Performing a NMC System
Evaluation Prior to Start‐Up
Dairy Farm Equipment Installers and Certified Milk Inspectors
Informational Meeting for Dairy Equipment Installers
Rick Watters, PhD
Quality Milk Production Services
[email protected]
Objectives
• Understand the main components of the
milking system and how they function
• Understand the importance of completing a
NMC Vacuum and Airflow System Evaluation
prior to start‐up
• Understand the reasons why
Milking system
• The ideal milking system will:
– Harvest milk gently and quickly
– Improve labor efficiency
– Maintain animal health
– Maintain or improve milk quality
– Be easily clean and sanitized
– Routinely serviced for optimum performance
Observations – look
and listen before
and during testing
Above photos courtesy of P. Gorden, Iowa State
University
Basic Machine Function
• Milk flows in milk line by gravity, not air movement
• Milk line must have a slope of 1% to get the milk to
flow to the receiver jar
• Once in Receiver Jar, milk is pumped across into the
Bulk Tank, going from the vacuum to atmospheric
pressure
Milking system layout – basics
• The Six Basic
Parts of a
Milking System
– The Vacuum
Pump
– Vacuum
Regulator or
Controller
– Receiver
– Pulsator
– Milking units
(claw, cups and
inflations)
– Vacuum Lines
Remember to be constantly looking and listening while testing
Air removal by vacuum pump
• Vacuum pumps generate ~10
CFM per HP unit of motor
– 35 CFM + 1 CFM/unit for ER
– 35 CFM + 3 CFM/unit at
pump for sizing the vacuum
pump
• Why the base of 35 CFM?
– Hose dimeter and reserve
requirements
• Bucket Systems [do not appear
in the ASAE S518.2 publications
any more] We use:
– 17 CFM ‐ system base
– 3 CFM/unit
– 5 CFM for dumping station
1“ Hg = 3.386 kpa; 1 CFM = 28.317 L
Components of Milking Systems
• Regulator • Variable Speed Drive
Vacuum regulation
• Regulator
• Vacuum sensor
• Lets air in to regulate
vacuum
• Air use by system + air
inlet in regulator = air
removal by vacuum
pump
• In fully closed system air
inlet through regulator
equals air removal of
vacuum pump
Air usage
Regulator admits:
250 – 36+12 = 202 cfm
24 *1.5 = 36 cfm
36 cfm
250 cfm 12 cfm
24 *0.5 = 12 cfm
250 cfm
Receiver
• Milk collection vat – under vacuum
Components of milking equipment
Pulsator
• Rate +/‐ 3 cycles
• Ratio +/‐ 5%
• B‐phase minimum 30% ‐ industry standard >45%
• D‐phase minimum 15% ‐ industry standard> 20%
Components of milking equipment
Milking unit
• 0.4 CFM air admission claw vent
• 0.1 CFM air admission liner or mouthpiece vent
• Weight of cluster: 3.5 – 7 lbs.
0.1 CFM = 2.83 L; 0.4 CFM = 11 L
Vacuum lines
Milking system components
• What are the 6 components of the milking system?
–
–
–
–
–
–
• What are the two most common components off the
milking system that we need to make sure are
functioning properly at all times?
Why evaluate milking equipment?
• Objective
– Minimize vacuum differences throughout the
milking system
• Maintain claw vacuum
– Vacuum regulation
• Optimize
• Stabilize
Potential Contribution to Mastitis
Milking
Herd & Farm Machine
Management 20%
30%
Cow
20%
Milking
Management
30%
G. Mein et. al, Storm in a Teatcup, NMC 2004
Methods & Materials
• NMC procedures:
– www.nmconline.org
– http://www.nmconline.org/publications.html
– NMC provides a format for evaluating equipment as
outlined by ISO standards
• ISO 6690 and 5707 standards: www.iso.org
– 5707 Installation
– 6690 Performance eval
• Procedures deal with proper evaluation of:
• Vacuum levels
• Air Flow
Protocol for Evaluation Milking Systems
NMC Equipment Evaluation
Why do we complete a NMC Vacuum
and Airflow test?
• What does the NMC Vacuum and Airflow
evaluation tell you?
