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Chemical Technology Subject Code: CH2001

This document provides an overview of key unit processes used in chemical industries, including nitration, halogenation, sulfonation, oxidation, hydrogenation, esterification, hydrolysis, alkylation, and polymerization. For each process, examples of common reactants, products, and reaction mechanisms are described in 1-2 sentences. The document aims to outline essential chemical reactions and applications for major industrial unit operations.

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30 views11 pages

Chemical Technology Subject Code: CH2001

This document provides an overview of key unit processes used in chemical industries, including nitration, halogenation, sulfonation, oxidation, hydrogenation, esterification, hydrolysis, alkylation, and polymerization. For each process, examples of common reactants, products, and reaction mechanisms are described in 1-2 sentences. The document aims to outline essential chemical reactions and applications for major industrial unit operations.

Uploaded by

U SANKAR TEJO
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chemical Technology

Subject Code: CH2001


Lecture 3

1
UNIT PROCESSES IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

2
Unit Processes in Chemical Process Industries
NITRATION
• Nitration involves the introduction of one or more nitro groups into reacting
molecules using various nitrating agents like fuming, concentrated, aqueous nitric
acid mixture of nitric acid and sulphuric acid in batch or continuous process.
• Nitration products find wide application in chemical industry as solvent, dyestuff,
pharmaceuticals, explosive, chemical intermediates.
• Typical products: TNT, Nitrobenzene, m-dinitrobenzene, nitroacetanilide, alpha
nitronaphthalene, nitroparaffins

3
HALOGENATION
• Halogens involve introduction of one or more halogen groups into a
organic compound for making various chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine
organic derivatives.
• All though chlorine derivatives find larger application, however some of the
bromine and fluorine derivatives are also important.
• Various chlorinating agents are chlorine, HCl, phosgene sulfuric chloride,
hypochlorite, bromination, bromine, hydrobromic acid, bromide,
bromated, alkaline hypobromites. In iodination iodine, hydroiodic acid and
alkali hypoiodites
2 HCl + CH2=CH2 + 1​ ⁄2 O2 → ClCH2CH2Cl + H2O

4
SULPHONATION AND SULPHATION
• Sulphonation involves the introduction of sulphonic acid group or corresponding
salt like sulphonyl halide into a organic compound while sulphation involves
introduction of -OSO2OH or -SO4-.
• Various sulphonating agents are sulphur trioxide and compounds, sulphurdixide,
sulphoalkylating agents.
• Some of the sulphaming agents are sulphamic acid. Apart from sulfonation and
sulphamate sulpho chlorinated, sulfoxidation is also used.
Typical application of sulphonation and
sulphation are production of lingo sulphonates,
linear alkyl benzene sulphonate, Toluene
sulphonates, phenolic sulphonates,
chlorosulphonicacd, sulphamates for
production of herbicide, sweetening agent
(sodiumcyclohexysulphamate). Oil soluble
sulphonate, saccharin

5
OXIDATION
• Oxidation used extensively in the organic chemical industry for the manufacture of a large number
of chemicals.
• Oxidation using oxygen, are combinations of various reactions like oxidation via dehydrogenation
using oxygen, dehydrogenation and the introduction of oxygen and destruction of carbon, partial
oxidation, peroxidation, oxidation in presence of strong oxidizing agent like KMnO4, chlorate,
dichromate, peroxides H2O2, PbO2, MnO2; nitric acid and nitrogen tertra oxide, oleum, ozone.
• Some of the important product of oxidation are aldehyde, ketone, benzyl alcohol, phthalic
anhydride, ethylene oxide, vanillin, bezaldehyde, acetic acid, cumene, synthesis gas from
hydrocarbon,, propylene oxide, benzoic acid, maleic acid, benzaldehyde, phtathalic anhydride.
Oxidation maybe carried out either in liquid phase or vapour phase.

Electrochemical reactions are great examples of oxidation reactions. When a copper wire is placed into a solution that
contains silver ions, electrons are transferred from the copper metal to the silver ions. The copper metal is oxidized.
Silver metal whiskers grow onto the copper wire, while copper ions are released into the solution.
2 Fe + O2 → Fe2O3
Cu(s) + 2 Ag+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s) 2 Mg (s) + O2 (g) → 2 MgO (s)
6
HYDROGENATION

• Hydrogenation involves the reaction of a substance with


hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst.
• Some of the other reaction involving hydrogen are,
hydrodesulphurisation, hydrcracking, hydro formylation,
oxosynthesis, hydroammonylsis, synthesis of ammonia.
Partial hydrogenation of phenylacetylene using Hydrogenation of maleic acid to succinic acid
the Lindlar catalyst.

7
ESTERIFICATION

• Esterification is an important unit process in the manufacture


of polyethylene terephathalate, methyl metha acrylate,
cellulose ester in viscose rayon manufacture (xanthation of
alkali cellulose with carbon disulphide), nitroglycerine.

8
HYDROLYSIS
• Hydrolysis is used both in inorganic and organic chemical industry. Typical application is
in oil and fats industry during soap manufacture where hydrolysis of fats are carried out
to obtain fatty acid and glycerol followed by addition of sodium hydroxide to form soap.
• Other application is in the manufacture of amyl alcohols. Some of the major product
using hydrogen is ethylene from acetylene, methanol, propanol, butanol, production of
alcohol from olefins (eg. Ethanol from ethylene).
• Various types of hydrolysis reaction may be pure hydrolysis, hydrolysis with aqueous
acid or alkali, dilute or concentrated, alkali fusion, hydrolysis with enzyme and catalyst.

Generic mechanism for a hydrolysis reaction. (The 2-way


yield symbol indicates an equilibrium in which hydrolysis
and condensation can go both ways.)

Example of Acid hydrolysis for acetic acid

9
ALKYLATION
• Alkylation involves the introduction of an alkyl radical into an organic compound
by substitution or reduction. Products from alkylation find application in
detergent, lubricants, high octane gasoline, photographic chemicals, plasticizers,
synthetic rubber, chemicals etc.
• Some of the alkylating agents are olefins, alcohols, alkyl halides.
• Although sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid were commonly used as catalyst in
alkylation process, however due to the corrosive nature of these acid now solid
acid catalyst is finding wide application in new alkylation processes.

Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene is often catalyzed by


aluminium trichloride.
Typical route for alkylation of benzene with ethylene
and ZSM-5 as a heterogeneous catalyst
10
POLYMERIZATION
• Polymerization is one of the very important unit processes which find application in manufacture of
polymer, synthetic fibre, synthetic rubber, polyurethane, paint and petroleum industry for high octane
gasoline. Polymerisation maybe carried out either with single monomer or with comonomer.
• Polymerisation reaction can be addition or condensation reaction. Various Polymerisation methods
may be bulk, emulsion, solution, suspension.
• Typical important product from polymerization are, Polyethylene, PVC, poly styrene, nylon, polyester,
acryicfibre, poly butadiene, poly styrene, phenylic, urea, melamine and alkyd resins epoxy resin,
silicon polymers, poly vinyl alcohol etc.

An example of alkene polymerization, in which


each styrene monomer's double bond reforms as a single
Chain-Reaction (Addition) Polymerization bond plus a bond to another styrene monomer. The
product is polystyrene.

Monomer Polymer
CH2=CH2 ~CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2~

11

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