg/tahany/dams1.ht
m

Fig. 2.13 Typical cross section of earth dams

Like any other hydraulic structures, dams have benefits and disadvantages
to human and animals as tabulated below.

Table 4.1 Benefits and disadvantages of Dams

BENEFITS DISADVANTAGES
-Irrigation -Change in temperature in the downstream of
the dam

48 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

-Hydro-electric power -Sediment transport in the downstream of the

generation dam
-Flood control -Loss of flowing water habitat
-Recreational Opportunities -Interruption of animal movements along the
river course
-Navigations -Possible fish community alteration
-Water supply -Reduction in the delivery of river nutrients
downstream
-Aeration -Loss of floodplain habitat
-Greater habitat diversity for -Loss of connectivity between rivers
animals

Classification of Dams

1. Hydraulic Design
a. Overflow (concrete)
b. Non-overflow (embankments)

2. Structural Design
a. Gravity
b. Arch
c. Buttress

3. Usage
a. Storage
b. Diversion
c. Detention
4. Construction Materials
a. Concrete/ Masonry
b. Earthfill
c. Rockfill
d. Earthfill and rockfill
e. Concrete face rockfill
5. Capacity
a. Small
b. Medium
c. Large

Types of Storage Dams

1. Embankments
Constructed with earth or rockfill. Upstream and downstream’s
slope face are similar and of moderate angle, giving a wide
selection and high construction volume relative to height.
2. Gravity
Constructed of mass concrete. Faces slope are nor similar,
usually steep at downstream’s face and vertical upstream’s face.

49 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Analysis of Gravity Dams (Forces on Dams (Refer to Fig. 4.2)

Primary Loads – universally imposed and of prime importance to all dams.
It include self-weight, water and seepage loads.
a. Water loads (P1) – this is the hydrostatic distribution of
pressure with horizontal force. A vertical force will exists
if the upstream face has slope which is equivalent to the
weight of water above the upstream face.
b. Self-weight load (P2) – determined depending on the unit
weight of the dam and acts at the centroid of the section.
c. Seepage load (P3 and P4) – developed under the dam
maybe in the pores or discontinuities of seepage pattern.

Secondary Loads – generally discretionary and have lesser magnitude or

depending on the type of dam. Sediment load and thermal
effect.
a. Sediment loads (P5) – Accumulated silt creates a
horizontal thrust and considered as an additional
hydrostatic horizontal load on dams.
b. Hydrodynamic wave loads (P6) – a transient and random
local loads generated basically by the wave action of the
water on dams.
c. Thermal load – internal loads generated by the change
in temperature of the surrounding on concrete
d. Interactive effect – also internal reaction due to the
differential deformations on dams due to tectonic
movement.

Exceptional Loads – designated on the basis of limited general applicability

such as seismic and tectonic activities.
a. Seismic load (P8) – this is an inertial load (vertical and
horizontal) with respect to the dam and water by seismic
disturbance.
b. Tectonic load – a disturbance caused by saturation or
deep excavation that may generate loading as a result of
slow tectonic movement.

50 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/3-Schematic-of-principal-acting-
loads-on-a-gravity-dam-Novak-et-al-2007-4-Thermal_fig4_327208651

Fig. 2.14 Schematic diagrams of loads on a gravity dam

A dam is designed with the assumption that the most adverse combination of loads
can occur. The considerations include the following conditions;
1. Construction – A completed dam with no water yet on the reservoir and
tail water
2. Normal Operation – Reservoir full, normal tail water with seepage uplift
and silt load.
3. Flood Discharge – Reservoir at maximum flood level, all spillways gate
open, tail water at flood levels and uplift seepage and silt loads are
present.
The design must exhibit a conservative factor of safety with respect to the following
criteria;
1. Rotation and overturning/ Translation and sliding – controlled by the
overall structural stability.
2. Overstress and material failure – must be satisfied with the concrete and
rock foundation.

The most critical is the sliding especially when the construction of the dam rest on
rock foundation.

51 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/civil-engineering/analysis-gravity-dam

Fig. 2.15 Cross section of gravity dams

The stability of a dam can be analysed in the following steps:

1. Consider unit length of the dam (perpendicular to the paper).

2. Work out the magnitude and dimensions of all the vertical forces acting
on the dam and their algebraic sum.
a. Weight of the dam, W.

𝑊 = 𝛾𝑑𝑎𝑚 𝑉𝑜𝑙.𝑑𝑎𝑚

b. Weight if water in upstream side (if any)

𝐹𝑣 = 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙.𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

c. Weight of permanent structures on the dam (if any)

d. Hydrostatic Uplift

𝑈 = 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙.𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

52 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

𝚺𝑭𝒚 = 𝑹𝒚 = 𝑾 + 𝑭𝒗 − 𝑼

3. Similarly, work out all the horizontal forces and their algebraic sum.
a. Total Hydrostatic force acting at the vertical projection of the
submerged portion of the dam.

𝐹𝐻 = 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

b. Wind pressure
c. Wave action
d. Floating Bodies
e. Earthquake load

Σ𝐹𝑥 = 𝑅𝑥 = 𝐹𝐻

4. Moment about the toe

a. Righting Moment, RM (rotation towards the upstream
side)

Σ𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑒 = 𝑅𝑀 = W(𝑥1 ) + 𝐹𝑉 (𝑥2 )

b. Overturning Moment, OM (rotation towards the

downstream side?

Σ𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑒 = 𝑂𝑀 = 𝐹𝐻 (y) + 𝑈(𝑥3 )

5. Location of 𝑅𝑦 or 𝑥
𝑅𝑀 − 𝑂𝑀
𝑥=
𝑅𝑦

6. Factors of Safety

a. Against Sliding
μR 𝑦
𝐹𝑆𝑆 = > 1; μ = coefficient of friction
R𝑥
b. Overturning
RM
𝐹𝑆𝑂 = >1
OM

53 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

7. Foundation Pressure
a. For 𝑒 ≤ 𝐵/6

−𝑃 𝑀𝑐
𝑞= ±
𝐴 𝐼
𝑃 = 𝑅𝑦

𝐴 = (𝐵)(1)

𝑀 = 𝑅𝑦 𝑒

𝐵3
𝐼=
12
https://mathalino.com/reviewer/civil-engineering/analysis-gravity-
dam
𝐵
𝑐=
2

Fig. 4.4 Foundation pressure when

𝑒 ≤ 𝐵/
𝐵
−𝑅𝑦 (𝑅𝑦 𝑒)( 2 ) −𝑅𝑦 6(𝑅𝑦 𝑒)
𝑞= ± = ±
𝐵 𝐵3 𝐵 𝐵2
12

𝑅𝑦 6𝑒
𝑞= − (1 ± )
𝐵 𝐵

Use (+) to get stress at the point nearest 𝑅𝑦 (heel or toe).

