| — Bi: Gite < Raler 2. 15-1 LAB EXERCISE 1 Organization of the Muscular System lar system is composed of all the skeletal Tre ‘here sometimes called muscle organs to distinguish from muscle tissue and muscle cells. Skeletal muscles them Mvped to the skeleton in ways that usually move Sa pens when the muscles contract. The chief function en, ten, is skeletal movement. Secondarily this «gstem helps in emperature regulation by providing a source ‘of metabolic heat. This exercise presents some preliminary information about the muscular system. Although we have seen some of the histology of skeletal muscle tissue, we have not yet explored the muscle fiber or the muscle organ. In this exercise, we will do both. We will also take a brief look at how muscle ‘organs ae named 50 that the next exercise, which involves ‘muscle identification, will be easier. | Before You Begin ‘O Read the appropriate chapter in your textbook. O Set your learning goals. When you finish this exercise, you should be able to: © describe the structure of the skeletal muscle fiber © identify and describe the principal structures of a Skeletal muscle organ © define the terms origin and insertion © interpret the meaning of muscle names 1 Prepare your materials: $ model or chart of a skeletal muscle cell © model or chart of a skeletal muscle organ ial muscle specimen (fresh meat section) © dissection tools 1 Carly read the directions and safety is for his ‘xercise before ‘starting any procedure. _ 06 A. The Skeletal Muscle Fiber ‘Skeletal muscle fibers provide the basic functional capability of the muscle organ because they can contract with great force. Such contraction requires a rather unusual structural Pattern in muscle fiber if itis to be efficient. Study these features of the skeletal muscle fiber in a model or figure (figs. 15.1 and 15.2): G1 The sarcolemma is the outer membrane of the long, cylindrical muscle fiber. The sarcolemma has a resting potential, or electrical charge. This charge temporarily reverses during an action potential, or impulse, when the muscle fiber is stimulated. The sarcolemma dips inward at several points to form internal rransverse tubules called T tubules. An impulse traveling along the sarcolemma can thus also travel inside the fiber. Inside the fiber are a number of membranous ‘networks similar to ER. They are all part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The SR receives the impulse from the T tubules, which are nearby, and release calcium ions into the sareoplasm in response. ‘The calcium ions released from the SR diffuse through the sarcoplasm among parallel bundles of Protein myofilaments. Each bundle is called a ‘myofibril and is composed of an orderly arrangement of thin filaments and thick filaments. ‘The myofilaments are arranged in a repeating pattern called a sarcomere, When calcium ions react with ‘some of the myofilament molecules, these filaments ~ slide past one another, shortening each sarcomere. Because all the sarcomeres in the cell’s myofibrils shorten, the fiber contracts. A muscle fiber has multiple nuclei. The nuclei are against the inside of the sarcolemma. o2 03 o4 os Scanned with CamScannerPek Bnd & br F 15-2 Figure 15.1 B. Structure of a Muscle Organ Use the terms given to ideatfy the pars of a muscle fiber indicated by the label lines. T Tybute ‘muscle fibers is called the endomysium, Jey the endomysium is the sarcolemma. 