VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER TESTING SWP

These competencies can be gained from, but not limited to any or

1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE all of the following:-
The purpose of this Standard Work Practice (SWP) is to provide • Qualifying as an Electrical Fitter Mechanic
guidelines for testing methods for Capacitive and Inductive • Qualifying as a Technical Service Person
Voltage Transformers. These methods can be used for new and
refurbished transformers, maintenance testing or condition • Practicing as an RPEQ Electrical Engineer
assessment testing. • Training in the safe use of relevant test equipment.
Refer to the following locations for specific testing regimes:
Requirement for all live work:
• For new or refurbished construction’s, refer to the
• Safety Observer (required for all “live work” as defined in
Construction and Commissioning Tools.
the ESO Code of Practice for Electrical Work)
• For standard maintenance testing, refer to the JAMIT job All resources are required to:
cards and the Standard for Preventative Maintenance
Program. • Have appropriate Switching and Access authorisations for
the roles they are required to perform and have the ability
• For CVT Condition Assessment testing, refer to to assess and maintain relevant exclusion zones from
SP0508R02 CVT Diagnostic Testing Reference exposed live electrical apparatus.
• For all other Condition Assessment testing, consult the • Hold current licences for any vehicles and equipment they
appropriate Commissioning and Maintenance or may be required to operate.
Substation Maintenance engineer or officer for guidance.
Non-standard testing requires appropriate RPEQ Required Training
approval. Staff must be current in all Statutory Training relevant for the task.
The requirements for Revenue Metering applications are not All workers must have completed Field Induction or have
included in this SWP. recognition of prior Ergon Energy Field Experience.
Specialist testing for ferro-resonance or harmonic response is not Contractors must have completed Ergon Energy's Generic
included in this SWP. Contractor Worker Induction.

2. STAFFING RESOURCES 3. DOCUMENTATION

Adequate staffing resources with the competencies to safely CS000501F115. Daily/Task Risk Management Plan
complete the required tasks as per MN000301R165: 8 Level Field
Test Competency. ES000901R102. Health and Safety Risk Control Guide

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SP0508R01. Voltage Transformer Testing Job Safety Analysis 4. KEY TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
SP0508C03. Voltage Transformer Testing Competency Test Equipment within calibration date, tested and tagged:
Assessment Insulation Resistance tester, Micro-ohmmeter, High Voltage test
SP0508C06. Construction Tool – Voltage Transformer set, Digital Voltmeter, CVT test set, Ratiometer or Primary
Injection Voltage source, Phase Angle meter and Ohmmeter,
SP0508C05. Commissioning Tool – Voltage Transformer Omicron Votano and VB02.
SP0508R02. CVT Diagnostic Testing Reference Safety Barriers and warning signs.
CVT Test Equipment Specific Document HVIA Operating Equipment: PEDs, Live Line Tester, Class 0
SP0506. Substation Primary Plant and Secondary Systems Field gloves. All equipment is to be inspected and confirmed in good
Testing SWP working condition and within test date prior to use.
STNW1160. Standard for Maintenance Acceptance Criteria Standard PPE: Full-length high visibility protective cotton clothing,
safety footwear and helmet.
MN000301R172. Doble DLA Testing
Additional PPE as required: Leather work gloves, class 00 gloves,
MPD 600 Test Procedure hearing protection, safety eyewear. All PPE is to be inspected
P53. Operate the Network Enterprise Process and confirmed in good working condition and within test date
(where applicable) prior to use.
AS 1243-1982 – Voltage transformers for measurement and
protection. Sun protection to be used when working outdoors.
AS 60044.2-2007 – Instrument transformers – Inductive voltage
transformers. 5. WORK PRACTICE STEPS
AS 60044.3-2004 – Instrument transformers – Combined 5.1. Carry Out an Onsite Risk Assessment
transformers. Prior to performing this activity any hazards associated with
AS 60044.5-2004 – Instrument transformers – Capacitive voltage prerequisite tasks at the worksite shall be identified and assessed
transformers. with appropriate control measures implemented and documented
in accordance with the Daily / Task Workplace Risk
Test Equipment Manuals. Management Plan (CS000501F115) and using the Health and
Voltage Transformer Manual / Manufacturer’s Drawings. Safety Risk Control Guide reference document
(ES000901R102).

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VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER TESTING SWP

If any risks cannot be managed or reduced to an acceptable level, • Induced voltages and currents from nearby energised /
do not proceed with the task and seek assistance from your loaded plant.
Supervisor.
• Stored energy in capacitive dividers.

5.2. All Work to be done with Voltage Transformer De-Energised 5.3. Assessment Criteria
All of the tests described in this SWP should be carried out with Unless otherwise stated, refer to STNW1160 Standard for
the VT de-energised from the network and appropriate control Maintenance Acceptance Criteria for applied test voltages and
measures in place (eg barriers, matting) to prevent inadvertent currents as well as acceptance test results for each test. Standard
contact with adjacent live plant or breaching exclusion zones. values may also be defined in the Construction and
P53 Operate the Network Process is applicable at all times for Commissioning Tools, JAMIT job cards or Operational Updates.
isolation and earthing where the VT forms part of the network. A For any conflicts, consult either the Commissioning and
Test Permit will be required for most testing to allow removal of Maintenance or Substation Maintenance teams.
earths and injection of lethal voltages / currents.
Variations of test voltages, currents and acceptable test result
Where a VT is not part of the electrical network (e.g. greenfield or values can only be made with appropriate RPEQ approval.
workshop testing), sufficient safety measures must be applied to
ensure no person can contact plant during testing and all plant is
earthed after HV testing prior to person’s contacting the plant. 5.4. Record Identification Details

