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Module 1: Fibonacci Numbers and The Golden Ratio

WHO IS FIBONACCI?

Leonardo Pisano (Leonardo of Pisa)

Fibonacci short for Latin “filius Bonacci” which means son of Bonacci

He observed numbers in nature; the most popular is the Fibonacci numbers.

FIBONACCI NUMBERS

 The Fibonacci numbers are Nature's numbering system.

 They appear everywhere in Nature, from the leaf arrangement in plants, to the pattern of the florets
of a flower, pinecone, or the scales of a pineapple.
 The Fibonacci numbers are therefore applicable to the growth of every living thing, including a single
cell, a grain of wheat, a hive of bees.

Examples:

Sunflower head displaying florets in spirals of

34 and 55 around the outside

One set of 5 spirals The third set of 13 spirals

ascends at a ascends very steeply to the
shallow angle to right.
the right

A second set of 8 spirals

ascends more steeply to the left.

The original problem that Fibonacci investigated (in the year 1202) was
about how fast rabbits could breed in ideal circumstances.

Suppose a newly-born pair of rabbits, one male, one female, are put
in a field. Rabbits are able to mate at the age of one month so that at
the end of its second month a female can produce another pair of
rabbits.

Suppose that our rabbits never die and that the female always
produces one new pair (one male, one female) every month from the
second month on. The puzzle that Fibonacci posed was...

How many pairs will there be in one year?

At the end of the first month, they mate, but there is still one only 1 pair.

At the end of the second month the female produces a new pair, so now there are 2 pairs of rabbits in the field.

At the end of the third month, the original female produces a second pair, making 3 pairs in all in the field.

At the end of the fourth month, the original female has produced yet another new pair, the female born two months
ago produces her first pair also, making 5 pairs.
FIBONACCI SPIRAL

A Fibonacci spiral is a series of connected quarter- circles drawn

inside an array of squares with Fibonacci numbers for dimensions.

The Fibonacci spiral gets closer and closer to a Golden Spiral as it

increases in size because of the ratio.

Where else can we find these spirals?

Path of the draining water weather patterns galaxies

GOLDEN RATIO

Golden Ratio (φ) has a value of approximately 1.618034

It is also known as the DIVINE PROPORTION which defines beauty

and godlike body during the early years. In contrast to this belief,
the modern medical practice uses golden ratio to effectively
operate on cosmetic surgeries which aims to enhance an
individual’s physical appearance.

Also, golden ratio has been the basis in building structures such
as the Parthenon in Greece, the sculptures and statues of the
gods and goddesses like Zeus and Athena. Similarly, this practice
is still applied in the modern day to maintain a strong,

substantial and durable buildings and structures.

In addition, the golden ratio is also helpful in art, as Leonardo Da Vinci used this in creating his masterpieces, The Last
Supper, to name one.
 THE LAST SUPPER

He extensively applied the divine proportion in his art, from the dimensions of the table at which Christ and the disciples
sat to the proportions of the walls and windows in the background to achieve beauty and balance.

Generally, golden ratio or the divine proportion has interesting implication to man in attaining perfection to what is
perceived as aesthetically pleasing and steady.

Module 1 Questions to ponder:

Read articles that may help you enrich your response to these questions. Synthesize comprehensively.

1. Aside from beauty and balance, why do you think mathematical patterns are important or significant?

2. What is the role of mathematics in keeping regularities? How about in chaos?

3. How does the presence of mathematics in nature affect our lives?

 Module 2: Mathematical Language and Symbols

Characteristics of Mathematical Language

 PRECISE - it is able to make very fine distinctions or definitions among set of mathematical symbols.

 CONCISE - able to say things briefly

 POWERFUL - able to express complex thoughts with relative ease

Mathematics is a Symbolic Language

Writing Mathematical sentences.

Expression vs. Sentence

Expression

 Does not state a complete thought

 Correct arrangement of mathematical symbols

Sentence

 Correct arrangement of mathematical symbols

that states a complete thought

 Truth value is sensible

Rewriting mathematical sentences to English sentences.

1. ∀ x ∈ ℝ, x2 ≥ 0

For all real numbers, the square is greater than or equal to zero. The square of any real number x is greater than or
equal to zero. (TRUE)

Proof:

Set values for x in x2 ≥ 0

x = -1 x=0 x=2
2 2 2
x ≥0 x ≥0 x ≥0
2
2
(-1) ≥ 0 2
(2) ≥ 0
1≥0 0 ≥0
4≥0
1>0
0=0 4>0

2. ∀ x,y ∈ ℝ, (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2

 For all real numbers x, y, the square of their sum is equal to the sum of their squares plus twice their product.

 For any to real numbers x, y, the square of their sum is equal to the sum of their squares plus twice their
product. (TRUE)

Proof:
2 2 2
(x + y) = x + 2xy + y

Work on the left side of the equation

2
(x + y)

(x + y) (x + y)
2 2
F: x●x = x O: x●y = xy I: y●x = xy L: y●y = y
2 2
x + xy + xy + y
2 2
x + 2xy + y

3. ∃ m, n ∈ Z , m – n ≤ m +n

There exist integers m, n such that m minus n is less than or equal to m plus n. (TRUE)

Proof:

Set values for m and n.

m=2 m=0
n=3 n=0
m–n≤m+n m–n≤m+n
2–3≤2+3 0–0≤0+0
-1 ≤ 5 0≤0
-1< 5 0=0
Module 2 Practice items:

Rewrite the properties in English sentences. The first one is already provided.

