Hydraulic coupling

Hydraulic coupling is a kind of hydraulic transmission device which uses

the kinetic energy of liquid to transfer energy. It takes liquid oil as working
medium, converts mechanical energy and liquid kinetic energy through pump wheel
and turbine, so as to connect prime mover and working machinery to realize
power transmission.According to their application characteristics, hydraulic
couplers can be divided into three basic types: ordinary type, torque limiting
type, speed regulating type and two derived types: hydraulic coupling
transmission device and hydraulic reducer.

Chinese name:Hydraulic coupling

Foreign name:fluid coupling

Also known as:Hydraulic coupling

working principle:A non rigid coupling with liquid as working medium

catalog

.                                  1 Concept introduction

.                                  2 characteristic
.                                  3 classification
.                                  4 Structure and principle
.                                  ▪ Common hydraulic coupling
.                                  ▪ Torque limiting hydraulic coupling
.                                  ▪ Variable speed hydraulic coupling

Concept introduction
Hydraulic coupling is a kind of hydraulic transmission device which uses
the kinetic energy of liquid to transfer energy. It takes liquid oil as working
medium, converts mechanical energy and liquid kinetic energy through pump wheel
and turbine, so as to connect prime mover and working machinery to realize
power transmission.Hydraulic coupling is a kind of non rigid coupling with
liquid as working medium. The figure below is the physical diagram of hydraulic
 coupler.

characteristic
Hydraulic coupling is a kind of flexible transmission device. Compared with
ordinary mechanical transmission device, it has many unique features: it can
eliminate the impact and vibration; the output speed is lower than the input
speed, and the speed difference between the two shafts increases with the
increase of load; the overload protection performance and starting performance
are good, and the input shaft can still rotate when the load is too large to
cause damage to the power machine; when the load is too large, the input shaft
can still rotate to avoid damage to the power machineWhen the load is reduced,
the speed of the output shaft increases until it is close to the speed of the
input shaft, so that the transmitted torque tends to zero.The transmission
efficiency of hydraulic coupling is equal to the ratio of output shaft speed
and input shaft speed.Generally, when the speed ratio of hydraulic coupling is
higher than 0.95, higher efficiency can be obtained.The characteristics of
hydraulic coupling vary with the shape of working chamber, pump wheel and
turbine.It generally depends on the shell natural heat dissipation, does not
need the external cooling oil supply system.If the oil of the hydraulic
coupling is vented, the coupling will be in the state of disengagement, which
can act as a clutch.However, the hydraulic coupling also has the disadvantages
of low efficiency and narrow range of high efficiency.

classification
According to their application characteristics, hydraulic couplers can be
divided into three basic types: ordinary type, torque limiting type, speed
regulating type and two derived types: hydraulic coupling transmission device
and hydraulic reducer.

Structure and principle

There are many types of hydraulic couplers. Different hydraulic couplers
are slightly different in structure and principle, but their basic principles
are the same. Mechanical energy is converted into liquid kinetic energy by pump
wheel, and then the flowing liquid impacts turbine to realize the conversion of
liquid kinetic energy into mechanical energy and output power outward, as shown
in Fig. 2.The following describes the typical structure and principle of
ordinary, torque limiting and speed regulating hydraulic couplers.

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of hydraulic transmission

Common hydraulic coupling

The ordinary hydraulic coupler is the simplest hydraulic coupler, which is
composed of pump wheel 1, turbine 2, housing pulley 3 and other main
components, as shown in the figure below.Its working chamber has large volume,
high efficiency (the highest efficiency is 0.96-0.98), and the transmission
torque can reach 6-7 times of rated torque.However, due to the large overload
coefficient, the overload protection performance is very poor, so it is
generally used to isolate vibration, reduce starting impact or do clutch.

Figure 3 common hydraulic coupling

Torque limiting hydraulic coupling

There are three basic structures of torque limiting hydraulic coupling:
static pressure discharge type, dynamic pressure discharge type and compound
discharge type.The first two are widely used in construction machinery.

(1) Hydrostatic discharge hydraulic coupling

The following figure is the structure diagram of hydrostatic discharge

hydraulic coupling.In order to reduce the overload coefficient of the hydraulic
coupling and improve the overload protection performance, it has higher torque
coefficient and efficiency when the transmission ratio is high. Therefore, it
is different from the ordinary hydraulic coupling in structure.Its main
features are that the pump wheel 2 and turbine 3 are arranged symmetrically,
and there are baffle plate 5 and side auxiliary cavity 4.The baffle plate is
installed at the outlet of turbine to guide and throttle.This kind of hydraulic
coupling works under the condition of partial filling.