However, since soil cannot carry tensile stress, the result is invalid of the
formula above if the stress is positive. This will happen if 𝑒 > 𝐵/6.

b. For 𝑒 > 𝐵/6,

𝑥 = 𝑎/3

𝑎 = 3𝑥

1
𝑅𝑦 = ( ) (𝑎)(𝑞𝑐 )(1)
2
1
𝑅𝑦 = ( ) (3𝑥)(𝑞𝑐 )(1)
2

2𝑅𝑦
𝑞𝑐 =
3𝑥

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/civil-engineering/analysis-gravity-
dam
Fig. 4.4 Foundation pressure when 𝑒 >
𝐵/6,

54 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Example 2.6
For the concrete gravity dam
shown, compute the stability and the
foundation bearing pressure at the heel
and toe. Assume that the uplift force
takes a triangular distribution with
maximum magnitude one-third of the
hydrostatic pressure at the heel and zero
at the toe. The reservoir is full to its
designed elevation with 3 ft. of
freeboard, and the masonry has a
specific gravity of 2.65. Assume 𝜇 =
0.65.

https://www.chegg.com/homework
-help/concrete-gravity-dam-shown-
figure-compute-foundation-
bearing-chapter-8.3-problem-6p-
Solution; solution-9780136016380-exc

X1 = 21.5 ft
X2 = 17 ft
X3 = 10 ft
X4 = 24.25 ft
X5 = 17.67 ft
Y1= 9 ft

27(62.4)/3 = 561.6
psf

https://www.chegg.com/homework-
help/concrete-gravity-dam-shown-figure-
compute-foundation-bearing-chapter-8.3-
1. Assume 1 ft. length perpendicular toproblem-6p-solution-9780136016380-exc
the paper

2. Vertical Forces;
1
𝑊1 = ( ) (7.5𝑓𝑡)(30𝑓𝑡)(1𝑓𝑡)(2.65)(62.4𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 ) = 18,603 𝑙𝑏
2

𝑊2 = (4𝑓𝑡)(30𝑓𝑡)(1𝑓𝑡)(2.65)(62.4𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 ) = 19,843.2 𝑙𝑏
1
𝑊3 = ( ) (15𝑓𝑡)(30𝑓𝑡)(1𝑓𝑡)(2.65)(62.4𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 ) = 37,065.6 𝑙𝑏
2
1
𝑊4 = ( ) (6.75𝑓𝑡)(27𝑓𝑡)(1𝑓𝑡)(62.4𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 ) = 5,686.2 𝑙𝑏
2

55 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

1
𝑈 = ( ) (561.6𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2 )(26.5𝑓𝑡)(1 𝑓𝑡) = 14,882.4 𝑙𝑏
2

𝑹𝒚 = 𝑾𝟏 + 𝑾𝟐 + 𝑾𝟑 + 𝑾𝟒 − 𝑼 = 𝟔𝟔, 𝟑𝟏𝟓. 𝟔 𝒍𝒃

3. Horizontal Forces;
27
𝑃 = (62.4𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 ) ( 𝑓𝑡) (27 𝑓𝑡)(1𝑓𝑡) = 22,744.8 𝑙𝑏
2

𝑹𝒙 = 𝑷 = 𝟐𝟐, 𝟕𝟒𝟒. 𝟖 𝒍𝒃

4. Moment about the toe;

Righting Moment (R.M)

Σ𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑒 = 𝑅𝑀
= (18,603)(21.5) + (19,843.2)(17) + (37,065.6)(10) + (5,686.2)(24.25)
= 1,245,845.25 𝑙𝑏
Overturning Moment

Σ𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑒 = 𝑂𝑀 = (22,744.8)(9) + (14,882.4)(17.67) = 467,675.208 𝑙𝑏

5. Location of 𝑹𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝒙

𝑅𝑀 − 𝑂𝑀
𝑥=
𝑅𝑦
1,245,845.25 − 467,675.208
𝑥= = 11.73 𝑓𝑡
66,315.6
6. Factors of safety;
a. Against Sliding

μR𝑦 (0.65)(66,315.6)
𝐹𝑆𝑆 = = = 1.895 >1 ok
R𝑥 22,744.8

b. Against Overturning

RM 1,245,845.25
𝐹𝑆𝑂 = OM = 467,675.208 = 2.66 > 1 ok

7. Foundation pressure
𝐵 26.5 𝐵
𝑒= − 𝑥= − 11.73 = 1.52 𝑓𝑡 <
2 2 6
𝑅𝑦 6𝑒
𝑞= − (1 ± )
𝐵 𝐵
66,315.6 6(1.52)
𝑞= − (1 ± )
26.5 26.5

𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑒 = −3363.70 𝑝𝑠𝑓 answer

𝑞ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 = −1641.27 𝑝𝑠𝑓 answer

56 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

To test your comprehension with the lesson, please

answer the following. Submit your answers through
any means mentioned in the syllabus or as agreed
upon not later than 5th week after the class started.

Answer the following problems.

1. Compute for the stability and the bearing pressures at the head and toe of the
concrete gravity dam shown. The hydrostatic uplift is equal to two-third of its
hydrostatic pressure. Assume 𝜇 = 0.65. And unit weight of concrete as 150 lb
/ft3. All dimensions are in ft.

https://www.slideshare.net/yourmohsin/chapt
er-6-concrete-dam-engineering

2. Select an existing dam in your locality and/ or find any at your convenience and
check its stability. Also, characterized it based on the criteria as discussed.

We did it!!! After hydrostatic pressure and forces

and its application to the analysis of gravity dams,
let is proceed to Archimedes’ principle, the
buoyancy and stability of floating bodies.