Property Mathematical sentence English sentence

For any pair of real numbers, their sum and

Closure Property ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ R, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ∈ R ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ R, 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦 ∈ R
their product is in the real numbers.

Commutativity ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ R, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑥 ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ R, 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦 = 𝑦 ⋅

Property 𝑥

Associativity ∀𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ R, (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑧 = 𝑥 + (𝑦 + 𝑧) ∀𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧

Property ∈ R, (𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦) ⋅ 𝑧 = 𝑥 ⋅ (𝑦 ⋅ 𝑧)

Distributivity
∀𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ R, 𝑧(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = 𝑧𝑥 ± 𝑧𝑦
Property

Existence of
∀𝑥 ∈ R, 𝑥 + 𝑒 = 𝑒 + 𝑥 = 𝑥
Identity Elements

Existence of
∀𝑥 ∈ R, 𝑥 + (−𝑥) = −𝑥 + 𝑥 =0
Inverse Elements
 Module 3: Fundamentals of Logic

LOGIC:

- Reasoning assessed/conducted according to strict principles of validity

- Asserting truths of statements

PROPOSITION:

- Is a declarative statement which is either true (T ) or false (F)

PARADOX:

- Is a declarative sentence which could neither be true, nor false or is both true and false.

Simple and Compound Propositions

Simple Proposition

- contains only one idea

Compound Proposition

- Composed of at least two simple propositions joined by logical connectives

Logical Connectives

Truth Table

- Shows the truth value of a compound statement for all possible truth values of its simple statements.

NEGATION

 Logical complement

 represents the opposite of the statement

A True (T) statement becomes False (F) and a False (F) becomes True (T).

(¬P) P -> proposition/PREMISE

Example:

P: Today is Tuesday. (F)

-P: Today is not Tuesday. (T)

CONJUNCTION ∧ AND

- both statements must be true to be true

Two True (T) statements will result as True (T)

Any other combination will produce a False F.

Example:

p: Joe eats fries. (T)

q: Maria drinks soda. (F)
p Λ q : Joe eats fries and Maria drinks soda. (F)

DISJUNCTION ∨ OR

- If either/or both statements are true, the entire statement is true

One True (T) will result in a True (T) statement;

Two False (F) statements will result in a False (F).

Example:

p: The clock is slow. (F)

q: The time is correct. (T)

p ν q : The clock is slow or the time is correct. (T)

CONDITIONAL → If… then…

- only false if the second statement is false and it follows a true statement

All other combinations of True (T) and False (F) are True (T).

Other ways of reading P  Q

1. P implies Q
2. Q if P
3. Q is implied by P
4. P only if Q.

Example:

p: You are absent. (F)

q: You have a make up assignment to complete. (T)

p q : If you are absent then you have a make up assignment to complete. (T)

Inverse, Converse, Contrapositive

GIVEN: If P then Q

INVERSE: If NOT P then NOT Q

CONVERSE: If Q then P.

CONTRAPOSITIVE: If NOT Q then NOT P

Examples:

1. Transform a  -b to its:

Inverse -a  b

Converse -b  a

Contra positive b  -a

2. Given “If today is Thursday, then tomorrow is not Saturday.” Find:

Inverse If today is not Thursday, then tomorrow is Saturday.

Converse If tomorrow is not Saturday, then today is Thursday.

Contrapositive If tomorrow is Saturday, then today is not Thursday.

3. Given P: The weather is fine.

Q: She is not going to the dance.

Rewrite the statement to symbols: “She is going to the dance if the weather is fine.” P  -Q
BICONDITIONAL ↔ “If and only if”

- true only if both statements are true or both statements are false

All other combination of the True (T) and False (F) are False (F).

Other ways of reading P ↔ Q

1. p if and only if q.
2. p is necessary and sufficient for q.
3. p is equivalent to q.

Example:

p: I’m alive. (T)

q: I’m breathing. (F)

p↔q : I’m alive if and only if I’m breathing. (F)

TAUTOLOGY, CONTRADICTION and CONTINGENCY

TAUTOLOGY:

Proposition that is ALWAYS TRUE whatever the truth values of its variables.

CONTRADICTION:

Proposition that is ALWAYS FALSE whatever the truth values of its variables.

CONTINGENCY:

It is neither a tautology nor a contradiction.

Module 3 Practice items

A. Write the following statements in symbolic form:

Let P: The sun is shining.

Q: It is raining.
R: The ground is wet.

1. If it is not raining and the sun is shining then the ground is not wet.

2. It is raining or the sun is not shining only if the ground is wet.

B. Give the inverse, converse and contrapositive of the following implications:

1. If x is the height of a box then it is a positive number.

Inverse:

Converse:

Contrapositive:

2. If pi is an irrational number then it is a number that goes on forever.

Inverse:

Converse:

Contrapositive:

C. Complete the table for : –P ^ (PQ) and determine if it shows a tautology, contradiction or contingency.

P Q -P P Q -P ^ (PQ)
T T
T F
F T
F F

Prepared by:

Ms. Toni Rose D. Docena