Electrical and Mechanical

Systems
ARBUTIL 2
1
 II

Topic 1

Electrical Basic Design

◦ Electricity in Architecture
◦ Lighting Design

Electrical : Electrical Supply Distribution System

◦ Principles/System Types Electrical System

◦ Electrical Material
Wires, Pipes, Fittings, Devices, Equipment's, Controls
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Lighting Coordination Layers of Lighting
Ambient Task
Accent

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 Lighting Coordination Ideal WorkFlow

Schematic Design
Coordination of spaces Provide conceptual design options for lighting design to

Establish budget integrate with interior design presentation

Design Development

Interior picks aesthetics Lighting engineer finds Lighting Engineer gets budget
fixtures with support from options to fit design, in check
lighting designer as needed approves with interior Coordinate fixture locations
designer
and mounting options
Contract Document
Lighting engineer circuits doesInterior designer chooses

calculations fixture finishes

Construction
Approved fixtures to be Quality control of installation Aiming by Lighting Engineer

ordered by contractor or at site (if necessary)

by Lighting Designer
and Interior Designer
(shop drawing review)

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 Lighting Coordination Speedbumps in Decorative
Lighting
• Is photometric data available?

• Lamp Type options?

• Will the manufacturer provide a max

wattage label if screw in replacement
is necessary?

• What are the overall watts per square foot,

required lighting controls and energy code
compliances?

• Emergency options for decorative ambient

lighting?
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Lighting Coordination Fixture Specification
Lamp type options, Emergency Options
No max wattage available
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 Lighting Coordination Elevations

• Sconce Elevations • Pendant Fixture Heights

• ADA requirements • coordination of stem lengths
• coordination with signage • field cuttable
• coordination with wall elements • appearance in room
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Lighting Coordination Modified Lighting Fixtures
• Special RLM color selection • Modified Quantity of “Wings”
• Special Electrical Connection • Modified mounting due to
• Modified Suspension for Cluster Effect the number of Wings

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 Electrical Coordination Device Placement

• How do different items on look on plans vs.

in real life?

• How does it affect the interior design?

• Avoiding wall clutter

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 Electrical Coordination Faceplate Colors

• Receptacle faceplate covers vary in color, pattern

and shape

• can vary throughout a project based upon wall

color and finish materials, requires close
coordination and labeling on plans
13
 Electrical Special Mounting Applications

Coordination
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Pop-out emergency lighting Completely hidden

 Mounted in baseboard
Completely hidden
14
LIGHT
AND
LIGHTING FIXTURES
15
General need for light is as follows –
Reception 300 lux
Halls 150 lux at floor
level
Stairs 100 lux at floor
level
Landings 150 lux at floor
level
Dining tables 100 lux
Lounges 150 lux
Food preparation areas 150-200 lux
Bedrooms 50-100 lux
Reading lamps 150 lux
Bathroom 100 lux
Mirror 150 lux
Writing table 300 lux
General overall lighting 50 lux

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TYPES OF LIGHTING
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On the basis of
source
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ARTIFICAL LIGHT
1.incandescent light or
filament light
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2.Fluorescent or discharge
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Low pressure lamps
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High pressure lamps
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On the way light is directed

on an object
1.Direct lighting
2.Indirect lighting
3.Diffused lighting
4.Semi-indirect lighting
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Direct lighting
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Indirect lighting
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Diffused lighting
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Semi-indirect lighting
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General lights
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Local or specific lighting
Task
lighting
Accent
lighting
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Task lighting for
Reading
Sewing
Cooking
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Accent lighting for
Highlighting painting
Focusing on
architectures
Illuminating plants
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Safety lights
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Methods of lighting fixtures

Free-standing or
portable Fixed
Special
purpose lights
Light fixture
controls
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Free standing fixtures
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Fixed lights
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Surface mounted
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lighting
Pole or
stanchion
mounted,for
landscapes
and parking
lots.
Pathway lighting—
typically mounted in
the ground at low
levels for illuminating
walkways.
Bollards—A type of
architectural outdoor
lighting that is a
short, upright ground-
mounted unit
 typically used to
provide cut off type
illumination for
egress lighting, to
light walkways, steps,
or other pathways.
Street light
Yard light
Solar lamp

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Pole lighting
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Stanchion
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Street light
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Solar lamp
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Special purpose lightings
accent lights
security lights
step lights
flood lights
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Light fixture control
Light switch
Dimmer
Timer
Occupancy sensor
Touch
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Methods of light-
Architectural or built-in
lighting Non-
architectural lighting
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Architectural lighting :
soffi
t
light
ing
vala
nce
light
ing
corn
ice
light
ing
cove
light
ing
trac
k
light
ing
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Soffit lighting
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Valance lighting
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Cornice lighting
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Cove lighting
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Track lighting
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Non-

architectural lighting :
ceil
ing
fixt
ure
s
wal
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fixt
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s
por
tab
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Ceiling fixtures