57 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Lesson 2.4 : Bouyancy and Stability of Floating Bodies

Introduction

A fluid exerts a force on any object submerged in it. Such a force due to a
fluid in equilibrium is known as the buoyancy or the up-thrust. It is often necessary
to determine buoyancy in many engineering applications as in the design of ships,
boats, buoys etc. We already discussed in the previous lessons about hydrostatic
forces on plane surface & curved surface. For a submerged plane surface (as well
as curved surface), we computed the hydrostatic forces on one side of the surface.
If a solid body (or any other body) is submerged or floating, the surfaces in contact
with water will be subjected to hydrostatic pressure forces.
The Archimede’s principle state that,
1. A body immersed in a fluid experiences a vertical buoyant force
equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.
2. A floating body displaces its own weight in the fluid in which it
floats.
Therefore, the vertical buoyant force is nothing but the net pressure acting
on a submerged or floating body.
More so, the study of cellular organisms, arteries, aerosol cans,
scuba-diving tanks and right up to large-scale industrial containers of liquids and
gases are some of the applications of pressurized vessels. Knowledge of the
parameters to its design for safety is very vital.

PRE-TEST. Submit your answers through any means

mentioned in the syllabus or as agreed upon not later
than 4th week after the class started.
1. A river barge, whose cross section is approximately
rectangular, carries a load of grain. The barge is 9-m wide
and 30-m long. When unloaded its draft (depth of
submergence) is 2-m, and with the load of grain the draft is 4-m. Determine:
(a) The unloaded weight of the barge
(b) The weight of the grain.

58 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

2. When a hydrometer in the figure having a

stem diameter of 1-cm is placed in water,
the stem protrudes 80-cm above the
water surface. If the water is replaced
with a liquid having a specific gravity of
1.10, how much of the stem would
protrude above the liquid surface? The
hydrometer weighs 20 grams.

https://www.coursehero.com/file/p5cm9gb1/
Question-3-12-points-When-a-hydrometer-
3. A 0.5 in. steel tank, 30 ft in diameter, is having-a-stem-diameter-of-03-inches-is/
filled with water. What is the maximum height of the water in the tank if the
circumferential stress is limited to 8500 psi.

Answer the following questions. Submit your

answers through any means mentioned in the
syllabus or as agreed upon not later than 4th week
after the class started.
1. Boats always cut waves when sailing. Why
is that?
2. Where are you likely to float, saltwater or
freshwater? Why?
3. Ships float but coins sink? Why?
4. If an LPG tank burst, where likely is the
failure occur? Along the height or in the
circumference of the cylinder? Explain.

59 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

BUOYANCY

https://www.studocu.com/en-za/document/university-of-johannesburg/fluid-mechanics-2a/lecture-notes/buoyancy-
stability/3882565/view

Fig. 2.16 Examples of buoyancy and stability of floating bodies

Archimedes’ principle states that “A body in a fluid, whether floating or

submerged, is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
When a stationary body is completely submerged in a fluid, or floating so that it is
only partially submerged, the resultant fluid force acting on the body is called the
buoyant force. Therefore, the buoyant force has a magnitude equal to the weight
of the fluid displaced by the body and is directed vertically upward.
.

https://www.studocu.com/en-za/document/university-of-
johannesburg/fluid-mechanics-2a/lecture-notes/buoyancy-
stability/3882565/view
Fig. 2.17 Forces acting on a submerged body
Let us consider a submerged plane surface in Fig. 5.2 (a), take note that F 1
, F2 , F3 , F4 in Fig. 5.2 (b)are simply the forces exerted on the plane surfaces. W
is the weight of the shaded fluid volume, and FB is the force the body is exerting
on the fluid. The forces on the vertical surfaces, such as F 3 and F4, are all equal
and cancel, so the equilibrium equation of interest is in the z direction and can be
expressed as;

60 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹2 − 𝐹1 – 𝑊

If the specific weight of the fluid is constant, then ;

𝐹2 − 𝐹1 = 𝜌𝑔 (ℎ2 – ℎ1 ) (𝐴𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 )

Substituting and simplifying;

𝑭𝑩 = 𝝆𝒈 𝑽𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅

Thus, we conclude that the buoyant force passes through the centroid of
the displaced volume as shown in Fig. 5.2 (c). The point through which the buoyant
force acts is called the center of buoyancy

http://spot.pcc.edu/~lkidoguc/Aquatics/AqEx/Water_Buoyancy.ht
m

Fig. 2.18 Various levels of buoyancy depending on the weight

of the submerging body

STATICAL STABILITY OF BODIES

In general, a body is said to be in a stable
equilibrium position if, when displaced, it returns to
its equilibrium position. Conversely, it is in an
unstable equilibrium position if, when displaced
(even slightly), it moves to a new equilibrium
position. (Refer to Fig. 5.4)
http://www.fkm.utm.my/~syahruls/resources/SKMM2313/
Stability considerations are particularly 4-Bouyancy.pdf
important for submerged or floating bodies since the
centers of buoyancy and gravity do not necessarily
coincide. A small rotation can result in either a
restoring or overturning couple.
Fig. 2.19 Equilibrium
stability of a body

61 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

For example, for the completely submerged body shown in Fig. 5.5, which
has a center of gravity below the center of buoyancy, a rotation from its equilibrium
position will create a restoring couple formed by the weight, W, and the buoyant
force, FB, which causes the body to rotate back to its original position. Thus, for
this configuration the body is stable. It is to be noted that as long as the center of
gravity falls below the center of buoyancy, this will always be true; that is, the body
is in a stable equilibrium position with respect to small rotations.

http://www.fkm.utm.my/~syahruls/resources/SKMM2313/4-
Bouyancy.pdf

Fig. 2.20 Positions of the centers of buoyancy and gravity of a submerged

bodies that can restore to original position

However, as shown in Fig. 5.6, if the center of gravity of the completely

submerged body is above the center of buoyancy, the resulting couple formed by
the weight and the buoyant force will cause the body to overturn and move to a
new equilibrium position. Thus, a completely submerged body with its center of
gravity above its center of buoyancy is in an unstable equilibrium position .