54 Allthe fibrous sheaths are continuous with = ‘another and contain blood vessels that supply Tasca. Atte ends ofthe mal a ‘Muscle fibers stop while the connective - Continue. This forms an extension of den! connective tissue that ataches tothe 08 Pane (oro another muscle) Ite bos is in the shape of a strap or band, itis Futis s broad, fat shee, ins called OS Generally, a muscle attaches tothe: ito fends. The end that attaches tothe mee bone is called the origin. The abet attaches to the bone that moves 3 contracts, cit C. Naming Skeletal Muscles agit Muscle nomenclature is the system of mit ns cmencK Organs. The names of muscles #8 Wy a0 ‘ae in Latin rather than in English: By 8° Of descriptive Latin words, in Scanned with CamScannerP Cte c A. skeletal Muscle 1 UM 2 SIUM 3 | | : ee | '- Tre OL es SH & | (Cea ICCD Ce} & x | Ch Ds | CS ASS. Le ty " z dik 105 = Figure 18.2 Color in these 2 de labels associated with skeletal muscle structure. Scanned with CamScannerte c Cemete C ber of: ws fs ont D4 Thedirection of fibers visible ina sean have named al te mcs of be aman bay, ta fora ng SM, evi terms used to name muscles because 2 eee, Cone nha) when yu ea pc se aes ne next exercise, CL Mascles can be named for their overall shape. Review these terms related to muscle shape: Oblique _| Diagonal tothe body's midi Rectus Parallel to the midline Sphincter | Ci 1 an opening ‘Transversus | Ataright angle othe midigg Deltoid Shaped like Greek delta (A) Orbicularis | Circular 5 Some muscle names are derived from th produced: toys [aw Flattened; platlike Quadratus | Square Rhomboideus | Diamond-shaped Abductor | Abduets a part ‘Trapezius ‘Trapezoidal | Aaduetor Adducts a part ‘Triangularis | Triangular Depressor | Depresses a part Extensor | Extends a part re 1.2 Some muscles are named for their points of Esa | eee attachment (origin and insertion). For example, the Levator | Elevates a part stemnocleidomastoid muscle has attachments on the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process of the Rotator | Rotates a part {temporal bone. 13 Muscles can be named according to relative size: [6 Some muscles are named for the regionin whit Se are found. Some of these terms should be fii! Brevis | Shon you: Longus | Long -e_ —_——_ ee a ee Magnus | Large Brachialis | Arm Maximus | Largest Femoris | Femur Medius | Moderately sized Frontatis | Frontal (bone) i Minimus | Smallest Gluteus _| Posterior of hipithigh Pie eee 106 4 > Scanned with CamScannerJos Gre <- Rw 2. 155 B REPORT 15 Organization of the Name Roa! Céganenté c- Shuey To Muscular System Date 04-28 = 2030 see rire 18.1 (romp. 104) Fain yore __ 1, The_2__is the outer membrane of a muscle fiber. | 2 2. A(n) 2 _ isa bundle of paralle! myofilaments within a muscle fiber. gpa 3. The 2 is similar to ER but collects and stores calcium ions in a resting muscle sound Aum rehGullig fiber. ‘Two types of myofilaments in a skeletal muscle fiber are _?_ filaments and thick filaments. 5. Arepeating pattern or unit, of myofibrils within a myofilament is a(n) _?_. 6. Atube formed by the inward extension ofthe cell membrane is called a(n) 2. 7. An entire muscle is covered witha fibrous sheath called a(n) _?_- 8. A muscle is anchored by its _?_, whereas it pulls at its insertion. 9. Each fasccle, or fasciculus, is wrapped witha fibrous_?_- iin 10. u 2 13, 14. * A broad, flat version of a tendon is more accurately called a(n) _2_- . Bach muscle fiber has a fibrous _?_ wrapped around its sarcolemma. Axmuscle that flexes a joint may have the term __?__ in its name. A:musele around an opening may be named by the term_?_. ‘A muscle associated with the femur may have _?__ in its name. 3 —tho_______4 Putinorder —Sorcamers 5S Put these structures in anatomical order from superficial to deep. i sarcolemma —Ceiny sium __7 aoe Myla 8 exdomysium Reinycim 9 oysium 107 Scanned with CamScannerSterner __ 10 108 «(Dr cB 2. Tdentiy : Determine the muscle-naming term defined in each item. 1. Associated with the frontal bone 2. Adduets a part 3. Long 4, Encircles an opening or a tube 5. Short 6. Flattened 7. Parallel to the midline of the body 8. Rotates a part 9. Associated with the ulna 10. Extends a part Scanned with CamScanner 4ia Grh ¢ BJ 16-1 7 AB EXERCISE 16 Muscle Identification ‘Avout 36% of the mass in female bodies and 42% of the sass in male bodies is composed of skeletal muscle, In this ‘exercise, some of the larger skeletal muscles of the human body are presented for study. Before You Begin {Read the appropriate chapter in your textbook. 