As described in Substation Primary Plant and Secondary Systems Identification details are to be recorded in the Construction /
Field Testing SWP SP0506 particular safety risks applicable to Commissioning Tools, JAMIT job cards, etc. as required. These
bus assemblies including: details are critical to ensure traceability of test results against
plant and correct asset details in corporate databases which
• Contact with high voltage at VT primary connections. generate maintenance service tasks.
• High fault current at VT primary connections. Some typical details to confirm are:
• High fault current at VT secondary terminals, particularly • Manufacturer’s name, manufacturer’s type description and
unfused wiring between secondary terminals and manufacturer’s serial number.
marshalling box / secondary fuses.
• Plant/Asset number.
• Unearthed VT secondary winding.
• Description, ie. Magnetic, Capacitive etc.
• Open DLA test terminal.
• Rated transformation ratios (multiple secondary cores).
• A1 terminal of Primary winding not earthed correctly.
• Classification of all ratios.

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VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER TESTING SWP

• Rated burden. • Confirm structure earthing is in place and correct.

• Rated voltage level and insulation level. • Confirm if there are any external short from primary to
earth (fuse wire is commonly used on CVT’s during
• Rated frequency.
transport and installation to prevent charging capacitor
stack)
5.5. Visual Inspection of Voltage Transformer Condition
CAUTION – A1 Terminal Earthing is critical
Prior to any electrical testing, complete a visual inspection on the
Before beginning any testing, particularly primary voltage
voltage transformer, its structure, earthing, etc. to confirm it is fit
injection, it is important to ensure that the A1 terminal on the
for testing. Refer to the specific construction / commissioning tool
primary winding has been earthed. For CVTs, the A1 terminal
or JAMIT job cards for specific checks.
may be earthed directly or via the carrier line matching unit
If the VT is a new installation, confirm that all construction items (where fitted). If the A1 terminal is disconnected for testing (eg
outlined in the Construction Tool and manufacturer installation insulation resistance measurement) then it must be reconnected
instructions have been completed. immediately afterwards.
Some basic inspections include: If the A1 terminal is left disconnected when the VT/CVT is
energised, high voltage will be apparent on this terminal which
• Ensure external surfaces are clean, dry and damage free.
poses a serious safety risk to staff.
• Look for external oil leaks, leaks into secondary
connection boxes or EMU cases. Note that an oil leak in
some CVTs can cause oil to transfer between the
capacitive stack and the EMU without an external leak
being visible.
• Confirm oil/gas levels are acceptable.
• Confirm primary and secondary connections are correct,
tight and correctly (new) / adequately (existing) labelled.
• Confirm any DLA tap covers are in place.
• Confirm primary and secondary earthing is in place and
correct. For CVT’s, ensure the primary earth is either
directly connected to earth or connected via power line
carrier communication equipment.

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VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER TESTING SWP

All SF6 gas handling is to be completed as per BS001404R140

Management of SF6 Gas and its By-Products and STNW1117
Standard for Handling of Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6). Gas
samples are required from:
• Gas in bottle
• Gas VT shipped with (if sufficient pressure)
• Gas in VT after filling
• Gas in VT 24hrs or greater after filling
While filling equipment is connected to plant, complete oil or gas
alarms and lock out functions which are dependent on gas
pressure or oil levels. Function check to the terminals of the VT
relays so further function checking can be completed from this
location.
Oil or gas levels are to be re-checked after all oil and gas tests
and samples have been taken to confirm still within specifications.
A1 terminal inadvertently left disconnected
Oil and gas samples may be required to provide a benchmark for
future testing. If required, take a sample as per the approved
5.6. Oil / Gas Tests and Samples process and forward to Powerlink for analysis.
Testing the insulating oil or gas medium is required to ensure the Below are typical situations were on site tests may be required to
insulation performs as intended by the manufacturer. If plant is confirm the integrity of the oil or gas prior to completing any
electrically tested or put into service with unknown insulation electrical testing.
qualities, permanent damage to the plant can occur either during
testing or while in service. If the plant is put into service with
non-satisfactory oil or gas, it could result in explosive failure.
All oil handling and filling is to be completed as per
MN000301R173 Insulating Oil Equipment and Handling process
and the equipment manual.
Samples are only to be taken if the VT is designed to be sampled.
Confirm with the equipment manual to confirm if possible.

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VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER TESTING SWP