http://www.fkm.utm.my/~syahruls/resources/SKMM2313/4-
Bouyancy.pdf

62 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Fig. 2.21 Positions of the centers of buoyancy and gravity of a submerged

bodies that can overturn the and move to another position

Unlike submerged bodies, the stability problem of floating bodies is more

complicated, since as the body rotates the location of the center of buoyancy
(which passes through the centroid of the displaced volume) may change. As
shown in Fig. 5.7, a floating body such as a scow can be stable even though the
center of gravity lies above the center of buoyancy. This is true since as the body
rotates the buoyant force, FB, shifts to pass through the centroid of the newly
formed displaced volume and, as illustrated, combines with the weight, W, to form
a couple which will cause the body to return to its original equilibrium position.

http://www.fkm.utm.my/~syahruls/resources/SKMM2313/4-
Bouyancy.pdf

Fig. 2.22 Floating bodies changes the location of the center of gravity

However, for the relatively tall, slender body shown in Fig. 5.8, a small
rotational displacement can cause the buoyant force and the weight to form an
overturning couple as illustrated.

http://www.fkm.utm.my/~syahruls/resources/SKMM2313/4-
Bouyancy.pdf

Fig 2.23 Tall slender body overturned with small rotational displacement

63 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Stability of floating bodies

https://www.studocu.com/en-za/document/university-of-johannesburg/fluid-
mechanics-2a/lecture-notes/buoyancy-stability/3882565/view

Fig. 2.24 Stability of floating Bodies

Referring to Fig. 5.9, when the body tilted, center of buoyancy (cb) shift
through the centroid of the newly formed displaced volume. Buoyant force (Fb) and
the weight of the body (w) will cause the body to return to its original position. For
the floating body to be stable, the center of gravity bust be below the metacenter.

The metacentric height, MG, is given by the formula;

𝐼
𝑀𝐺 = 𝑀𝐵 − 𝐺𝐵 = − 𝐺𝐵
𝑉𝑠
Where;
𝐺𝐵 is the distance from the center of gravity to the metacenter
𝐼 is the 2nd moment of area of the plan section of the body
where it cuts the waterline
𝑉𝑠 is the submerged volume

Steps in solving stability problems

1. From geometry of body and density of fluid and body equate;

Weight of displaced fluid = Total weight of body.

This gives the depth of immersion of the body or the weight of the body,
whichever is unknown.

2. To assess stability, first find the location of the centre of gravity G (cg) of
the body.

64 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

3. Then, find the location of the centre of buoyancy B (cb) (centroid of

displaced volume). For a regularly shaped body this will be at half the
height of the immersed portion of the body.

4. Calculate the distance GB.

5. Calculate MB, using MB = I / VS.

Note I = π D4 /64 for a circular section body and

I = bd3 /12 for a rectangular section body

6. Calculate metacentric height, MG = MB – GB. If MG > 0 then body is

stable. If MG < 0 then body is unstable.

Example 2.7
A cube 0.5 m on a side is made of
bronze having a specific weight of 86.9
kN/m3. Determine the magnitude & direction
of the force required to hold the cube in
equilibrium when completely submerged in
water.

Solution;
From the free body diagram,

Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0 = 𝐹𝑒 + 𝐹𝐵 − 𝑊

𝐹𝐵 = 𝝆𝒈 𝑽𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 = 𝜸 𝑽𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅

𝒌𝑵
𝐹𝐵 = (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 ) (𝟎. 𝟓𝒎)𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑 𝒌𝑵
𝒎𝟑

𝒌𝑵
𝑊 = (𝟖𝟔. 𝟗 ) ((𝟎. 𝟓𝒎)𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝑵
𝒎𝟑
Therefore;

𝐹𝑒 + 𝐹𝐵 − 𝑊 = 0; 𝐹𝑒 + 1.23 − 10.86 = 0

𝑭𝒆 = 𝟗. 𝟔𝟑 𝒌𝑵 answer

65 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Example 2.8
A huge spherical helium filled balloon painted to look like a cow is prevented
from floating upward by a rope tying it to the ground. The balloon plastic structure
plus all the helium gas inside of the balloon has a total mass of 9.20 kg. The
diameter of the balloon is 3.50 m. The density of the air is 1.23 kg/m3. What is the
tension of the rope.

Solution;
Applying equilibrium equation along vertical;
↑ + Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0 = 𝐹𝐵 − 𝑊 − 𝑇

𝑊 = 9.2(9.81) = 90.52 𝑁

4𝜋
𝐹𝐵 = (1.23)(9.81)( )(1.753 ) = 270.88 𝑁
3

Substituting;
𝐹𝐵 − 𝑊 − 𝑇 = 0

270.88 − 90.52 − 𝑇 = 0

𝑇 = 180.36 𝑁 answer

Example 2.9
A brass cube 152.4 mm on a side weighs 298.2 N. We want to hold this
cube in equilibrium under water by attaching a light foam buoy to it. If the foam
weighs 707.3 N/m3, what is the minimum required volume of the buoy?
Solution;
Let
(𝑉𝑓 ) = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦 (𝑓𝑜𝑎𝑚)

Taking equilibrium equation vertical;

↑ + Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0 = 𝐹𝑏𝐹 + 𝐹𝑏𝐵 − 𝑤𝐹 − 𝑤𝐵

𝐹𝑏𝐹 = (9.81)(0.15243 ) = 34.72 𝑁

𝐹𝑏𝐵 = (981081)(𝑉𝑓 )

𝑤𝐹 = (707.3)( 𝑉𝑓 )

𝑤𝐵 = 298.2 𝑁
Substituting;
https://www.academia.edu/40082483/FLUID_
𝐹𝑏𝐹 + 𝐹𝑏𝐵 − 𝑤𝐹 − 𝑤𝐵 = 0 MECHANICS_2019-2020_

66 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

34.72 + 9810𝑉𝑓 − 707.3 𝑉𝑓 − 298.2 = 0

𝑉𝑓 = 0.0289 𝑚3 answer

Example 2.10
A rectangular pontoon is 5 m long, 3 m wide and 1.40 m high. The depth of
immersion of the pontoon is 0.60 m in seawater. If the centre of gravity is 0.7 m
above the bottom of the pontoon, determine the metacentric height. The density
for seawater = 1045 kg/m3.
Solution;