1D Set your learning goals. When you finish this exercise, you should be able to: © identify the following on a model and in figures: ‘muscles of the head and neck ‘muscles of he trunk ‘muscles of the upper extremity ‘muscles of the lower extremity ‘muscles of the pelvic floor © name the origin and insertion of each major muscle of the body ‘ © demonstrate the action of each muscle studied ‘O Prepare your materials: © models and charts of human musculature © demonstration pointers Carefully read the directions and safety tips for this ‘erie before starting any procedure. Hin... In this exercise, the muscles are presented by ira, sation (head, trunk, ete). Another common approach ove te sels by the part they move (muscles that nen Sh muscles that move the arm, and so on). Yet ‘manner of grouping muscles involves their action CaS cumin, adductor te). You may want keep ‘oupings in mind as you explore the muscular system. A. dentitying Muscles Ui tel! and tans of the human musculature, cate note the miss Outlined inthe succeeding pages. As you ‘W2e and shape of each muscle. Hint . . . Tee itusraions shown inthis lab exercise are different from those found in your textbook and in any anatomical charts you may have. At first, this will seem ‘unnecessarily frustrating. In fact, however, the differences will help you better learn how to find each muscle in Afferent individual specimens because you'll know where ‘the muscle really is, rather than where a particular label in a particular diagram is located. 111 Identify these muscles of the head and neck (able 16.1 and fig. 16.1): © occipitofrontalis (epicranius) © orbicularis oculi © orbicularis oris © buceinator © zygomaticus (two muscles) © levator labii superioris © depressor anguli oris © temporalis (© masseter © pterygoids (two muscles) © sternocleidomastoid © trapezius G2 Identify these muscles of the rrunk (table 16.2 and fig. 16.2): © erector spinae (divides into three muscles) © deep back muscles © scalenes © external intercostals © internal intercostals © rectus abdominis © external abdominal oblique © internal abdominal oblique © transversus abdominis © trapezius © levator scapulne (© rhombolds © serratus anterior © peetoralis minor © pectoralis major © teres major 6 latissimus dorsi © infraspinatus 109 Scanned with CamScannerPod: Cote © Rlor 4 16-2 TABLE 16.1 Muscles of the Head and ‘Neck* Occipital ‘Skin of eyebrow, nose | Eley, OCCIPITOFRONTALIS 1 ates axilla, frontal Encircles eye, near ORBICULARIS OGUL! 2 origin Closes eye ; : > ORBICULARIS ORIS s ath eee |e Closes ps BUGGINATOR 4 axilla, mandible Angle of mouth Conpemaaay tic bone A of. ZYGOMATICUS so) Agence” | | gest = [eer nouth, upper ip LEVATOR LABII Maxilla Upper lip, nose Elevates upper SUPERIORIS « lip, nose DEPRESSOR ANGULI ‘Mandi Lower lip near angle | Depresses aged ORIS 7 mouth TEMPORALIS s an aspect of Mandible Raises jaw MASSETER o | ‘Zygomatic arch Mandible Raises jaw PTERYGOIDS wo) Infetior aspect of skull | Mandible coun ateral lowers oe STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID 10 | S*™™-clavicle | Mastoid process | Rotates, ext (skull) TRAPEZIUS 11 Si pvc as column ae ‘Use terms in OUTLINE peas coloring labels. Terms in SOLID ype do not appear a = © supraspinatus cere © flexor carpi radialis © teres minor © flexor digitorum (two