• Methods are primarily for evaluating adequacy of
milking systems to maintain average claw
vacuum within the intended range during
milking and the ability of the pulsation system
to operate within the manufacturer's
specifications
– How can you determine claw vacuum or pulsation if
you don’t complete a milking equipment evaluation?
• Have you ever read or seen this?
– A post installation test and system evaluation must be
completed prior to the first milking and the report
must be available for review at the producer facility.
Start‐up…?
• What defines a system start‐up?
– New installation
– Retrofit or update
• Pulsators, meters or sensors, vacuum pump, regulator,
etc.
– Tie‐stall, Parlor and/or AMS
• This applies to all systems
If the milking system is not baselined…
• Why isn’t the vacuum and airflow test completed after
an update or start‐up?
– Not enough time between milking shifts and producer
wont allow the test
• I have not met a dairy producer yet that I have explained the
reason for the testing and they have said no to the testing
– Installer doesn’t have the testing equipment
• Then hire someone to test after install or update
• Not testing after system updates/retrofit has become
systemic
– Issue requesting NMC information from NY, VT, KS and
Canada
– Conventional parlors, Rotaries, AMS
If not a complete NMC then what…?
• Need to test pulsation, vacuum stability and claw
vacuum
• Priorities
– Claw vacuum
• 9.5 – 12.5” Hg
– Vacuum stability
• Milkline vacuum
– < 0.6” Hg fluctuation
– Vacuum difference in the milkline (average minus minimum) or the
vacuum rise (maximum minus average) does not exceed 0.6"Hg (2 kPa)
• Milking unit fall‐off test
– < 0.6” Hg vacuum change during fall‐off test
– Pulsation
• Graph all pulsators
– Static for all
– Some under load
Take home message
• Equipment testing is very logical and adheres to laws of
physics
– Movement of fluids in a column that is under vacuum
• Vacuum and airflow testing is part of all start‐ups
– New or retrofit
• Equipment testing is part of general maintenance
procedures on dairy farms
• Vacuum stability – minimize fluctuations
• Suggest priorities and changes
• Provide results to client so client can review results with
equipment provider in order to make sure milking system
is functioning properly
Questions
Test equipment
Vacuum Changes
Besier, J. et al. 2016
Farm information
• Obtain contact information
• Why are you evaluating the equipment?
• Is there other information that may be useful based
upon why you are evaluating the equipment?
• Who will information be provided to and in what
method?
Safety first
• Be aware of how the test you
are performing could have a
potential negative impact on the
milking system.
– Turning off equipment increases
vacuum
• Increase air admission before
turning off equipment
• Always turn equipment back on
after testing
• Always open valves that were
closed for testing
• Always retest vacuum at
receiver
Location of five vacuum gauges
• Proper placement of testing equipment
– The values obtained during equipment evaluation are only valid if the proper
test methods are followed
– The most important aspect of equipment testing is location of testing devices
Setting up system for analysis
• Mimic milking
• Milk/wash plug in milk
position
• All milking units with
vacuum and pulsation on
– Manual mode
– Some systems when turned
on after a wash will have
vacuum and pulsation to
the units
• No need to turn units on and
place in manual mode
• Dynamic Test
– During milking
• Vacuum in milk line (with all units milking)
– Vacuum fluctuations (<0.6”Hg)
– Test at point that will have the most milk flow – chance for greatest vacuum fluctuation (nearest
receiver)
• Vacuum fluctuations in receiver (<0.6”Hg)
– Test with special lid or nearest receiver as possible
• Test/Cow
– Average claw vacuum full load (9.5‐12.5” Hg)
– Pulsator ratio during milking (within 5% of static pulsator ratio)
Claw vacuum
• Pull short milk tube off claw and
rotate 180 degrees
– Push partially back on inlet
• Insert needle with long side of
needle head facing the top of
the short milk tube or with bevel
side down
– Milk will flow over the tip of the
needle and not over the lumen
of the bevel
• Or VaDia
• Peak milk flow of highest
producing group
• Remove needle and rotate short
milk tube 180 degrees back to
normal position
• Always ask producer if they have
a spare liner before measuring
claw vacuum
– Silicone liners
Line vacuum
• Pull milk hose off milk inlet
– Push partially back on inlet
• Insert needle with long side
of needle head facing the
flow of milk or the bevel side
down
– Will force milk over the
needle head and not over the
lumen of the bevel
• Make sure there is a “shinny”
area of the milk inlet
exposed
• Remove needle and push
milk hose back down over
milk inlet
Vacuum during milking
• Mean claw vacuum of 9.5‐12.5“Hg (32 – 42
kpa)during peak milk flow
– With less than 2” of variation during milking.