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Wall fixtures
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Portable lamps
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Effects of lights in different areas

Entrance
& Lobby
Restauran
t
Rooms
Corridors
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Entrance & Lobby
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Restaurant
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Coffee shop
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Chandeliers
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Guestroom
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Accessible switch
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Bedside lamp
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Dressing table
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Angle poise lights
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Spotlights
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Lights in the wardrobe
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Bathroom lights
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Vapour proof lights
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Electrical Power System
An electric power system is a network of electrical
components that generate electrical power from any
source of power (such as coal, water, gas, wind, nuclear
energy and oil) which then transmitted and distribute the
power to
nearby homes and industries. There are three main parts
in electrical power system network which is generation
system, transmission system and distribution system.
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Distribution systems are the link from the distribution
substation to the customer which consists of transformer,
feeder circuit, switches, protective equipment, primary
circuits, secondary circuits and service line.

Distribution feeder circuits usually consist of overhead

and underground circuits in a mix of branching laterals
from the station to the various customers. The circuit was
designed by considering the required peak load, voltage,
distance to customers, and other local conditions such as
terrain, visual regulations, or customer requirements.

In distribution, there are two type of system that been

used that is overhead lines and underground cables.
High-density urban areas are often connected in a
complex distribution underground network providing a
highly redundant and reliable means connecting to
customers.
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Distribution Layout is the connection network from
substation to the customers or usually been called as the
distribution systems scheme of connections. Since all
distribution of electrical energy is done by constant
voltage system, there are several classification of
connection scheme that
commonly been used which are radial system, ring main
system and interconnected system.
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OVERHEAD VERSUS
UNDERGROUND SYSTEM
Public Safety. The underground system is more safer than the overhead
system because wiring is laced underground and there are little chances of
any hazard.
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 OVERHEAD VERSUS
UNDERGROUND SYSTEM
Initial Cost. The underground system is more expensive
due to the high cost of trenching, conduits, cables,
manholes and other special equipment. The initial cost of
an underground system may be five to ten times than that
of
an overhead
system.
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 OVERHEAD VERSUS UNDERGROUND
SYSTEM
Flexibility. The overhead system is much more flexible. In
the latter case, manholes, duct lines, etc., are
permanently placed once installed and the load expansion
can only be met by laying new lines. However, on an
overhead system, poles, wires, transformers etc., can be
easily shifted to meet changes in load
conditions.
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OVERHEAD VERSUS
UNDERGROUND SYSTEM
Faults. The chances of faults in underground system are
very rare as the cables are laid underground and are
generally provided with better insulation.
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 OVERHEAD VERSUS
UNDERGROUND SYSTEM
Appearance. The general appearance of an underground
system is better as all the distribution lines are invisible.
This factor is exerting considerable public pressure on
electric supply companies to switch over to underground
system.
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 OVERHEAD VERSUS
UNDERGROUND SYSTEM
Fault location and repairs. In general, there are little
chances of faults in an underground system. However, if a
fault does occur, it is difficult to locate repair on this
system. On an overhead system, the conductors are
visible and easily accessible so that fault location and
repairs can be easily made.
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 OVERHEAD VERSUS
UNDERGROUND SYSTEM
Useful life. The useful life of underground system is much
longer than that of an overhead system. An overhead
system may have a useful life of 25 years, whereas an
underground system may have a useful life of more than 50
years.
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 OVERHEAD VERSUS
UNDERGROUND SYSTEM
Maintenance cost. The maintenance cost for
underground system is very low as compared with that of
overhead system because of less chances of faults and
service interruptions from wind, lightning, as well as from
traffic hazards.
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 OVERHEAD VERSUS
UNDERGROUND SYSTEM
Interference with communication circuits. An
overhead system causes
electromagnetic interference with the telephone lines.
The power line currents are superimposed on speech
currents, resulting in the potential of the communication
channel being raised to an undesirable level. However,
there is no such interference with the underground
system.
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 OVERHEAD VERSUS
UNDERGROUND SYSTEM

Each system has its own advantages and disadvantages.

However, comparative economics (i.e., annual cost of
operation) is the most powerful factor influencing the
choice between the two systems.

The greater capital cost of underground system prohibits

its use for distribution. But sometimes, non-economic
factors (e.eg., general appearance, public safety, etc.,)
exert considerable influence on choosing underground
system.
In general, overhead system is adopted for distribution
and the use of underground system is made only where
overhead construction is impracticable or prohibited by
local laws.

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