Installation Oil Gas R1). PI helps distinguish between large charging and absorption
currents (non-destructive) with leakage currents (likely
New plant with no filling destructive). As PI is a ratio, it is also not temperature dependent
No (Note 1) Yes
required at site where as a single DCIR reading is. PI is typically only completed
New plant with filling on HV insulation due to the larger charging and absorption
Yes (Note 1) Yes
required at site currents that can be expected. As such, most HV insulation
requires a 1 minute and 10 minute DCIR reading. A 5 minute
Refurbished / intrusively
Yes Yes (Note 2) reading can also be helpful in trending the DCIR increase over
maintained plant
time. PI is not relevant when DCIR values are high as the factors
Existing plant with no re- such as temperature and leakage currents are not greatly
No No
filling at site affecting readings.
Existing plant re-filled at DC insulation tests are to be carried out between all windings of
Yes (Note 3) Yes
site
the VT and earth. Winding terminals are to be shorted together to
Note 1: Only sample hermetically sealed units that are designed to be sampled.
ensure the whole winding is at the correct voltage. Applied
Consult manufacturer manuals or Substation Maintenance for further information voltages and allowable limits are specified in STNW1160
if required. Standard for Maintenance Acceptance Criteria (see note below on
Note 2: Desiccant’s may also need to be replaced if intrusive maintenance has test voltages based on neutral bushing voltage rating).
been completed on SF6 filled equipment.
Note 3: If only minor oil level top up, on site oil test not required. If refill required Test arrangements include:
due to leak on plant that is supposed to be hermetically sealed, it is no longer
hermetically sealed and should be treated as if it’s not sealed. Consult • HV to all Secondaries and Earth (guard halfway down
Substation Maintenance to have MST’s created. insulator).
• Each Secondary to all other Secondaries and HV and
5.7. Measure Primary and Secondary Winding Insulation Earth (no guard).
Resistance
• For CVT’s, EMU Earth to Primary and all Secondaries and
DC Insulation resistance tests (DCIR or IR) are one of the easiest Carrier and Earth.
and quickest ways to confirm phase to ground and winding to IR testing often requires lifting of primary and secondary earths.
winding insulation integrity. It helps determine the health of the All earths are to be replaced immediately after testing is
insulation between components that are not supposed to be completed and confirmed correctly in place.
electrically connected. DCIR does not test the inter-turn
insulation. If IR testing of the primary winding cannot be carried out because
the neutral / star point is permanently connected to earth, then an
A product of DCIR tests is the polarisation index (PI). This is a
alternate high voltage insulation assessment must be carried out.
ratio of the 10 minute over 1 minute DCIR test results (PI = R10 /
This will be preferably a separate source partial discharge test.

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VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER TESTING SWP

The test voltage used during IR testing depends on the voltage 5.8. Measure Primary And Secondary Winding Resistance
rating of the neutral bushing. If the insulation can be confirmed to
Measurement of the winding resistance helps identify any high
be uniform (ie from the nameplate or equipment manual) or the
resistance joints that may be present in the circuit. This could
rated voltage is low enough, then system voltages are to be used
identify internal or external issues with wiring, crimps, terminals or
to determine the test voltage as per STNW1160. If a 3 phase VT
connectors. High resistance joints can create inaccuracies in VT
has a floating star point which is not accessible, for the purpose of
measurements, hot spots, be an indication of loose wiring
IR testing the star point can be considered to be rated at the
(internal or external) or be a sign of poor manufacturing. It can
voltage of the primary terminals.
also be used as a comparison against similar windings to gain
If the voltage rating of the neutral bushing cannot be determined confidence in the materials and manufacturing techniques used
or is known to have an earthed primary neutral, then for the as quality products and manufacturing should produce similar
purpose of IR testing the VT should be considered as non- results.
uniformly insulated with a normally earthed neutral. Refer to
The winding resistance measurements can also be used to
STNW1160 for reduced voltage limits.
calculate the voltage drop across the winding when a full burden
In some cases, a DCIR test set may not be able to apply the is attached. As such, the winding resistance test can also confirm
specified test voltage (e.g. test set can test at 500V, 1kV, 2.5kV the ratio of the VT at full burden assuming negligible change in
and 5kV but test voltage specified as 2kV or 3kV). In these cases, magnetising current from the test voltage to the full rated voltage.
consult either Commissioning and Maintenance or Substation This assumption is valid if the ratio test voltage is >5% of the
Maintenance group for clarification. Typically, if a 2kV or 3kV test rated voltage for protection class VT’s or >80% for metering class
voltage is specified and the options available are 2.5kV or 5kV, a VT’s.
2.5kV test will be specified.
Record the temperature and lead resistance at time of testing so
If the VT is installed as part of a larger apparatus (e.g. inside that actual winding resistance at 75°C can be calculated. If
transformer or metal clad switchboard), it is to be disconnected as measurements are taken at the VT marshalling box, the size of
much as practical. If required, parts of the other apparatus can be the secondary wiring and an approximate length of the cabling
included in the IR test but this must be commented on in the test between the VT and marshalling box should be recorded.
report.
Preference is to measure phase to earth winding resistances.
All 1, 5 and 10 minute DCIR measurements are to be recorded on However, if it is not possible (e.g. delta winding, no earth
the appropriate test form. Where required, PI values should be reference on star point) measure the phase to phase winding
calculated. Results are to be evaluated against STNW1160 resistance. A comment on the test report shall be made that this
criteria. was the test method.
The preferred method for an inductive VT is to use a high
precision ohmmeter to measure the resistance of the primary and
secondary windings. For multiple secondary cores, all cores