• < 0.6”Hg drop in milk line vacuum during
milking
– More indicates ‘slugging’
• < 0.6”Hg variation in receiver vacuum during
milking
– More indicates slow regulator response or
insufficient effective reserve
Milking system evaluation ‐ static
Graphing pulsator
• Plug all four teatcups
• Alternating pulsation
– Test each side
– Test front and rear
• Turn milking unit on
• Hold milking unit
upside down
– Prevents bending of
hoses ‐ restrictions
Milking system evaluation
• Static pulsator tests
– Ratio within 5% (within 2‐3%
from side‐to‐side)
• A phase %
• B phase at least 30%
– Current industry settings target
500 ms
• C phase % or ms
• D phase at least 15% or 150 ms
– Current industry settings target
220 ms
– Rate within 3 pulses per min
Pulsators under load
• Graph some pulsators while milking a cow ‐ dynamic
• All pulsators will be graphed with teat plugs in and the
machine on ‐ static
• Milk:Rest ratio is an estimate of the proportion of each
cycle during which milk is either flowing or not flowing
from the teat
• Ratio is never constant but should be very similar
• Liner collapse force, liner tension, claw vacuum and
pulsation ratio all affect the real pulsation ratio
Static vs. dynamic testing of
pulsators?
Teat plugs in
Milking unit on – vac
and puls
57% A‐B
43 % C‐D
Teat cups attached to
cow and milking
Milking unit on – vac
and puls
62% A‐B
38 % C‐D
Machine Milking and Lactation, Ed. AJ Bramley, Dodd, Mein, & JA Bramley, © 1992.
Pulsation Graphs
Vacuum and air flow
Milking system evaluation
• Vacuum within +/‐ 0.6” Hg of set point during
milking:
– Regulator, Receiver, Milkline
• System Vacuum Differences
– Vacuum at:
• Receiver
• Regulator
• Vacuum Pump
• Pulsator Airline
• Vacuum gauge
– Units Plugged
• No ports = System never tested
by NMC protocol
Vacuum sensing point –
Multiple receivers
• Multiple receivers
and vacuum sensing
point
– Should only be one
sensing point
– Locate sensing
point half way
between both
receivers
• Balance tank may
be halfway
– ONLY ONE SENSING
POINT WITH
MULTIPLE
RECEIVERS
Vacuum sensing point
• Vacuum sensing point should be closest to
receiver on trap side
– Multiple receivers locate vacuum sensor equal
distance between receivers
– Locate vacuum sensing point on vacuum line in
attic
– Install pipe half way between the two ends of the
vacuum lines to connect the two vacuum lines in
attic
• Install vacuum sensor on middle of pipe connecting two
main vacuum lines
Vacuum levels
• Working vacuum at receiver:
– High line: 14.0 – 15.0 “Hg
– Low line: 12.5 – 13.5 “Hg
• Farm vacuum gauge: within 0.6”Hg
• Less than 0.9”Hg difference between
vacuum pump and receiver
– Which one has higher vacuum ?
• Less than 0.3 “Hg difference between
receiver and regulator sensor
– Which one has higher vacuum ?
• Mean difference between the receiver
and most distal part of the pulsator line
less than 0.6”Hg
Milking unit fall‐off
• Record receiver vacuum
• Turn off unit(s) required for
fall‐off test and remove teat
plugs
• Begin recording receiver
vacuum and then turn on
milking unit(s) and hold
upside down
• Record vacuum with milking
unit open
• Record vacuum when
turning vacuum off
Testing regulator response
Milkline vacuum = average A
Fall-off vacuum = average A – average C <.6”Hg
Undershoot = average C – minimum B <.6”Hg
Overshoot = maximum D – average D(orA) <.6”Hg
2 units open when > 32 milking units
How does the number of milkers affect this test?