𝐺𝐵 = 0.7𝑚 − 0.3 𝑚 = 0.4 𝑚

𝐼
𝑀𝐺 = 𝑀𝐵 − 𝐺𝐵 = − 𝐺𝐵
𝑉𝑠
3 3
𝑏𝑑 5𝑥3
𝐼= = = 11.25 𝑚4
12 12

𝑉𝑠 = 5𝑥3𝑥0.6 = 9𝑚3

11.25
𝑀𝐺 = − 0.4 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒎 answer
9

Example 2.11
A cylinder (uniform density distribution) of radius 3.0 m has a height of 9.0
m. The specific gravity of the material of cylinder 0.85 and it is floating in water with
its axis vertical. State whether the equilibrium is stable or unstable.
Solution;

0.85𝑥9
𝐺𝐵 = 4.5𝑚 − 𝑚 = 0.675 𝑚
2
𝐼
𝑀𝐺 = 𝑀𝐵 − 𝐺𝐵 = − 𝐺𝐵
𝑉𝑠

𝜋𝑥34
𝐼= = 3.976 𝑚4
64
𝜋𝑥32
𝑉𝑠 = (0.85𝑥9) = 54.07 𝑚3
4
3.976
𝑀𝐺 = 54.07 − 0.675 = −𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟏 𝒎 𝒖𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 answer

67 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Example 2.12
A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall thickness
of 20 mm, is subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2 .
(a) Calculate the tangential and longitudinal stresses in the steel.
(b) To what value may the internal pressure be increased if the stress in the
steel is limited to 120 MN/m2?
(c) If the internal pressure were increased until the vessel burst, sketch the
type of fracture that would occur.
Solution;
Part (a) Longitudinal Stress (longitudinal section)

𝝆𝒓 (𝟒.𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 )(𝟐𝟎𝟎)
𝝈𝒍 = = = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 answer
𝟐𝒕 𝟐(𝟐𝟎)

Circumferential/tangential stress (transverse section)

𝝆𝒓 (𝟒.𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 )(𝟐𝟎𝟎)
𝝈𝒄 = = = 𝟒𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 answer
𝒕 𝟐𝟎

Part (b)
Since tangential stress is critical,
𝝆(𝟐𝟎𝟎)
𝟏𝟐𝟎 =
𝟐𝟎

𝝆 = 𝟏𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂

Part (c)

The bursting force will cause a stress on the longitudinal section that is twice
to that of the transverse section, thus the fracture is expected along the longitudinal
axis.

To test your retention on our just concluded

discussions, answer the following problems.
Submit your answers through any means
mentioned in the syllabus or as agreed upon not
later than 4th week after the class started.

1. The homogeneous wooden block A as shown in the figure is 0.7-m by 0.7-m by

1.3-m and weighs 2.4 kN. The concrete block B (specific weight = 23.6 kN/m 3 )
is suspended from A by means of the slender cable causing A to float in the
position indicated. Determine the volume of B.

68 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

http://www.fkm.utm.my/~syahruls/resources/
SKMM2313/4-Bouyancy.pdf

2. A plate of negligible weight closes a 0.3-m-diameter hole in a tank containing air

and water as shown in Figure. A block of concrete (specific weight = 15000
N/m3), having a volume of 0.5-m3, is suspended from the plate and is completely
immersed in the water. As the air pressure is increased the differential reading,
∆h, on the inclined-tube mercury manometer increases. Determine ∆h just
before the plate starts to lift off the hole. The weight of the air has a negligible
effect on the manometer reading.

http://www.fkm.utm.my/~syahruls/resources/
SKMM2313/4-Bouyancy.pdf

3. A solid cylinder of 15 cm diameter and 40 cm long, consists of two parts made

of different materials. The first part at the base is 1.5 cm long and of specific
gravity=6.5. The other part of the cylinder is made of the material having
specific gravity 0.75. State, if it can float vertically in water.

4. A solid cylindrical pine (SG=0.5) spar buoy has a cylindrical lead (SG=11.3)
weight attached as shown. Determine the equilibrium position (i.e. depth of
immersion) of the buoy in seawater (SG=1.03). Calculate the metacentric
height and show that the buoy is stable.

69 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

http://www.fkm.utm.my/~syahruls/resources/
SKMM2313/4-Bouyancy.pdf

5. For the shown figure below, a cube of wood

of side length (L) is float in water. If the
specific gravity of the wood is 0.88. Determine
if this cube is stable or not.

http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/ahmedagha/files/20
14/10/Fluid-Ch.3.-Part3_std.pdf
6. A barge is 4.5m wide and 12m long and floats
with a draft of 1.2m. It is piled so high with
gravel so that its center of gravity became 1m
above the waterline. Is it stable?

http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/ahmedagha/files/20
14/10/Fluid-Ch.3.-Part3_std.pdf

7. A raft is formed of three cylinders, each 1.2 m in diameter and 10 m long, placed
parallel with their axes horizontal, the extreme breadth over the cylinders being
6 m. When loaded, the raft floats with the cylinders half immersed and its centre
of gravity 1.2 m above the centre cylinder axis. (The waterline cross-section thus
consists of three parallel rectangles of length 10 m with a distance of 2.4 m
between centre-lines.) Calculate the metacentric height.

8. A steel propane tank for a BBQ grill has a 25cm diameter1 and a wall thickness
of 5mm (see figure). The tank is pressurised to 1.2 MPa.

70 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

(a) Determine the longitudinal and circumferential stresses in the

cylindrical body of the tank
(b) Determine the absolute maximum shear stress in the cylindrical
portion of the tank
(c) Determine the tensile force per cm length being supported by a weld
joining the upper and lower sections of the tank.

Nice job everyone!!! We are almost done with fluid

statics. Next lesson is the last lesson of module 1
and is all about relative equilibrium of liquid. We
will be dealing with liquid subject to rectilinear
motion and rotation.

Lesson 2.5: RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF LIQUIDS

Introduction

The last discussion of hydrostatics is the preliminary topic for hydraulics.