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VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER TESTING SWP

should be tested. Omicron Votano’s can be used for IVT’s but this no access to the neutral, a phase to phase measurement is to be
is not the preferred option. completed. This is to be noted on the test report.
For a new capacitive VT or when doing condition assessments, The preferred method of measuring the ratio of an IVT is with a
the preferred method is to use an Omicron Votano which will high precision ratiometer. Votano’s can be used however are not
calculate a secondary winding resistance from the various tests it preferred.
runs. A high precision ohmmeter can also be used if a Votano is
The preferred method of measuring the ratio of a new CVT or
not available or if measurements are for standard maintenance. A
during condition assessments is with an Omicron Votano. A high
primary winding resistance is not applicable to CVT’s.
precision ratiometer can be used if a Votano is not available or if
Winding resistances are considered acceptable if they match the test is completed for standard maintenance.
manufacturer test results and are similar between phases and
other VT’s of the same make and model. The VT ratio error and The Votano may be unsuitable for VTs with high excitation current
rated burden can be used to calculate an upper limit of the (eg Koncar VPU-72.5 VT due to an air gap in the magnetic
allowable secondary winding resistance. General requirements circuit). In these cases, a Votano is not to be used.
are specified in STNW1160. Ratio testing must be completed with the IVT or CVT intact as
supplied. No components are to be removed for testing (e.g.
5.9. Measure Ratio and Phase Displacement EMU’s and damping circuits must be included). The exception to
this is if required for detailed condition assessments.
The accuracy of a VT is paramount to its performance within the
network. Inaccuracies can result inaccuracies in protection or When completing this test there should be no secondary burden
metering devices which can lead to unsafe situations or incorrect connected to the VT apart from the burden applied by the
charges applied to customers. Accuracy limits for the ratio and measuring instrument itself.
phase displacements are defined in the IEC and AS standards. Generally more accurate results are obtained as a higher voltage
There are additional requirements for revenue metering VT’s is applied to the primary winding. Although 100V or 240V is a
within industry requirements but these are outside the scope of common ratiometer output voltage, it may be necessary to apply
this document. several thousand volts to obtain an accurate ratio measurement.
Ratio tests are completed to ensure plant is within the allowable The voltage applied is to be greater than 5% of rated primary
limits for the intent of the VT. Incorrect ratios can be the result of a voltage to get an accurate assessment.
number of things such as poor manufacturing, inappropriate For example, a protection class CVT has a specified accuracy at
materials or inter-turn winding faults. The phase displacement is 2% applied HV voltage which is twice the error compared to 5%
the result of errors introduced from the magnetic circuit of the VT. applied HV voltage ie a 132kV VT may need 3.8kV applied to the
Ratio tests are preferred to be completed as phase to ground HV side to obtain an accurate ratio result.
measurements. If testing a 3 phase device with a delta winding or

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Note: Due to field test equipment limitations it will often not be Primary to Secondary plus earth insulation resistance
possible to apply sufficient voltage to the VT as specified in measurement are to be completed both before and after any HV
AS 1243 / AS 60044, in these cases use a primary voltage as withstand testing to confirm insulation integrity and detect any
high as practicable but be aware that the test results obtained are changes as a result of the testing. It is expected these results
a verification of ratio only and do not demonstrate compliance should be similar. Any large reductions in DCIR should be raised
with composite error designation. with Commissioning and Maintenance or Substation
Results are considered acceptable if they are within the Maintenance.
specifications of the VT nameplate. All earths are to be replaced immediately after testing is
completed and confirmed correctly in place.
5.10. Carry out Separate Source Power Frequency Withstand
Power-frequency withstand tests are required on site as
Testing
described below:
HV withstand tests are completed to confirm the phase to ground
a) Where no power frequency withstand testing has been
and primary to secondary insulation with respect to the primary
carried out at the manufacturer’s works – Apply 100% test
insulation. This is a pass / fail test to give confidence the primary
levels.
insulation can handle any expected transients on the network
cause from high voltages and switching transients. b) If the VT is aged, refurbished or subsequent assembly of
the HV chamber / bushings is required on site - Apply 80%
A HV withstand test does not test the inter-turn insulation or basic
test levels.
insulation level / lightning impulse withstand voltage.
c) Where power frequency withstand testing has been
Secondary system withstand tests are also specified in the
carried out at the manufacturer’s works and no on-site
IEC / AS standards however are not completed by Ergon as they
assembly of the insulating component is required – No
are deemed not required. This test should be completed on new
power frequency withstand test is required.
plant by the manufacturer and are a low risk for existing plant that
is refurbished. Refer to the table below for power frequency withstand test
voltage values up to UR = 72.5 kV. Where UR >72.5 kV, refer to
A VT shall withstand a power-frequency test voltage applied for 1
AS 60044.2 Table 4 for applicable test values.
minute between all primary terminals connected together and
earth. All secondary winding terminals, core (if there is a special For VTs with an earthed star point or earthed neutral on the HV
earth terminal), frame, case (if any) should be earthed during this winding, it is necessary to disconnect the earthed end of the
test. Three phase devices are to have all phases connected primary winding before carrying out a power frequency withstand
together and tested as one. Single phase devices are be tested test. Ensure that the entire winding including the neutral end
individually. bushing is rated for the test voltage to be used, otherwise the
withstand test must be limited to a voltage of 3 kV for new
equipment or 2.5 kV for aged equipment. If unsure,