muscles) ogee © brachioradialis ° I * © extensor ulnaris die wis cas at many ofthe mace listed forthe ° came carl tadialis (wo muse) the arm, (Copper trunk) muscles that insert on © extensor digitorum : 4 dentity these muscles ofthe lower 2 3 Identify these muscles : (able 16.4 and fig. 16.4): (able 163 an resets weet acirwly © Wopons ste maximus © biceps brachii _ pond ” © proaatars © quadriceps femoris our: ys (wo muscles) ‘ial © Mexor carpi ) a lateralis, vastus 110 © sartorius Scanned with CamScannerPR Gee ke» Muscles of the Head and Neck Ocvipitofrontalis CFrontal Portion) Glevator fabis Superioris SZygomatious minor i\>) PRA Jergometicus minor ort mais Si WD Gleveber labiy supervors. x Figure 16.1 Color in these skeletal muscles as indicated, referring tothe outline labels in table 16.1. Scanned with CamScannerPu Gee © Qe F TABLE 16.2 Muscles of the Trunk* Muscle Origin Insertion as ERECTOR SPINAE 1 Vercbrae, pelvis | seer eres its | Hage (divides into tree) an DEEP BACK MUSCLES onus Sgptoe Petre Cervical vertebr Fi ‘ SCALENES rvical vertebrae irstand second ribs. Been Mosca i N Ribs rit ISVERCOSTALS 1 | ES taper | RECTUS ABDOMINIS 15 Pabis Inferior thoracic eage | Fexes wan EXTERNAL Inferior thoracic cage | Midline of abdomen | Com ABDOMINAL , — OBLIQUE 1 ol INTERNAL Pelvis Midline of abdomen | Compresses shia ABDOMINAL — OBLIQUE 17 - TRANSVERSUS ‘Vertebrae, pelvis, ribs | Midline of abdomen | Compressesabien ABDOMINUS 18 TRAPEZIUS 1 a re veriebral_| Scapula Easiiele LEVATOR SCAPULAE 10 Vertebrae Scapula Elevates scp RHOMBOIDS 20 Vertebrae tht melee SERRATUS ANTERIOR 21 Ribs Scapula Protractsscapult PECTORALIS MINOR 2 Ribs Scapula Depress PEGTORALIS MAJOR 2s Ris, clavicie, Humerus bel TERES MAJOR 24 Scapula Humerus Ents oe LATISSIMUS DORSI 2s Verte Tomes ce INFRASPINATUS 26 Scapula ‘Humes Extends, 6? SUPRASPINATUS 27 Seapula Hontarat Ast SUBSCAPULARIS Scapula Humerus Extends 08 TERES MINOR Seapula Homers ates ne DELTOID 28 Scapula, clavicle Humerus an st Use terms in OUTLINE type at coloring labels. Tenn in SOLID type do not appear in the coloring plate. Scanned with CamScanner16-5 fe Fig 2 . . "162 Color in these muscles associated with the trunk, referring to the outline labels in table 16.2. 13 Scanned with CamScanner166 Pr Conte © Mer DZ TABLE 16.3 Muscles of the Upper Extremity* TRICEPS BRACHII 29 Humerus BICEPS BRAGHII 20 2 eas sa Fess apy BRAGHIALIS 31 Homers Utne Flies foam PRONATORS 32 two) oo Radius oes as PALMARIS LONGUS e a aoe | FLEXOR GARPI ULNARIS ss | Eanes (etal | Carl bone Flexes, abducts ay ‘Hur (medial bones FLEXOR CARP! RADIALIS 24 | Hines Metacarpal Flees, abd Hi (medial Pha: FLEXOR DIGITORUN ss moony ae, langes Flex fingers radius BRACHIORADIALIS a pects Radius (distal) Flees, promis | forearm: SUPINATOR Ulna Radius ‘Supinates foram EXTENSOR CARP! Humerus (ater | Metacarpal bones | Extends, abs ULNARIS 97 epicondyle) = EXTENSOR CARPI Humerus (lateral ‘Metacaipal bones Extend, absoct wi RADIALIS 20 (two) epicondyle) : EXTENSOR DIGITORUM 20 oe Phalanges Extends finge *Use terms in OUTLINE npe as coloring labels. Terms in SOLID type donot appear in the coloring plate. ‘© hamstring group: biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus ‘© adductor group: adductor longus, gracilis © tibialis anterior (© peroneus (three muscles)“ 25 Identify these muscles of the pelvic floor (table 16.5 and fig. 16.5): © levator ant © ischiocavernosus © bulbospongiosus © gluteus maximus 14 B. Demonstrating Muscle Action For each of the muscles found in aciviy Aoi demonstrate its action with your own muscle iP, ‘you contract the muscle, palpate it and note iS location. asnaae we Scanned with CamScannerfe eR 16-7 Muscles of the Upper Extremity py Figure 1 2 Color these muscles ofthe upper extremity, referring othe olin labels a table 163 1s Scanned with CamScannerS0F fe oe ge er ee a et ee ie . pA Gwe Az > | TABLE 16.4 Muscles of the Lower Extrem IWOPSOAS «0 ium, vertebrae Femur TENSOR FASCIAE Hip Tibia aia, LATAE «1 abducts thigh GLUTEUS MAXIMUS «2 _ | Hip Femur mia GLUTEUS MEDIUS 43 Hip Femur aaaiig QUADRICEPS FEMORIS. 