0.6 “Hg =2kpa
A Receiver Operating
Vacuum (ROV)
= Avg of A
Avg of A(ROV) = 13.9”
Vacuum Drop (VD)
B
ROV– Avg C
13.9 – 14.0 = ‐0.1”
Min of B = 13.6”
C Vacuum Undershoot
Avg C – Min B
Avg of C = 14.0” 14.0 – 13.6 = 0.4”
Vacuum Overshoot
D
Max D – Avg A
14.2” – 13.9” = 0.3”
Max of D = 14.2”
0.6 “Hg =2kpa
Regulator response
• Excessive vacuum drop is usually caused by
restrictions in airline between receiver and
vacuum sensor
– Distinguish between slow response (vacuum
eventually recovers) and insufficient effective
reserve (no recovery)
• Excessive undershoot is often caused by
sticking regulator or plugged filter in regulator
• Excessive overshoot is often caused by
improperly adjusted variable frequency drive
vacuum controller
Regulator
• Regulator is the most
common cause for system
dysfunction
• More than one sensor in the
system:
– System should have only
one sensor
• Sensor between regulator
and milk pump
– Sensor should be as close to
the sanitary trap as possible,
regulator positioned toward
the pump
OLD
Effective & manual reserve
What impact will hose diameter have on air admission? 5/8” vs. ¾” vs. 7/8”
NEW
20 units in parlor
OLD: 35 +20 = 55
NEW: Air usage of 1 unit (from 3b) plus (3% of 1
unit air usage multiplied by the number of units
Ex: 1 unit admits 30 cfm
30 + ((30*0.03)*20)=48
Effective & manual reserve
• Effective reserve is measured with milking machine
turned on, flow meter at receiver:
– open flow meter until milking vacuum has dropped 2 kPa
(.6”hg): measure air going through flow meter (AFM)
• Open air flow meter before testing
• Effective Reserve
– 0.6”Hg below receiver vacuum
• Manual Reserve
– 0.6”Hg below receiver vacuum with
regulator disconnected
• Regulator efficiency ER/MR = %
– ≥ 90%
Effective reserve
• Effective reserve should be >90% of manual
reserve (=regulation efficiency)
• Variable Speed vacuum pump
– Pump speed is regulator
– No manual reserve measurement
• (no regulator function expected)
• Regulator set at higher vacuum
Effective reserve
• 35 CFM at pump + 3 CFM/unit for sizing the
vacuum pump
• Effective reserve at receiver 35 CFM + 1
CFM/unit (OLD)
• Effective reserve at receiver CFM admitted by
1 milking unit plus (3% multiplied by CFM
admitted by 1 unit times the number of units
(NEW)
Mechanical regulators
Disable by removing sensing Disable by removing regulator
tube or taping off air inlet from system
• Sentinel 100, 350 or 500 • Sentinel Mark I or Mark II
– Tape off air inlet
• Vacurex 5000
• Surge Commander 5K
• BouMatic BouVac
• DeLaval Servo
• Vacuum Regulators
– Optional Mounting‐ The regulator may be remote
mounted from the main vacuum supply line when
using a vertical mounted sweep tee.
B= Minimum 5 A= Minimum 2
pipe diameters pipe diameters
from any Fittings from any Fittings Air flow to
Vacuum Pump
Adapter as
Recommended: Needed
A= Sensor tube Reducer
Nipple 5 pipe as Needed
diameters minimum
from any pipe fitting
B A Drain
A
Sensor
Tube
A
Air flow from Air flow to Sensor tube
Receiver Vacuum Nipple
Pump
From Receiver
59
Component air admission
Turning off
components
• Turn off pulsation control box
– Record change in airflow to
maintain ROV
• Turn off milking units
– Record change in airflow to
maintain ROV
• What if pulsators turn off with
milking units?
– How do you obtain an airflow
measurement for both the
pulsators and milking units
– Is it necessary to have an
airflow reading for both
pulsators and milking units?