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Commissioning and Maintenance or Substation Maintenance is to 5.11. Carry out Induced Voltage Withstand Testing
be consulted.
Induced voltage withstand tests are used to test the primary
Where a HV withstand test is required but only a limited voltage inter-turn insulation as well as the phase to ground and primary to
can be applied, an induced voltage test is required. Partial secondary winding insulation where HV withstand tests cannot be
discharge testing may be an alternative however this will not completed. Just like HV withstand tests, this is a pass / fail test.
apply the same voltage stresses on the VT and is not the
The test is completed by back energising the secondary terminals
preferred option.
to induce the required power frequency withstand voltage on the
Utest primary terminals. The VT is to be connected as it will in normal
URated service condition. This is very important with regards to earthing
100% 80% on the primary and secondary side which is to be as it would in
3.6kV 10kV 8kV normal operating conditions. The frame, case (if any), core (if
there is a special earth terminal) shall be earthed during this test.
7.2kV 20kV 16kV
For a 3 phase VT, all three phases are to be energised from a 3
12kV 28kV 22.4kV phase source to induce normal electrical fields and not overstress
neutral connections. Single phase VT’s are to be tested
24kV 50kV 40kV separately.
36kV 70kV 56kV During testing, the voltage is to be measured from the primary
72.5kV 140kV 112kV terminals. Measuring voltages on the secondary and scaling up
as per the VT ratio is not acceptable due to voltage drop across
the windings and inaccuracies in measurements being amplified.
If testing a 3 phase device, it is preferable to have identical loads
Where the test set is limited with the voltage it can apply (typically
on the primary side to ensure equal voltage drop across the
50 kV test set where 56 kV needed or 100 kV test set where
windings.
112 kV is needed), then a reduced voltage, prolonged time test
may be applied as per AS 2067-1984 Table 11. Commissioning Induced over voltage tests typically increase the frequency of the
and Maintenance or Substation Maintenance is to be consulted applied voltage to avoid saturation of the core and reduce
prior to any reduced voltage / prolonged time tests are completed. secondary currents. Due to the higher frequency, the test time
can also be reduced. As a rule of thumb, limit the short term
Leakage currents during the withstand test are to be recorded for
secondary current to no more than 3 x the current in the
information purposes and comparison. The requirements of the
secondary when carrying rated burden. For example, a 100 VA
test are satisfied if no disruptive discharge occurs (i.e. anything
63.5 V winding should not be subjected to more than 3 x 100/63.5
that causes total breakdown of the insulation).
= 4.7 Amps. Typical alternative frequency and times are as per

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the table below. The preferred frequency is 400 Hz to have the rated voltage. All applied voltages for PD testing are to be based
most reduction in secondary currents. off the 12 kV value.

Test Voltage Frequency

Duration Partial discharge testing is to be completed with the plant in its
(sec) final service condition. This is especially important for the earthing
50 Hz 60 of both the primary and secondary windings and the device itself
and support structures. All secondary loads are to be
100 Hz 60 disconnected and it is preferable to disconnect as much of the
primary circuit as possible. It is preferable for VT’s inside metal
200 Hz 30 clad switchboards to be tested in position to identify any
400 Hz 15 surrounding sources of PD not directly connected to the VT (e.g.
isolator arms, switchboard cladding).
Testing requires the application of a number of different voltages.
Leakage currents during the induced voltage test are to be These are:
recorded for information purposes and comparison. The
requirements of the test are satisfied if no disruptive discharge • 1.3 UR - Prestress: This overstress the insulation to initiate
occurs (i.e. anything that causes total breakdown of the any PD that may have an inception voltage close to the
insulation). rated voltage but an extinction voltage below nominal
voltage.
• 1.1 UR - Test 1: This is the typically applied test voltage to
5.12. Partial Discharge Testing ensure safety margins for any PD activity expected in
Partial discharge (PD) testing is used to find a number of defects operation. This slightly over stresses the insulation to
within the devise such as voids in insulation, loose connections, provide a safety margin and indicate future performance.
loose nuts and bolts, poor earthing and many other defects. This may not align to IEC standards for individual devices
Voltages are typically applied to the primary conductors however but is the most common overall test (e.g. AS 62271.200).
this can identify defects within the secondary and earthing • 1.0 UR - Test 2: This is the most realistic operating
systems. Likewise, in some cases induced voltage (secondary scenario for plant. If any PD occurs within this test voltage,
injection) methods are used. This can still identify issues with the it can be expected it is present when the plant is in
primary insulation (although PD measurements must always be service.
taken on the primary winding).
IEC / AS 60044.2 and 60044.3 2007 actually specify PD test
It is important to note that all applied values are based on the voltages as 1.2 UR or 1.2 UR / √3. These voltages will typically
plant MAXIMUM or RATED value and NOT the nominal value. only be requested if there are contractual issues, normally on new
For example, 11 kV nominal apparatus will actually have a 12 kV plant.

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At times, there may be issues achieving the required test voltages 1. 5-10 sec 1-2kV for background reading
based on the test set available. An example might be if you have
2. 10 sec at 1.3 UR/sqrt(3) for prestress
a 50 kV test set and a 72.5 kV single phase device. The prestress
requirement is 1.3 x 72.5 kV / 1.732 = 54.4 kV. This means the 3. 30 sec at 1.1 UR/sqrt(3) for Test 1
test set cannot apply the full prestress voltage. Another example 4. 30 sec at 1.0 UR/sqrt(3) for Test 2
is having a 22 kV single phase VT requiring a 16.5 kV prestress
but only having a 15 kV test set. In these cases, consult the 5. 5-10 sec 1-2kV for background reading
Commissioning and Maintenance or Substation Maintenance While induced voltage (secondary injection) test methods are
teams to determine if it’s suitable to accept reduced prestress possible for single phase devices, the fact all measurements are
voltages or if alternative test sets are to be sourced. These required on the primary winding makes it highly unlikely that a
options may require approval from the Asset Owners depending crew will have a rated PD measuring capacitor but not a rated
on any commercial or safety implications. primary voltage injection source. As such, induced voltage PD
For higher rated equipment, typically greater than 72.5 kV, it can testing is not the preferred option for single phase devices.
become quite costly to complete partial discharge testing. If Ergon Three phase VTs
does not have the equipment to complete testing due to the high
voltages required, testing is to be negotiated with the asset 3 phase VT’s require both the phase to phase and phase to earth
owners. insulation tested. It is impractical to apply 1.1UR to a single phase
as this saturates the cores and may risk damage to the
A full understanding of partial discharge testing is outside the neutral / star point insulation. Also, during PD testing the voltage
scope of this document. For further information on partial distribution in the VT winding should be representative of the
discharge testing, refer to Ergon’s Partial Discharge Testing voltage distribution seen in service as far as possible. As such, a
Strategy and other partial discharge documents or consult number of options are available for testing 3 phase VT’s.
Commissioning and Maintenance or Substation Maintenance
teams. In some cases, what appears to be a 3 phase VT may actually be
three single phase VT’s in a common compartment (e.g.
Single phase VT’s Areva / Schneider WSA switchboard VT’s). If it can be proven that
Single phase devices are always tests at UR/√3 values as there is the VT’s actually have no common insulation, they can be treated
no need to test phase to phase insulation. Testing is completed as single phase VT’s.
by energising the phase under test with all other phases earthed
(unless sufficient air clearances as per AS 2067). Secondaries
are to be open circuit with one terminal earthed.