1 GROUP (a, b, c,d) «RECTUS FEMORIS «4 = |™" Tibia Extends tag ip »VASTUS LATERALIS 4s be Tibia [em cVASTUS MEDIALIS «| Fem [a Extends knee 4VASTUS INTERMEDIUS | F™ Tibia Extends ine SARTORIUS «7 = Tibia Flexes hip andi ‘rotates thigh HAMSTRING GROUP (a, b,c) aBICEPS FEMORIS 4 cep. ae, Fibula Ress ip » SEMIMEMBRANOSUS 40 | “em Tibia Flenes ke: x8 hip eSEMITENDINOSUS 50 "| stim Tibia exes hes ot hi ADDUCTOR GROUP (a,b) J aADDUCTOR LONGUS 5; | Putis Femur T paket tit b@RACILIS se Pubis nie Trace it TIBIALIS ANTERIOR = | 7 Mosimnitms | eee ankle (foo EXTENSOR DIGITORUM | Tha Pralanges Bue LONGUS cao GASTROGNEMIUS ss Femur Giana wees =a ee SOLEUS ss ‘This, Huta Caleancus - Sh PERONEUS 57 three) ‘Via, fbela “Tarsal, metatarsal bones..| Flew “seems OUTLINE np as coloring la. Terms SOLD Op not appear te car aw 116 | Scanned with CamScannerpe Bumtte 6. Rene 2 Muscles of the Lower Extremity GWTELS Mepis Gbuteus Maximos TLIO P&oas Termon rAcciAe OTE pobuctor. - ‘LONGUS SEMITEND Hoses ate AAS RECTUS 52 GRA! Femogis’ aoe : A Brcets FEMORIS SEMI MEN BRANOSOS vastus tate Rag? TRIN, GASTROCNEMIUS PERONEUS 57 56 SOLEUS 7 Scanned with CamScannerS Ont C Ate Z oa TABLE 16. Muscles of the Pelvic Floor* Sacrum, coceyx losin Isehium Ccitoris or penis Cony ~ lito or pei ‘Male: bulb of penis | Male: central tendon of 7 Female: central tendon | perineum a © | et periseum Female: base of clitoris} Female cma G@LUTEUS MAXIMUS 42 | Hip ‘ Femur Extends thigh “Use tems es OUTLINE peas coloring labels, Terms in SOLID type do not appear in the coloring plate. BULBot FoNGI osus, ep Bu pes PONSIOS ewe pro rsenO - ore a errr a t en BULBOs PONGIOSNS, ~© 16.5 Color in these muscles of the pelvic Noor, referring to the outtine labels in table 165 di Scanned with CamScanneradector E07 tices brachii Ue the following muscle names in the table only once. latissimus dorsi pectoralis major pectoralis major/latissimus dorsi combination ‘quadriceps femoris group Fectus abdominus tensor fasciae latae tibialis anterior ‘wiceps brachii Scanned with CamScanner16-12 Seles Esk 2 pe Corecte C Alor x? a Fiin cccipitofrontalis, or epicranius, originates on the 2 1 Te ces Par,temporls, and plerygolds al inser onthe on 3. The sternocleidomastoid inserts on the 2, > 4. The temporalis raises the _2_. 5. The 2 closes the eye. 6. The pectoralis_? inserts on the humerus. 7. The deltoid inserts on the 2. 8. The__2__ intercostals help accomplish forced expiration, 9. The erector _?_ help maintain posture. 10. The pectoralis major is_?__to the pectoralis minor, 11. The latissimus dorsi is on the _?__ side of the trunk. 12, The _?._ intercostals contract when you take a deep breath, 13. The rippling effect seen on the lower midline ofthe abdomens of sone aig, ‘caused by hypertrophy of the _?_ muscle. 5 14, The origin ofthe brachialis is? to its insertion. 1S. In grasping a baseball ightly in the hand, you would likely use the? mag 16. Both the biceps brachii and the _?___ flex the forearm. a 17. The extensor digitorum inserts on the _?_. 18. The adductor longus and the _?-_ are both part of the adductor group, 19. The hamstring muscles all_? the leg. 20. The muscle that pulls the leg so that you can cross i eel? mete i ee 21. Both the gastrocnemius and the _?_plantat flex the foot. 22. Muscles of the quadriceps 2 homer 24. The large muscle that extends the thigh is the _? 25. The levator ani raises the : 2 Scanned with CamScanner