Fig. 4 hydrostatic discharge hydraulic coupling

When the transmission ratio is high, there is little oil in the side
auxiliary chamber, so the transmission torque is large; when the transmission
ratio is low, there is more oil in the side auxiliary cavity, which makes the
characteristic curve more flat and can meet the requirements of working
machinery.However, it should be pointed out that the reaction speed of the
auxiliary chamber at the inlet and outlet side of the liquid is slow along with
the load change, so it is not suitable for the working machinery with sudden
load change and frequent starting and braking.Because this kind of fluid
coupling is mostly used in vehicle transmission, it is also called traction
type hydraulic coupling.

(2) Dynamic pressure relief hydraulic coupling

The dynamic pressure discharge type hydraulic coupling can overcome the
disadvantage that the static pressure discharge type hydraulic coupling is
difficult to play the overload protection function in case of sudden
overload.The figure below is the structure diagram of dynamic pressure relief
hydraulic coupling.
 Figure 5 dynamic pressure relief hydraulic coupling

In the above figure, the input shaft sleeve 1 is connected with the pump
wheel 4 through the elastic coupling and the rear auxiliary chamber shell 9.
The turbine 7 is connected with the reducer or working machinery with the
output shaft sleeve 8, and the fusible plug 6 plays an overheat protection
role.The hydraulic coupler has a front auxiliary cavity 2 and a rear auxiliary
cavity 3. The front auxiliary cavity is a bladed cavity in the center of the
pump wheel and turbine; the rear auxiliary cavity is composed of the outer wall
of the pump wheel and the shell 9 of the rear auxiliary cavity.The front and
rear auxiliary cavities are connected with small holes, the rear auxiliary
cavities are connected with the pump wheel, and the front and rear auxiliary
cavities rotate together with the pump wheel.

Another function of the rear auxiliary chamber is "extended charging",

which can improve the starting performance. When the engine starts to start
(the turbine has not yet turned), the liquid in the working chamber is in a
large circulation, so that the liquid fills the front auxiliary chamber and
then enters the rear auxiliary cavity through the small hole F.The engine can
be started under light load due to the small amount of liquid filled in the
working chamber and the small torque.With the increase of engine speed (i.e.
pump wheel speed), the liquid in the rear auxiliary cavity will enter the
artificial cavity along the small hole due to the increase of the oil ring
pressure formed, which will increase the liquid filling volume of the working
chamber, which is called "extended charging".Due to the effect of delaying
liquid filling, the turbine torque increases. When the torque reaches the
starting torque, the turbine starts to rotate.

Variable speed hydraulic coupling

The speed regulating hydraulic coupler is mainly composed of pump wheel,
turbine and scoop tube chamber, as shown in the figure below.When the driving
shaft drives the pump wheel to rotate, under the joint action of the blades and
cavities in the pump wheel, the working oil will obtain energy and be sent to
the outer circumference side of the pump wheel under the action of inertial
centrifugal force to form high-speed oil flow. The high-speed oil flow on the
outer circumference side of the pump wheel forms a combined speed with the
peripheral speed of the pump wheel outlet at the radial relative speed, and
rushes into the inlet radial flow channel of the turbine and follows the
vortexThe radial flow passage of the impeller impels the turbine to rotate
through the change of oil flow moment. The oil flows to the turbine outlet and
forms a combined speed with the circumferential velocity at the turbine outlet,
and flows into the radial flow channel of the pump wheel and obtains energy
again in the pump wheel.This repeated cycle, the formation of working oil in
the pump wheel and turbine circulation flow circle.Thus, the pump wheel
converts the input mechanical work into the oil kinetic energy, while the
turbine converts the oil kinetic energy into the output mechanical work, thus
realizing the power transmission.

Fig. 6 variable speed hydraulic coupling

The stepless speed change of the variable speed hydraulic coupling is

realized by changing the position of the scoop tube and changing the working
oil quantity in the circulation circle.When the scoop tube is inserted into the
deepest part of the liquid coupling chamber, the oil quantity in the
circulation circle is the smallest, the speed deviation between the pump wheel
and turbine is large, and the output speed is the lowest; when the scoop tube
is inserted into the shallowest place of the liquid coupling chamber, the oil
amount in the circulation circle is the largest, the speed deviation between
the pump wheel and turbine is small, and the output speed is the largest.

There is a certain difference between the pump wheel and the turbine speed
of the speed regulating hydraulic coupling, which is called speed
slip.According to the properties of viscous fluid, a large amount of heat will
be generated by the slip loss and bearing friction loss of the coupler, which
will be absorbed by the working oil of the coupler.The larger the slip of the
coupler is, the greater the power of the rotating machine is and the greater
the heat generated.In order to make the oil temperature of the coupler not
exceed the specified value, the high temperature oil must be carried out by the
oil circulation system, and then returned to the coupler after being cooled by
the oil cooler, so as to ensure the heat balance in the hydraulic coupling.The
oil cooling mode of different hydraulic couplers is different, which is also an
important problem in the application of hydraulic couplers.[1]  
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