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Option 1: Three Phase Primary Voltages. Apply a 3 phase source, is left floating. PD measurements are to be taken on the phase
120 degrees apart to the primary side of the VT. PD under full phase to ground stress.
measurements can be either taken singularly or on all phases at
All voltages below are phase to ground values unless stated
once.
otherwise.
All voltages below are phase to phase values. Individual test sets
1. 5-10 sec 1-2kV for background reading (both phases)
will likely inject phase to ground voltages 120 deg apart to
produce the required values. Measuring capacitors are to be 2. 10 sec at 1.3 UR (phase to phase) for prestress
connected phase to ground with all ground connections to a a. Phase under test at 1.3 UR/sqrt(3)
common point.
b. Second phase at 1.3 UR/sqrt(3) x 0.732
1. 5-10 sec 1-2kV for background reading
3. 30 sec at 1.1 UR (phase to phase) for Test 1
2. 10 sec at 1.3 UR for prestress
a. Phase under test at 1.1 UR/sqrt(3)
3. 30 sec at 1.1 UR for Test 1
b. Second phase at 1.1 UR/sqrt(3) x 0.732
4. 30 sec at 1.0 UR for Test 2
4. 30 sec at 1.0 UR (phase to phase) for Test 2
5. 5-10 sec 1-2kV for background reading
a. Phase under test at 1.0 UR/sqrt(3)
It is recognised that in a substation environment Option 1 will
normally not be practical b. Second phase at 1.0 UR/sqrt(3) x 0.732
Option 2: Two Phase Primary Voltages. If a sufficient 3 phase 5. 5-10 sec 1-2kV for background reading
source is not available or impractical, use 2 phase testing to Measurements required are:
confirm both the phase to earth and phase to phase insulation.
The phase under test is energised at full phase to ground
voltages with another energised at a reduced voltage, 180
degrees from the test phase to produce the correct phase to
phase stress while not overstressing the neutral. 1 The third phase

1
If the HV neutral is normally earthed, then it should be left earthed for this
test and will not be overstressed. If the HV neutral is un-earthed and cannot
be earthed for testing, then the asymmetric 2 phase test voltage will subject
the neutral to a voltage displacement. For Ur of 24 kV (or less) this
displacement is within the voltage rating of the neutral end. For Ur = 36 kV, that overstressing the neutral during testing could cause partial discharge
this displacement is 3.06 kV (for test 1) and is considered acceptable. Note which could be mistaken as a VT fault rather than a test method limitation.

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Note that a PD free LV source is required – Doble F6150’s are

Measurement A phase B phase B phase
Test unsuitable as a back energisation source.
Phase voltage voltage voltage
Subject to RPEQ approval and on a case by case basis, where
1.1 UR/sqrt(3)
A1 A 1.1 UR/sqrt(3) Floating three or two phase energisation of a three phase VT is not
x 0.732
possible, single phase testing may be completed by energising
1.0 UR/sqrt(3) each phase in turn with the other two phases and neutral (where
A2 A 1.0 UR/sqrt(3) Floating
x 0.732 accessible) earthed. Where the star point / neutral can be
1.1 UR/sqrt(3) earthed, this will test the phase to earth insulation of the winding
B1 B Floating 1.1 UR/sqrt(3) and the HV bushing. Where the star point / neutral is not earthed,
x 0.732
this will only test the HV bushing. If the star point is not earthed,
1.0 UR/sqrt(3)
B2 B Floating 1.0 UR/sqrt(3) the star point / neutral may float beyond its rated voltage and
x 0.732
produce PD that may not be a genuine fault in service condition.
1.1 UR/sqrt(3) This test method may also damage the insulation at this location.
C1 C Floating 1.1 UR/sqrt(3)
x 0.732 Phase to phase insulation is never fully stressed under this test
1.0 UR/sqrt(3) method.
C2 C Floating 1.0 UR/sqrt(3)
x 0.732 All partial discharge testing is considered acceptable as per limits
defined in STNW1160 during Test 1 values. Any discharges that
occur during Test 2 values is considered a defect. Diagnostic and
Option 2 is normally the most practical option in a substation identification of partial discharge patterns may be required to
environment determine if any observed patterns are destructive or not however
Option 3: 3 Phase Back Energisation. It is possible to back it is expected that no discharges should occur regardless.
energise the VT as per the induced voltage test method to
perform partial discharge testing. Voltages are to be at 50 Hz.
Identical loads must be place on the primary terminal (i.e. 3 5.13. Dielectric Loss Angle and Capacitance Testing
coupling capacitors) to ensure identical voltage drop across the Dielectric Loss Angle Testing (DLA) is a high voltage test
windings and no neutral displacement. All PD and voltage measurement that is used to assess the condition of insulation by
measurements are to be taken on the primary winding. Voltages measuring the losses and angles associated with the insulation. It
applied to the secondary are to produce voltages on the primary also provides a capacitive and resistive value on the insulation
as required. that can be used for further comparison and evaluation. Other
All test voltages and durations on the primary winding are to be as names for this test include Dielectric Dissipation Factor (DDF) and
per 3 phase testing Option 1. Power Factor (PF).