Although the fluid system experiences motion, this lesson is still considered a part
of hydrostatics with the reason that the whole system is moving as a unit and the
liquid particles are still in equilibrium or at rest.
If a fluid is contained in a vessel which is at rest, or moving with constant
linear velocity, it is not affected by the motion of the vessel; but if the container is
given a continuous acceleration, this will be transmitted to the fluid and affect the
pressure distribution in it. Since the fluid remains at rest relative to the container,
there is no relative motion of the particles of the fluid and, therefore, no shear
stresses, fluid pressure being everywhere normal to the surface on which it acts.
Under these conditions the fluid is said to be in relative equilibrium.

PRE-TEST. Submit your answers through any means

mentioned in the syllabus or as agreed upon not later than
4th week after the class started.
1. An oil tanker 3m wide, 2m deep and 10m long
contains oil of density 800 kg/m3 to a depth of 1m.
Determine the maximum horizontal acceleration that
can be given to the tanker such that the oil just
reaches its top end. If the tanker is closed and
completely filled with the oil and accelerated
horizontally at 3m/s2, determine the total liquid thrust
(hydrostatic force) on the front and rear end.

2. A closed cylindrical vessel of 1m diameter and 2m

height contains water filled to a depth of 1.5m. If the
vessel is rotating at 20radians/sec, how much of the
bottom of the vessel is uncovered? 71 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

To exercise your thoughts, answer the following.

Submit your answers through any means
mentioned in the syllabus or as agreed upon not
later than 4th week after the class started.
1. Taking an elevator with a box on hand, in
which way the weight of the box is lighter,
upward or downward? Why?
2. When stirring a coffee, what are the control
factors that can prevent it to spill? Explain.

RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF LIQUIDS

Relative equilibrium of liquid is a condition where the whole
mass of liquid including the vessel in which the liquid is
contained, is moving at uniform accelerated motion with respect to the earth, but
every particle of liquid have no relative motion between each other.
If the fluid particles in the moving fluid mass do not move relative to each
other, then they are said to be in static position and in this situation dynamic or
relative equilibrium exists between the fluid particles under the action of
accelerating force.
If a container containing a liquid is made to move with a constant
acceleration, the liquid particles initially will move relative to each other and after
some time there will not be any relative motion between the liquid particles and the
walls of the container. The liquid will take up a new position under the effect of
acceleration imparted to the container. The entire liquid mass moves as a single
unit. The liquid attains static equilibrium in new position relative to the container
and law of hydrostatic can be applied to find out liquid pressure.
Mass of liquid in relative equilibrium is free from any shear stress due to the
absence of any motion between each particle and also between the liquid mass
itself and the container. Two cases of relative equilibrium will be treated here:
(1) The translation of liquid mass horizontally and vertically (including
inclined),
(2) The rotation of liquid mass

RECTILINEAR TRANSLATION

Horizontal Acceleration
The fluid can be subjected to translation acceleration without relative motion
between fluid particles by moving the vessel containing the fluid with horizontal
acceleration.

72 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/civil-engineering/fluid-mechanics-and-
hydraulics
Fig. 2.25 Fluid mass in a horizontal accelerated motion

Using the triangle Law;

𝒂
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 =
𝒈

Where:
W = weight of the fluid
REF = reverse effected force
N = normal force
a = acceleration
https://mathalino.com/reviewer/civil
-engineering/fluid-mechanics-and- g = acceleration due to gravity
hydraulics
Fig. 2.26 force triangle of fluid mass
in a horizontal accelerated motion

Vertical Acceleration
The fluid can be subjected to vertical translation acceleration without relative
motion between fluid particles by moving the vessel containing the fluid with
horizontal acceleration. A fluid in vessel transported by a vehicle is subjected to
horizontal translation acceleration.

By summation of forces along vertical;

Σ𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 − 𝑊 − 𝑅𝐸𝐹 = 0

𝜌𝐴 − 𝛾𝑉 − 𝑚𝑎 = 0

𝑉 = 𝐴ℎ
𝛾
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉 = ( )(𝐴ℎ)
𝑔

𝛾𝐴ℎ
𝜌𝐴 − 𝛾(𝐴ℎ) − ( )𝑎 = 0
𝑔
https://mathalino.com/reviewer/civil 𝒂
-engineering/fluid-mechanics-and- 𝝆 = 𝜸𝒉(𝟏 ± )
hydraulics 𝒈
Fig. 2.27 Fluid mass in a vertical
accelerated motion

73 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Note: Use (+) sign for upward motion and (-) sign for downward motion. Also (+)
for acceleration and (-) for deceleration.

Inclined acceleration
If a mass of fluid being accelerated
up an incline with an angle α from
horizontal, the horizontal and vertical
components of inertia would have the
respective components.

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/civil
-engineering/fluid-mechanics-and-
Fig. 2.28 hydraulics
Fluid mass in an inclined
accelerated motion
Using Triangle law of forces;

𝑥 𝑅𝐸𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝ 𝑚𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝ 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = = = =
𝑊 + 𝑦 𝑊 + 𝑅𝐸𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ 𝑚𝑔 + 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ 𝑔 + 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝
but
𝑚𝑎ℎ
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝= ; 𝑎ℎ = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
𝑚𝑎 https://mathalino.com/reviewer/civil
-engineering/fluid-mechanics-and-
hydraulics
𝑚𝑎𝑣
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝= ; 𝑎𝑣 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝
𝑚𝑎

Fig. 7.5 force triangle of

fluid mass
Then; in a inclined
accelerated motion
𝒂𝒉
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝒈±𝒂𝒗

Use (+) for upward motion and (-) sign for downward motion

ROTATION (ROTATING VESSELS)

When a liquid mass is rotated about a vertical axis at a constant angular

speed, every particle experiences a normal acceleration. This acceleration causes
an inertia force (centrifugal force or reversed normal effective force).