Component air admission
• Each piece of milking equipment allows air
into the vacuum system
– Removing components from the vacuum
system will increase vacuum
• ALWAYS LET AIR IN BEFORE DISABLING OR
REMOMVING EQUIPMENT
– Think ahead as to how much air you should
let in before disabling
• Pulsators: 1.0 ‐ 1.5 CFM/unit
• Claw (vents): 0.3 ‐ 0.5 CFM/unit
• Regulators: 2.0 ‐ 10 CFM
Component air admission
• Air usage ‐ components
– Regulator disabled, measure air flow at receiver at
operating vacuum
– All teat cups plugged and components operating
• Record value
– Remove components one by one and adjust air flow
meter at receiver to obtain same operating vacuum
– Difference in air flow for each component is equal to
its air admission
– Vacuum levels should increase as equipment is turned
off
Air loss in equipment
• Pulsators: 1.0 ‐ 1.5 CFM/unit
• Claw (vents): 0.3 ‐ 0.5 CFM/unit
• Regulators: 2.0 ‐ 10 CFM
• Unit attachment: 1 ‐ 10 CFM
• Unit kick off: 30 ‐ 90 CFM
• ATO’s ‐ variable
• vacuum powered equipment – variable
• Leaks variable
• Total loss shall be less
than 5% of pump capacity
• It’s not always as simple as turning the milking unit off
– Pulsators turned off with milking unit
Vacuum pump capacity
Pump capacity
• Be sure to open AFM before testing the vacuum capacity
• Measuring pump inlet vacuum
– All components disabled and vacuum at receiver at operating level
• Isolate the vacuum pump by closing the gate valve
• Measure air flow from pump with vacuum adjusted to pump
inlet vacuum
• Measure air flow from pump with vacuum adjusted to pump
capacity (15” Hg)
• Vacuum pumps generate ~10 CFM/HP of the motor
Open gate valve when done testing
Milking system evaluation
• Recheck
– Receiver vacuum
– Effective Reserve
– Assures milking system is reconnected correctly
and operating properly
– Safety check
Testing milking equipment – How
often?
• Complete NMC 1x/year
• Pulsators and claw vacuum 4x/year small farm
• Pulsators and claw vacuum 1x/month large
dairy
• Robotic dairy pulsators and teat vacuum
1x/month
Take home message
• Equipment testing is very logical and adheres to laws of
physics
– Movement of fluids in a column that is under vacuum
• Vacuum and airflow testing is part of all start‐ups
– New or retrofit
• Equipment testing is part of general maintenance
procedures on dairy farms
• Vacuum stability – minimize fluctuations
• Suggest priorities and changes
• Provide results to client so client can review results with
equipment provider in order to make sure milking system
is functioning properly
Questions
Test equipment
What is the problem?
What should have been observed first?
Vacuum
controller
sensing
12.9” Hg at vacuum controller point – near
trap
14.1” Hg on the lowline
Vacuum pump motor speed
• Vacuum pump motor
– Motor is operating at 8 Hz which is too slow
– Motor is air cooled and the slower the motor
operates the slower the cooling fan operates
– Motor should operate between 12 – 15 Hz under
normal milking load or ≥ 20% of maximum
– Install “weep holes” in the vacuum system to
allow air in which will increase the speed of the
motor to maintain the vacuum setpoint
Weep holes installed behind pump and between
shutoff valve and pump – weep holes always in
system
Intentional air admission to vacuum system –
Weep hole or vent
• Clean air filter installed over top of weep holes
• Insert bolts into weep holes to close off if too much air admitted
Vacuum
• No milking units attached
– Vacuum 14.5”Hg
– Motor 6.0 Hz
• 13 milking units on
– Vacuum 12.5” Hg
– Motor 6.0 Hz
• 26 milking units on
– Vacuum 12.3” Hg
– Motor 18 Hz
• Vacuum is too high for the first
milking units attached
• Vacuum is too high for the last few
milking units to detach
• Install weep holes in order to
increase motor speed and reduce
vacuum when no milking units are
attached
• Mechanical
regulators as safety
valves in milking
system