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By taking a number of different measurements and grounding, If a DLA tap is present on the insulation (typically 66 kV
guarding or un-grounding certain section, it is possible to measure equipment and above), it is possible to take C1 and C2 DLA
the integrity of a number of sections of the VT. readings of the primary insulation. The C1 reading is essential for
detecting deterioration of the primary insulation and associated
As with all high voltage testing of VT’s, applied voltage levels are
grading foils, whereas the C2 reading provides an early warning
to be limited to the rating of the insulation. If it is uniformly
indicator or deterioration and moisture ingress
insulated, apply voltages as appropriate to the rated voltage. If the
insulation is non-uniformly wound (refer to the nameplate or Typical DLA readings for a VT include:
equipment manual), then limit any applied voltages to 3 kV for
• CH GST
new plant or 2.5 kV for aged plant.
Where possible, measurements are to be taken at a number of • CH + CHL GST
voltage to look for inception of partial discharge or “tip up”. This • C1 UST (If DLA tap present)
will typically be tested at 2 kV steps until the test voltage is
reached. This is only required on the CH reading. • C2 GST Guard (If DLA tap present)

11 kV equipment is currently expected to be tested at 10 kV DLA testing is not normally carried out on Voltage Transformers
phase to ground as per STNW1160 section 4.2 depending on the as a commissioning or maintenance test for the following reasons:
bottom end bushing. While this puts the phase to ground - There is no widely accepted criteria for pass/fail, particularly for
insulation under considerably greater stress than normal epoxy/resin VTs.
operating conditions, history has shown that it is not detrimental to
the health of the insulation and provides earlier indicators to - The different neutral configurations (solidly earthed, floating,
insulation failure on Ergon’s most common voltage. inaccessible neutral, reduced voltage rating on neutral
bushing) mean that a high voltage DLA test is not always
The Doble M4000 and Omicron TD1 User Manuals provide very possible.
good information about DLA theory, test set up and what is being
tested. This level of information is beyond the scope of this DLA testing is therefore never specified for epoxy/resin VTs, and
document. It is expected anyone completing DLA testing use is only specified as an investigative test on oil VTs where there
these manuals to ensure correct testing. The Doble DLA Testing - are indications of a voltage dependent defect in the VT, or where
MN000301R172 also contains information about DLA testing and there are suspected systemic problems with a particular
processes. make/model

CH is the most useful indicator of insulation quality in oil filled VTs. Capacitance and DLA tests are carried out as routine test for
CHL is normally low because the windings are not concentrically CVT’s, however stack capacitance / DLA can only be properly
wound, and/or there is a screen between the HV and HV measured if the EMU can be disconnected. This means it is not
windings. CH + CHL should be measured as a cross check of CH. practical to complete this test once CVT’s are fully assembled. As
CL is not required since this insulation is LV only.

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a result, measurement of the stack capacitance is not a of benefits the Omicron Votano provide including assessing the
commissioning or maintenance test. health of the capacitance stacks offers which is why they are the
preferred test option.
Any test results produced by the Omicron TD1 are to be sent to
the email address [email protected]. They are Votano’s are not preferred for new IVT’s or standard maintenance
also to be uploaded to the Omicron Primary Test Manager testing as conventional test methods sufficiently assess the health
Servers as per the required process. of the IVT and test equipment is simple and readily available.
They may be used on IVT’s for condition assessments after
Similarly, any test results produced by the Doble M4000 are to be
consultation with Commissioning and Maintenance or Substation
sent to the email address [email protected]. DLA
Maintenance groups.
test results of VTs is highly dependent on the design and
construction of the VT. As such, it is difficult to have generic Refer to CVT Test Equipment Specific Document and
criteria for acceptable DLA values. STNW1160 however does manufacturer manuals for more details on how to use the
provide criteria however it is expected any results should be Omicron Votano.
compared against results for similar devices. This might require
Any test results produced by the Omicron Voltano are to be sent
input from Doble or Omicron who will have a larger database of
to the email address [email protected]. They
test results.
are also to be uploaded to the Omicron Primary Test Manager
Servers as per the required process.
5.14. Omicron Votano Test results are acceptable if they are within the limits defined by
STNW1160 or if no limits are provided, as per Omicron
The Omicron Votano is a manufacturer specific test device that
recommendations.
runs a series of diagnostic tests on voltage transformers to build a
mathematical model of the device. These tests can produce
things like ratio, winding resistance, excitation and short circuit
5.15. Omicron DIRANA
impedance measurement test results.
DIRANA testing can be completed on oil filled VT’s to determine
There are a number of common issue and limitations with the
the moisture content of internal components such as oil, paper
Omicron Votano that have associated risks with them. This
and pressboard. It can also measure capacitances within the
includes the disconnection of a number of wires in the VT to
device and provide DLA readings however these are typically not
complete the suite of tests and a number of devices that cannot
used by themselves for diagnostics and are more used for
be tested with the Votano. As a result of this, Omicron Votano’s
confirmation of other test results.
are only used where these issues are outweighed by the benefits
provided by the test set. DIRARNA tests are normally only instigated following poor oil
results or for condition assessments. DIRANA testing can be
Votano’s are primarily used on CVT’s for both new installations
and condition assessments on aged CVT’s. There are a number