74 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

http://mathalino.com

Fig. 2.29 Fluid mass in angular accelerated motion

Where:
ω = angular speed in radians per second
𝑎𝑛 = normal acceleration
𝑣2
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥 = 𝜔2 𝑥 where x = particle’s distance from
axis of rotation
CF = centrifugal force or reversed normal effective force

𝑊 2
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎𝑛 = 𝑚(𝜔2 𝑥) = (𝜔 𝑥)
𝑔
From the force triangle in Fig. 7.4;
𝜔2 𝑥
tan 𝜃 = 𝑔
𝑑𝑥
tan 𝜃 =
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝜔2 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔
ℎ 𝑥
𝜔2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫
0 0 𝑔

𝜔2 𝑥 2
𝑦=
2𝑔
For cylindrical vessel of radius r revolved about its vertical axis, the height h of
paraboloid becomes:
𝜔2 𝑟 2
ℎ=
2𝑔
By squared-property of parabola, the relationship of y, x, h, and r is defined by:

𝑟2 𝑥2
=
ℎ 𝑦

75 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Volume of paraboloid of revolution V πr h

1
𝑉𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑖𝑑 = (𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ)
2

Example 2.13
An open rectangular tank 3m long and 2m wide is filled with water to a depth
of 1.5m. Find the slope of the water surface when the tank moves with an
acceleration of 5m/s2 up a 300 inclined plane. Also calculate the pressure on the
bottom at both ends.
Solutions;

𝑎𝑥 = 5𝑐𝑜𝑠30° = 4.33 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝑎𝑦 = 5𝑠𝑖𝑛30° = 2.5 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝑎𝑥 4.33
tan 𝜃 = =
𝑔 + 𝑎𝑦 9.81 + 2.5
https://bedanbasnyat.files.wordpress.com/201
𝜃 = 19.38° 4/04/5_relative-equilibrium_tutorial-
solution.pdf

Depth of water at left end (ℎ1 )

ℎ1 = 1.5 + 1.5 tan 19.38 = 2.03 𝑚

Depth of water at left end (ℎ2 )

ℎ2 = 1.5 − 1.5 tan 19.38 = 0.97 𝑚

Now, compute the pressure at the bottom, (points A & B)

𝑎 2.5
𝑃𝐴 = 𝛾ℎ1 (1 + ) = (9.81)(2.03) (1 + ) = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟗𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝑷𝒂 answer
𝑔 9.81
𝑎 2.5
𝑃𝐵 = 𝛾ℎ2 (1 + 𝑔) = (9.81)(20.97) (1 + 9.81) = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟏𝒌𝑷𝒂 answer

76 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Example 2.14
A rectangular tank 2m long, 1.5m wide and 1.5m deep is filled with oil of
specific gravity 0.8. Find the force acting on the bottom of the tank when (a) the
vertical acceleration 5m/s2 acts upwards (b) the vertical
acceleration 5m/s2 acts downwards.
Solution;
Part (a)
The pressure at the bottom when accelerating
upward;

𝑎 5
𝑃𝐴 = 𝛾ℎ (1 + ) = (0.8)(9.81)(1.5) (1 + )
𝑔 9.81 https://bedanbasnyat.files.wordpress.com/201
= 17.77 𝑘𝑃𝑎 4/04/5_relative-equilibrium_tutorial-
solution.pdf

Force at the bottom;

𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝑃𝐴 𝑥𝐴𝐴𝐵 = 17.77(2)(1.5) = 53.316 𝑘𝑁

Part (b)
The pressure at the bottom when accelerating downward;
𝑎 5
𝑃𝐴 = 𝛾ℎ (1 + ) = (0.8)(9.81)(1.5) (1 − ) = 5.77 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑔 9.81
Force at the bottom;

𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝑃𝐴 𝑥𝐴𝐴𝐵 = 5.77(2)(1.5) = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟑𝟏𝟔 𝒌𝑵

answer

Example 2.15
An open circular vessel is 1m in diameter and 2m height. It contains water
filled to a depth of 1.5m. If the cylinder rotates about its vertical axis,
(a) what constant angular velocity can be obtained without spilling,
(b) what is the pressure intensity at the center and at the corner of the
bottom if ω = 6 rad/second

Solution;

Part (a) - angular velocity with no water spilled

𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝐴𝑂𝐵

𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 𝜋(0.52 )(0.5) = 0.3927 𝑚3

1
𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝐴𝑂𝐵 = ( ) (𝜋)(0.52 )(𝑧) = 0.3927𝑧 𝑚2
2
https://bedanbasnyat.files.wordpress.com/201
0.3927 𝑚3 = 0.3927𝑧 𝑚2 4/04/5_relative-equilibrium_tutorial-
solution.pdf

𝑧 =1𝑚

77 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

𝜔2 𝑟 2
𝑧=
2𝑔

𝜔2 (0.5)2
1=
2(9.81)

𝝎 = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝟖 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝒆𝒄 answer

Part (b)

𝜔2 𝑟 2 (62 )((0.52 )
𝑧= = = 0.458 𝑚
2𝑔 2(9.81)
0.458
The vortex of the paraboloid will be located 2 = 0.23 𝑚 below the original
water surface
For the pressures at the corner, ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 = 1.5 + 0.23 = 1.73𝑚

𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 = 𝛾ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 = (9.81)(1.73) = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝟕 𝒌𝑷𝒂 answer

For the pressures at the center, ℎ𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.5 − 0.23 = 1.27 𝑚

𝑃𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝛾ℎ𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = (9.81)(1.27) = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑷𝒂 answer

Example 2.16
A closed cylindrical vessel of 1m diameter and 2m height contains water
filled to a depth of 1.5m. If the vessel is rotating at 20radians/sec, how much of the
bottom of the vessel is uncovered?
Solution;

𝜔2 𝑟 2
𝑧=
2𝑔

(202 )(0.5)2
𝑧3 = = 5.1 𝑚
2(9.81)

(202 )(𝑟1 )2
𝑧1 = = 20.38 𝑟1 2 𝑚
2(9.81)
(202 )(𝑟2 )2
𝑧2 = = 20.38 𝑟2 2 𝑚
2(9.81)
https://bedanbasnyat.files.wordpress.com/201
4/04/5_relative-equilibrium_tutorial-
Note; 𝑧1 + 2 = 𝑧2 solution.pdf

20.38 𝑟1 2 + 2 = 20.38 𝑟2 2

78 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

2
𝑟2 2 − 𝑟1 = 0.098 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏

Volume of air above AB = Volume of paraboloid (POQ-MON)

𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 𝑉𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑖𝑑 (𝑃𝑂𝑄−𝑀𝑂𝑁)

𝑉𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 𝜋(0.52 )(0.5) = 0.3927 𝑚3

1 1
𝑉𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑖𝑑 (𝑃𝑂𝑄−𝑀𝑂𝑁) = ( ) (𝜋)(𝑟2 2 )(𝑧2) − ( ) (𝜋)(𝑟12 )(𝑧1 )
2 2

1 1
0.3927 = ( ) (𝜋)(𝑟2 2 )(20.38 𝑟2 2 ) − ( ) (𝜋)(𝑟1 2 )(20.38 𝑟1 2 )
2 2
Simplifying;
2 2
𝑟2 4 − 𝑟1 4 = 0.0122 ; (𝑟2 2 − 𝑟1 )(𝑟2 2 + 𝑟1 ) = 0.0122 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐

Solving eq. 1 and eq. 2

𝑟1 = 0.115 𝑚

Area uncovered is;

𝐴𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝜋𝑟1 2 = 𝜋(0.1152 ) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝟐 answer

To test your retention on our just concluded

discussions, answer the following questions.
Submit your answers through any means
mentioned in the syllabus or as agreed upon not
later than 4th week after the class started.
Problem Solving. Solve the following.

1. An trapezoidal tank with open top has a bottom width of 3m, 2m high and 1.5m
wide, and has its sides inclined 60° with the horizontal. It is filled with water to a
depth of 1.5m. If the tank is accelerated horizontally along its length at 4.5m/s 2,
how much water is spilled out?

2. An oil tanker 3m wide, 2m deep and 10m long contains oil of density 800 kg/m3
to a depth of 1m. Determine the maximum horizontal acceleration that can be
given to the tanker such that the oil just reaches its top end. If the tanker is
closed and completely filled with the oil and accelerated horizontally at 3m/s 2,
determine the total liquid thrust (hydrostatic force) on the front and rear end.

3. A cylindrical tank used in lifting water to the top of a tower is 1.5m high. If the
pressure at the bottom of the tank must not exceed 16kPa, what maximum
vertical acceleration can be imposed in the cylinder when it is filled with water?

79 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

4. A cylindrical vessel closed at the top and bottom is 300mm inn diameter, 1m
long and contains water up to a depth of 0.8 m. The air above the water surface
is at a pressure of 60 kPa. If the vessel is rotated at a speed of 250 rpm about
its vertical axis, find the pressure head at the bottom of the vessel at the center
point and at the edge.

5. An open circular cylindrical pipe of radius R and height h is completely filled with
water with its axis vertical and is rotated about its axis at an angular velocity .
Determine the value of in terms of R and h such that the diameter of the exposed
center portion is equal to the radius of the cylinder.

6. A 400mm high open cylinder and 150mm in diameter is filled with water and
rotated about its vertical axis at an angular speed of 33.5 rad/s. Determine (a)
the depth of water in the cylinder when it is brought to rest, and (b) the volume
of water that remains in the cylinder if the speed is doubled.

7. An open circular cylinder of 1m diameter and 2m depth is completely filled with

water and rotated about its axis about 45 rpm. Determine the depth at the axis
and amount of water spilled. Also find the speed of rotation at which the central
axial depth is zero.

8. A rectangular tank 6m long, 2m wide and 2m deep contains water to a depth of

1m. It is accelerated horizontally at 2.5 m/s2 in the direction of its length.
Determine;
a) Slope of the free surface
b) Maximum and minimum pressure intensities at bottom
c) Total force due to water acting on each end of tank.
Check the difference between these forces by calculating the inertia force
of the accelerated mass.

9. A closed rectangular tank 4m long x 2m wide and 2m high is filled with water to
a depth of 1.8m. If the allowable force at the rear wall of the tank is 200kN, how
fast can it be accelerated horizontally?

10. An open cylindrical vessel 1.2m in diameter and 2.1m high is 2/3 full of
water. Compute the amount of water in liters that will be spilled out if the vessel
is rotated about its vertical axis at a constant angular speed of 90 rpm.

11. A closed horizontal cylindrical tank 1.5m in diameter and 4m long is

completely filled with gasoline (s.g.=0.82) and accelerated horizontally at 3m/s
2 . Find the total force acting at the rear wall and at the front wall of the tank.
Find also the accelerating force on the fluid mass.

Congratulations!!! A joyful Module 1 ride

indeed. To recap what we have learned, let us
have a module summary.

80 | P a g e
 CE 315: HYDRAULICS, LECTURE

Module Summary:
1. A fluid is a state of matter that yields to sideways or shearing
forces. Liquids and gases are both fluids. Fluid statics is the
physics of stationary fluids.
2. In fluid statics, all pressures are always perpendicular to the
surface area.
3. Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance or object,
defined as ρ= mV . The SI unit of density is kg/m3.
4. Pressure is the force per unit perpendicular area over which the
force is applied, p = FA . The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal: 1
Pa = 1 N/m2.
5. Pressure due to the weight of a liquid of constant density is given
by p = ρ gh, where p is the pressure, h is the depth of the liquid,
ρ is the density of the liquid, and g is the acceleration due to
gravity.
6. Gauge pressure is the pressure relative to atmospheric pressure.
7. Absolute pressure is the sum of gauge pressure and atmospheric
pressure.
8. Open-tube manometers have U-shaped tubes and one end is
always open. They are used to measure pressure. A mercury
barometer is a device that measures atmospheric pressure.
9. The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa), but several other units
are commonly used.
10. Pressure is force per unit area.
11. A change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted
undiminished to all portions of the fluid and to the walls of its
container.
12. A hydraulic system is an enclosed fluid system used to exert
forces.
13. Buoyant force is the net upward force on any object in any fluid. If
the buoyant force is greater than the object’s weight, the object
will rise to the surface and float. If the buoyant force is less than
the object’s weight, the object will sink. If the buoyant force equals
the object’s weight, the object can remain suspended at its present
depth. The buoyant force is always present and acting on any
object immersed either partially or entirely in a fluid.
14. Archimedes’ principle states that the buoyant force on an object
equals the weight of the fluid it displaces.
15. Stability considerations are particularly important for submerged
or floating bodies since the centers of buoyancy and gravity do not
necessarily coincide. A small rotation can result in either a
restoring or overturning couple

81 | P a g e