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helpful when a wet VT has had an oil replacement and it is online PD testing or consult Commissioning and Maintenance or
desired to see how much moisture is in other components. Substation Maintenance.
DIRANA testing is very useful for hermetically sealed units that Indoor VT’s
should not be oil sampled.
• Use UltraTEV+ in TEV mode against metal clad
Refer to Omicron manuals for the correct connection and switchboard
operation of the DIRANA test device.
• Use UltraTEV+ in UltraTEV mode with magnetic coupler
Any test results produced by the Omicron DIRANA are to be sent attached against metal clad switchboard.
to the email address [email protected]. They
are also to be uploaded to the Omicron Primary Test Manager • Use Doble AIA/DFA100 or DFA300 with the appropriate
Servers as per the required process. sensor fitted against metal clad switchboard.

Test results are acceptable if they are within the limits defined by o R3a Oil filled sensor for oil filled VT’s
STNW1160 or if no limits are provided, as per Omicron o R15a SF6 sensor for all SF6 gas VT’s
recommendations.
o R6a General sensor for everything else
Outdoor VT’s
5.16. Online PD Testing
• Use PDS100/DFA300 in close proximity to VT’s
Online partial discharge testing is a non-intrusive, in service test
method that can be used for early detection of faults. There are a • Use Doble AIA/DFA100 or DFA300 with the appropriate
number of techniques such as EA Technology’s UltraTEV+ and sensor fitted against bottom of the VT tank.
Doble’s AIA/DFA100, PDS100 and DFA300. Testing can be o R3a Oil filled sensor for oil filled VT’s
completed on both indoor and outdoor equipment of any
insulation type although an appropriate test method is to be used. o R15a SF6 sensor for all SF6 gas VT’s

Online PD testing is often used on hermetically sealed VT’s that o R6a General sensor for everything else
cannot have oil samples taken. This test is specified for new oil • Use Doble AIA/DFA100 or DFA300 with the appropriate
filled equipment that cannot have oil samples taken. It is expected sensor fitted and wave guides (up to 66kV plant only)
all SF6 gas filled equipment will be capable of testing the gas and attached on the primary conductors of the.
as such, online PD testing is not a suitable substitute for gas
tests. o R6a General sensor for everything

Specific instructions for online PD testing for maintenance or Test results are acceptable if they are within the limits defined by
condition assessments are outside the scope of this SWP. Follow STNW1160 or if no limits are provided, as per test equipment
the various Online PD testing references and guides for safe manufacturer recommendations.

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Insulation condition assessment of CVTs is:

5.17. Insulation Condition Assessment of VTs - Online Partial Discharge (optional)
Condition assessments on - Insulation Resistance
Below are some generally preferred condition assessment - Oil Test of EMU (if not hermetically sealed) 2
methods for certain VT’s.
- Offline Partial Discharge
Insulation condition assessment of oil insulated inductive VTs is:
- Omicron Votano Tests
- Online Partial Discharge (optional)
- Insulation Resistance
5.18. Complete Pre-commissioning Checklist
- Offline Partial Discharge
A requirement for a voltage transformer being placed in service
- Dirana for the first time, after refurbishment or after any wiring has been
disturbed is that all checklists nominated in the Construction and
- Oil Test (if not hermetically sealed)
Commissioning Tools have been completed.
Insulation condition assessment of epoxy/resin insulated inductive
VTs is: 6. FINALISATION
- Online Partial Discharge (optional) Prior to finalisation of testing, ensure that:
- Insulation Resistance 1) Any primary or secondary connections disturbed during testing
- Partial Discharge (off line) have been reinstated to the correct configuration.
2) All test leads have been disconnected.
3) HV, LV and structure earthing are as per design.
4) Site conditions have been left in an appropriate condition.

2
Oil testing of EMU is particularly useful for CVTs that have systemic sealing
issues and moisture ingress is suspected. In most cases discoloured oil in
the sight glass correlates to low IR readings of the EMU

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7. POST ENERGISATION TASKS

Following energisation of new or refurbished plant, it is expected
the following tests will be required:
• On-line PD test. These tests can detect gross insulation
defects as well as faults in the neutral terminal earthing
and EMU’s. This requirement is particularly important for
oil filled plant where samples are not possible (e.g.
hermetically sealed with no allowance for sampling).
• If required, phase out the VT secondaries with any existing
VT’s
• Complete on load checks for any protection or metering
devices supplied by the VT.
NOTE: Any directional protection devices are
expected to have non-directional or unit protection
elements in place until on loads confirm correct
directionality of the protection device.
• For new oil filled VT’s that can be oil sampled, ensure that
an MST has been created by the AMO to oil sample after
6 months of operation (if applicable).
• That all test results / data has been stored as required.
• Any amendments to databases have been forwarded to
the Asset Maintenance Officer to capture.

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